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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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http://www.archive.org/details/westernfruitbook01elli 



THE 



WESTERN FRUIT BOOK ; 



3^llterkan Jfritit-§r0kr's #itik 



row. THF, 



ORCHAED AND FEUIT-GARDEN. 



BEING A COMPFVT) OF THE HISTORY, MODES OF PROPAGATION, CULTURE, AC, OF 

FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OP NEARLY ALL THE 

VARIETIES OF FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES 

dF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS, 

AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS 

WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 

B Y ¥iJ^' R?^E L L I O T T. 



FOURTH EDITIOI< — EEVISED, ENLARGED, AND IMPEOVED. 



A. O. MOORE & CO., 

AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 140 FULTON STREET. 
1859. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the j'ear ISOa, 

By a. O. MOOEE & CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Coart of the United States, in and ^or the Southern Dis- 
trict of New Yorlc. 



^■^ 






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,t 



•WYNKOOP, HALLENBECK A THOMAS, PEIKTEES, JOHN A. 1>0UGLA8 & CO., STERE0TYPER8, 

113 Fulton Street, N. Y. 183 William Street, N. T. 



PKOF. J A RED P. KIRTLAl^D, 



%\)X^ i0htmt is Scbitiit^ir, 



BY HIS FRIEND, 



THE u^XJTHOIt. 



PREFACE. 



It was my original intention to prepare only a small work, 
giving descriptions of new Western fruits, or those only that 
succeeded in the West. As I progressed, my friends urged me 
to extend it, and make a work for the whole Union ; at the same 
time, it was desired to have the work issued previous to the Spring 
of 1854, consequently, I was compelled to jDrepare some of it 
hastily. The first Edition was, therefore, sent out under circum- 
stances very unfavorable to its successful reception by the public ; 
but, as it has been generally Avell received, I have thought it due 
to myself, as well as to the public, to revise and correct it ; and, 
so far as possible, make it the most complete of its kind. In doing 
this, I have availed myself of liberal and generous notes and com- 
ments made for me by a large number of the best pomologists in 
the United States ; of the published transactions of all large 
pomological conventions, public journals, etc., and of an extensive 
and careful examination of trees and fruits. 

The present Edition has had a careful revision, and the addition 
of all important knowledge relating to cultivation, diseases, insects, 
&c. ; revision of synonyms ; notes of adaptation to locaUties, 
embodied in the text descriptive of varieties, and descriptions of 
over one hundred additional varieties. I have endeavored to add 
all new sorts worthy of notice. I may have omitted some, but 
not intentionally. 

From what has been previously written upon the subject of 
fruits and their culture, it may be said to be nearly impossible to 
embody much of originality with correct teachings. It has not, 
therefore, been so much my aim to be original, as to present, in a 
comprehensive and practical form, the entire knowledge of fruits 
and their culture, from the earliest writers down to the present 

V 



VI PREFACE. 

day. My designs and illustrations of fruits, with their cores and 
seeds, concentric lines, etc., have been very generally approved 
by horticulturists throughout the Union. I have ever considered 
these features essential to a scientific description, and my only 
regret is, that the public, as yet, are unwilling to pay a sum war- 
ranting the publication of a work wherein every variety of fruit 
should be fully figured and described. 

It will be found, on examination, that I have credited every 
author Avith whatever I have extracted from his works : that all 
descrij)tions of fruits, made by others, have attached thereto the 
initials of the author's name, or abbreviations of the title of the 
work from which they were taken. 

I have continued my classification mainly as in previous Editions, 
simply changing the terms designating their classes. Of the 
descriptions of fruit, some exjDlanation may be necessary. First, 
is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, in 
smaller type, the various synonyms, or local names, by which the 
same fruit is known in various countries, or parts of the country. 

The text, descriptive of nearly every valuable variety, will be 
found to explain in what section of country, and in what soil, it 
succeeds best. Having given more attention to Southern fruits, 
and their seasons, than formerly, and finding many to siicceed 
well South, that have l^een superseded North and East, I have 
introduced them throughout the work ; hence, I think it will be 
found as well adapted to that as to other portions of the United 
States. 

It would have given me satisfaction to append to each and every 
variety its habit of growth, color of wood, form of buds, leaf, 
&c., &c., but I have been compelled to omit this, except with the 
most jDopular sorts, from the fact that such additional matter 
would swell the volume beyond the intended limits of the work. 

F. R. E. 

St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 18.59. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 



In the difficult task of obtaining correct and adequate specimens of fruit to 
correspond with the varieties named and described — in preparing my texts of 
the value of fruits, as modified by localities and soils — in supplying descriptions 
and specimens of new varieties — I have been greatly assisted by, and my 
thanks are due to, various pomologists, nurserymen, &c., especially to Charles 
Downing, Esq., Newburg, N. Y. (from whom I received descriptions of many 
new kinds of fruit) ; also Hon. M. P. Wilder, Boston ; W. D. Brinckle, Phila. ; 
Robt. Buchanan, Esq., A. H. Ernst, Esq., W. Heaver, Esq., and Prof J. A. 
"Warder, Cincinnati ; C. H. Havens, St. Louis ; M. B. Bateham, Esq., Columbus ; 
Chag. Carpenter, Esq., Kelly Island ; J. P. Kirtland, and Thos. Brown, Esq., 
Cleveland; Jno. C. Teas, Raysville, Ind. ; Doct. J. A. Kennicott, West North- 
field. Cook Co., 111. 



Vll 



uftJBBPlE'VT.A.TIOlSTS J^lSrJD BOOKiS GJXJOTEI). 



Of these, we enumerate here those only that we have used 
most fi-eely, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our 
decisions. 

Allen. A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine. By J. Fisk 

Allen. 1852. 
Ariorettmi Brittanimmi ; or, the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and botanically 

delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. C. Loudon. London. 

1845. 
Annales de la Socicte cP fforticuUure de Paris. Paris. In monthly numbers, 8vo., from 

1827 to 1845. 
Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best Mode of Making 

Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828. 
Berckmaiis' Cat. Catalogue of L. C. Berckmans & Son. 
Buchanan. A Treatise on the Grape. By E. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1S54. 
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes generaux de cul- 
ture, etc. Par A. Polteau et M. Vilmorin. Yearly volume. Paris. 
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth ed. New 

York, 1S44. 
Saumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetans en tout genre disponlble dans TEtablissement des 

Freres, a Bolvriller, 1842. 
Cole. American Fruit-Book. By S. W. Cole, 1S51. 
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of the Management 

of Orchards and Cider. By William Cose. Philadelphia, 1817. 
Cliaptal. Chemistry Applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. American ed. 

Boston, 1835. 
Cohhcit. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 
Coleman. Eeports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. Boston, 

1840-41. 
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c., edited by Luther Tucker. 

Albany ; continued to the present time. 
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845. 
Dom. Card. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 1839. 
Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. 2 vols., Paris, 176S. 
Deo. Physiologic vegetale, ou E.xposition des Forces et des Fonctions vitales des VegiStau-x. 

Par A. P. De Candolle. 3 vols., Paris, 1832. 
Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq. Cincinnati. 
'Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth, 

7th ed. London, 1824. 
Tloy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by Michael Floy. 

New York, 1845. 
Fessenden. New American Gardener; containing Practical Directions for the Culture of 

Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828. 
Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly numbers. 

19 vols., to 1844. London. 



X ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 

Ga. Pom. 8. Rej). Eeport of Pomological Society of Georgia. 

Hort. The Horticulturist, a monthly Journal of Horticulture, Etc. Published by Luther 

Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 1852, and continued to the present 

time. J. Jay Smith, editor. 
lloare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grrape Vine on open -walls. By 

Clement Hoare. London, 1840. 
Ilort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. 
Harris. A Eeport on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetiition. By Dr. T. "W. 

Harris. Cambridge, 1852. 
Ilbv. Mag. or II. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Eural Affairs. Conducted 

by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo., monthly numbers, 1834 to the present time. 
Johnston. Lectures on Agiicultural Chemistry and Geology. By James W. F. Johnston 

American ed. 2 vols., New York, 1842. 
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette, 2 ed. 2 vols., Paris, 1839. 
Knight, Various Articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. By Thomas 

Andrew Knight, its late President. 
Kenriek or Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844. 
Kollar. A Treatise on Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. By Vincent 

Kollar ; notes by Westwood. 12mo., London, 1840. 
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. One thick vol., London, 1835. 
— An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1836. 

An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1831. 

' Ilortus Brittanicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the same. 

London. 

The Suburban Horticulturist. By the Same. London, 1812. 

The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 1838 to 

1842. 

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. London, 1838. 

Liebig. Organic Chemistry, in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. By Justus 
Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844. 

Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or, an Account of the Fruits and Vege- 
tables Cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. London, 1831. 

Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832. 

An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. Loudon, 

1835, 2d ed. 

British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work. 

The Theory of Horticulture ; or, an Attempt to Explain the Operation of Garden- 



ing upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 1840. 
— The same work, with Notes, by A, Gray, and A. J. Downing. New York, 1841. 



L. or Zinnwus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, ISIO, 5 vols. 

JIass. Hort. Society. Transactions of thu Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1842 to the 

present time. 
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By E. Manning, 2d ed., enlarged by John M. Ives. 

Salem, 1844. 
Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Ilovey's Magazine. 
Me. P. S. li. Maine Pomological Society's Eeport 
Micliaiix. The Nortii American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of the United 

States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Miohaux. Paris, new edition. Philadelphia, 1852. 
M'^Intosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 1S19. 
N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the .JJew York State Agricultural Society, from 1S42 to the 

present time. 
Kois. See Jardin Fruitier. 
i^ew England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, &c 

Boston, continued to the present time. 
0. Bull. See Duhamel. : 



ABBKEVIATIONS, ETC. XI 

l*om.. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of the most 

Important Varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. London, 1828. 
Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. Ey 'William E. Prince. 2 vols.. New York, 1831. 
Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William E. Prince. New Tork, 1830. 
Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New Tork, 1828. 
Pcrit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Eecueil des plus beaux Fruits, cultives en Franco. 

Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to numbers. 
Eivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Eivers. Sawbridgeworth. 
Bon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Mains Brentfordienses ; or, a Concise Description of Selected 

Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Eonalds. London, 1831. 
Pevue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 1S44, et 

chaque mois. 
Torrey cfc Gray. A Flora of North America : containing abridged deseriptions of all the 

known plants gi'owing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By John Torrey, M.D., and Asa 

Gray, M. D. New York. 
Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of 

London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great care, by Robert Thompson, the 

head of the Fruit Department.] 
ThacJier. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D. Boston, 1822. 
Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq. 

W. P. B, Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Eeports of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 
IT. B. P. Articles and Descriptions, by Wm. E. Prince, in various Horticultural Journals. 
Warder Beview. Western Horticultural Eeview. J. A. Warder, editor and publisher. A 

Monthly Journal of Horticulture, &c. Cincinnati, 1850, to the present time. 
Wilder in Eort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and published in 

Horticulturist. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTORr REMARKS HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS 

IN OHIO AND THE WEST VALUE AS FOOD. 

In almost every country, fruits are regarded as necessaries of life, 
and have been gradually transferred from the wilds of nature to the 
cultivated portions of the earth, ai'ound the dwellings of man. 

Many of the original fruits were unpalatable, but, in the course 
of cultivation, they have become ameliorated. Superior varieties 
have been obtained from time to time, to requite the industry and 
care of the cultivator, until domesticated fruits are not only improved 
in size and flavor, but increased in number almost innumerable. 

In their cultivation, they are affected by soil, situation, and seasons. 
The Winter of 185.5—56 destroyed, by extreme cold, nearly every 
variety of fruit, the apple only excepted, throughout the entire 
Western States. 

When a fruit tree is to be planted, the object is, to enable it to 
grow up a healthy and, at the same time, a fruitful tree ; and, 
whether planted in an orchard or in a garden, as a standard or as a 
d#arf, a certain space is contemplated, that it will, in its maturity, 
occupy. In order that this may be apportioned properly, the natural 
habit of the kind must be considered ; also, Avhether it is worked on 
a free or dwarf-growing stock, whether it is a delicate or hai-dy sort, 
and what aspect will be most favorable. All these circumstances 
must be duly weighed by the fruit-grower, in order to ensure success. 

A tree may have too much or too little space. If too much, a 
part of the intended space is lost ; and, if too little, the branches 
soon interfere, and the trees become crowded, to the manifest injury 
of each other. 

Aspect is a very material circumstance, and should be modified 
by the climate and the variety of fruit to be grown. But the nature 
of the soil, its composition, and depth, requires far the greatest share 
of the planter's attention. According as this is adapted to the 
growth of the variety planted, will be his success. Many cultivators 
imagine that if they can make their trees grow luxuriantly, they will 
certainly be fruitful. This is a mistake, to prove which, we have 
only to consider where the most prolific orchards are found, and 
what are the circumstances which render them so. We find a light, 
dry, sandy loam, reposing on a subsoil of gravel or rock, invariably 

13 



M INTRODUCTORY EEMAKKS. 

most congenial to the kindly growth and fruiffuhiess of the trees. 
Perfectly thorough drainage is, in all cases, absolutely essential to 
productiveness. 

Some of the most valuable orchards we have ever seen, stood on a 
thin, light, loamy soil, on a basis of rock, and constantly pastured. 
An elevated situation, with a light, loamy soil, will produce the most 
healthy and fruitful trees, as all fruit trees are more prolific when their 
growth is moderate ; but it will not grow trees as rapidly as the 
more level, deeper, and richer soils, and would, therefore, be unsuited 
to the commercial nurseryman. 

The increase of the curculio, asgeria, codling moth, and other insects, 
which are treated of under their appropriate heads, is a subject which 
has called forth more of ingenuity, practical tact, and scientific experi- 
ment, than perhaps any other connected with fruit-growing. The 
early settlements of the Western States wei'e comparatively exempt 
for a few years, but the transit of insects is so rapid, that they are 
soon overrun. This may, perhaps, be termed the " dark side," in 
fruit culture, and is to be met only by a genei-al diffusion of know- 
ledge. 

The Eastern States being possessed of great advantages and faci- 
lities for obtaining trees, with various treatises upon fruits, and 
numerous journals, devoted, in part, to this branch of horticulture, 
have, until within a few years, been looked to by the South and 
West for such information and knowledge as was requisite to the 
successful culture of fruit trees. Experience has proved that such 
knowledge was often erroneous, when applied in a different climate 
and soil. It is presumed that this has induced, in the new States, 
much more attention and discussion than would have occurred under 
other circumstances. 

At this time, horticulturists number in their ranks some of the 
most intelligent and devoted men from nearly every State in the 
Union, and their annual and biennial assemblings are diffusing the 
knowledge acquired by the practice of skillful persons, rendering it 
accessible to all. 

Previous to 1796, there was very little other than the natural 
fruit of the soil cultivated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or 
'22 was there any considerable introduction and planting of " grafted 
fruits" in the north part of the State. At that time, the nursery of 
William Coxe, Esq., Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest 
from which to obtain trees, and, therefore, from thence came most of 
the first plantations of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, 
Kenrick, and Buel, supplied our Northern pioneers; and from these, 
with the liberal hand wliich always characterises a fruit-culturist, 
grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. As early as 1796, 
or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propagated many of the older 
and best Eastern varieties on the borders of the Ohio river, and 



ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 15 

there cultivated both trees and fruits, from whence most of the older 
orchards of southern Ohio, and probably Indiana, were procured. 
Governor Worthington, at an early day, 1803, or previous, intro- 
duced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. In 1824, 
Prof Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull County, 
Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then known ; and 
in 1827, or '28, George Hoadley, Esq., sent about one hundred kinds 
to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many fine Eastern 
varieties ; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all these wx^re libe- 
rally distributed, followed by additional introductions of new varie- 
ties in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly evei-y pioneer 
brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity of his 
former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and we 
have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to about 
1832. Since that period, not only have importations of extended 
varieties been largely made from Eastei'n nurseries, but the nurseries 
of trees grown for sale have so multipled in the whole West, that 
millions of trees are now annually grown and planted. __J 

For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we 
are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A. 
Kennicott : 

" The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the '^*- 
French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskio and Cahokia ; and it is 
said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done 
good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the 
advent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The liev. 
John M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate 
most luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of 
the second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost 
forest size. 

" From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees 
were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable 
fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been 
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their 
route from the old world. 

" From this you perceive that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit- 
growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener- 
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ; 
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our celebrated 
varieties in cultivation, to these glorious old trees, so graphically 
described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no means certain, 
that some of our most valuable local varieties did not originate in 
that classic fruit-land of Southern Illionois. 

" It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois 
there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value, for local cul- 
tivation, at least, a large majority of the sorts named in the books. 



16 INTKODUCTOKY REMARKS. 

Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here, 
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be 
found worthy of notice, and Avorth preserving in their natural state, 
though not desirable for propagation. 

" From personal observation, you are already aware that some 
fruits of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others 
are wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. 
It is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to 
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost, 
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much 
difficulty and doubt attend our Western nomenclature. 

" Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts 
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties 
at the East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on 
the fructification here, under the true names. 

" Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in "Western 
Illinois, and Southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars 
from the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastei'n Illi- 
nois ; and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, 
and others from Kentucky, Yirginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, 
and a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what propor- 
tion, or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am 
unable to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, 
however, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin. 
" Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most 
valuable, and the ^Iilam the most abundant. 

" Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted 
out in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, 
which continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The BuflTalo 
nurseries, and the Cleveland dealers, have furnished the most. The 
nurseries of Chatauque County sent some early, and the Rochester 
establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve 
years ago. The Flushing nurseries ai"e also represented in our 
orchards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana ; 
and, in I'act, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not 
Bent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin." 

Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his- 
toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value 
' sufiScient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those 
meriting a first place are rare. The character of " very good " will 
apply to probably one-tenth of the fi'uit, while that of "best" will 
liardly apply to one-thousandth. 

Of the value of fruits as food, and the tendency to promote health 
of system and morality of character, much has been written ; but the 
following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words : 



ORIGINATING OF VAEIETIES. 17 

"The free use of ripe fruits not only prei'e7i(s disease, hnt their 
regulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All 
ripe fruits are, also, more or less nutritious. Professor Salisbury i 
has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato, j 
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man, ' 
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for swine, j 
or fed raw to other domestic animals." X 

Ripe grapes have cured epidemic dysentery. Physicians have, 
occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;" and the earliest 
writers have directed the sugai'y ones, as " figs," for food in conval- 
escence. Families, where fruits are most plentiful and good, and 
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all 
kinds, and more especially from fevers and " bowel complaints." 
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen 
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as 
" diluents," and all as " diuretics ;" the free acids neutralizing, or 
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying tliem 
off rapidly through the natural channels. 



CHAPTER II. 

ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES THEIR PROPAGATION, BY BUDDING, 

GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS, AND SUCKERS. 

" Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are 
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have 
always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a 
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild stale." Of this, we 
have a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by 
Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed 
gathered from the same tree, only about one-tenth have surpassed, 
and two-tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling 
back toward the original Mazzard. 

Most of our choice varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance 
cross-impregnation ; few have been the result of artificial skill and 
care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and 
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from cross 
breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley says : 



18 PEOPAGATING OF VARIETIES. 

" If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of another 
species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two distinct 
varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, the seed 
which results from the operation will be intermediate between its 
parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first case, the 
progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross-bred." 
Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been created 
between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and currant. 
These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female parent are 
termed sub-varieties. 

This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was 
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticultur- 
ist of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, was the 
re-production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting 
each time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved 
the best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the 
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com- 
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded as 
the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties. The 
Frederic, of Wurtemburg, originated by him in this way, it is well 
known, produces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the 
bud ; while the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, 
requires twelve or fifteen years. This process, however, if taken, as 
by Van Mons, from the commencement, i. e., a wildling, would require 
a life-time ; but our people have all around them seedlings which at 
an early age are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from 
the best of them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable 
that more than ten years would elapse without producing something 
very superior. 

On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by 
crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to 
whatever form, size, or character he may desire, and this with an 
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully de- 
scribed by Thomas, in his Fruit Culturist, we extract tht'refrom : 

" A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the 
Indian corn. The pistillate, or seed-bearing fiowers, coverino^ the 
young e;ir, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate, or 
fertilizing flowers, on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re- 
mote position, the pollen, or fertilizing dust, from the summits may 
not certainly fall on the ear ; and, if different sorts grow near, a mix- 
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif- 
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same 
field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted togethei-, each sort 
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled 
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of 
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the 



riiOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GEAFTING, ETC 



19 




stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci- 
dental mixture from other trees, become very small unless atfected by 
insects, which, becoming thickly dusted Avith powder from one flower, 
plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross fertilization. 
Where many varieties grow^ in one garden, in close proximity, cases 
of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can be 
developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings. 

"In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (Fig. 1), the five cen- 
a tral organs a, are the pistils ; the upper extre- 

mity of each is the stigma. The surrounding 
.^ thread-like organs, b, are the stamens, surmount- 
ed by the anthers. The anthers are little bags 
or cases, filled with the pollen, or fertilizing 
dust. When the flowers open, the anthers 
burst, and discharge the pollen on the stigma, 
which operates on the embryo fruit at its base. 
" The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im- 
pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen 
of another. This was performed with great success by Knight. 
Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the 
anthers had bui'st and discharged the pollen, he 
cutout with a fine pair of scissors all the stamens, 
leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). When the 
stigma became sufficiently mature, which was in- 
dicated by its glutinous surface, he transferred the 
pollen of the other sort on the point of a camel's- 
hair pencil. The fruit, thus yielded, was un- 
seeds partook variously of the nature of both 
parents, and the trees growing from them bore new and intermediate 
vai'ieties. 

" For the success of such experiments, several precautions are requi- 
site. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has fully 
expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and scattered their 
dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting, or fully matured 
anther, when it will be dry and powderj'- ; the stigma must be inocu- 
lated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it maybe 
fertilized from another source, and then the intended pollen cannot 
possibly take effect. For a stigma once inoculated, cannot be inocu- 
lated again. It is safest, where practicable, to force the trees by artifi- 
cial heat into flowering a few days earlier than others, so as to 
be secure from accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air ; 
and to prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporaiy covering of 
gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some experi- 
menters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they had only 
natural seedlings." 

Budding. — This process of propagation, as well as that by grafts, 




20 



ORIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. 



laj-^ers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of increasing the 
number of trees or plants of any variety; and is performed on stocks 
of the same, or closely allied, species. These are designated under 
each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on other pages. The 
process is also one, which, although well and truly described, in all 
fruit works, and most of the leading journals, is nevertheless so often 
attended Avith failure, that while we here repeat descriptions, we, at 
same time, advise every new beginner to visit the leading nursery- 
man, or successful amateur grower, in his immediate neighborhood, 
and learn more in half a day from practical example, than could be 
told him were one to write a month. In order to be successful, it is 
requisite that the stock on which it is intended to operate should be 
in a thrifty, healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the 
best time is just when the terminal bud is forming, in August or 
September, Various modes of budding are known and described ; 
but that most successful, most rapid, and in common use, is the one 
termed incorrectly, American shield budding, described by Forsyth in 
1802 — which differs from the common shield budding, only in leaving 
a small piece of wood at base of the bud inserted, instead of taking 
all out. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of the 
stock, and a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole somewhat 

resembling the letter T (fig. 3). A bud 
is then taken from a shoot of the present 
year's growth, by shaving off the bark an 
inch or an inch and a half in length, 
with a small part of the wood directly 
beneath the bud (fig. 4). The edges of 
the bark, at the incision in the stock, are 
then raised a little (fig. 5), and the bud 
pushed downward under the bark (fig. 6). 
A bandage of bass-bark, woollen-yarn, 
or other substance, is then wrapped around, commencing at the bot- 
tom and passing the bud, returning again and tying just below, cover- 
ing all but the bud (fig. 7). The pressure should be just sufficient to 
keep the inserted portion closely to the stock, but not such as to 
bruise or crush the bark. In about ten days, or two weeks, after in- 
sertion, the strings will require to be loosened, and at expiration of 
three weeks removed altogether. The ensuing Spring, as soon as 
the buds begin to swell strongly, cut off the stock about six inches 
above the bud ; and as the shoot, or bud, grows, tie it to the piece of 
stock above its insertion until about midsummer, when it will be time 
to cut away the piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut 
downward from the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice 
with some is, to place the buds in water ; tliis so saturates them with 
moisture, that they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of 
of the stock, and hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot 





PKOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GEAFTING, ETC. 21 

containing buds intended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately 
be cut off to within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation 
will exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are to be kept a number 
of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss, or wet cloths ; or if 
to be sent to a distance, the whole wrapped in oiled silk. In this 
way they will keep without injury ten days or more. 

" Amiular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick 
rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark 
is removed from the stock, and another corresponding 
ring, containing the bud, slit open on one side, is made 
to fit the denuded space. (Fig. 8.) 

" Trees which, have been girdled in winter by mice, may 
be preserved by a process similar to annular budding, 
by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, and apply- 
ing one or more pieces of bark peeled from the branch 
of another tree, so as to restore the connection between 
the two severed portions. This is done as soon as the bark will 
separate ; the same end may, however, be accomplished early in 
Spring, by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and 
connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care being 
taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting. The whole, in 
either case, is then covered with wax." 

Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all resolv- 
ing into the same thing^that of transferring one variety on to ano- 
ther. Such methods as are in most common practice, we describe. 

Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practiced when 
the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it 
lies in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of 
albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, or 
if the stock is too large that they match on one side. (See fig. 10.) 
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut in 
the graft, and, when put together, to serve as support in steadying the 
graft, until the circulation of the sap has united it with the stock. 
This is practiced to a large extent by nux'sery-men on pieces of roots, 
and is then termed " root-grafting." 

. Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit is 
made in either stock or graft. (See fig. 11.) 

Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it is 
done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the upper 
rootlet or fibre. (See fig. 12.) 



22 



ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 



Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obliquely 
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, and 
the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides are pared 
down till they fit the sides of the stock. (See fig. 13.) 
This is the best mode to pursue with the cherry and 
other stone fruits. 

Side Grafting, as seen in the cut (fig. 9), is per- 
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch 
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por- 
tion, splitting the graft, and paring the inner portion, 
then inserting it so as to give a union of the bark 
and wood — leaving meanwhile the top of the stock 
to carry on the circulation of sap until the graft 
becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is 
the best for the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also 
when scions may have been received late in the Spring, or the work 
of grafting unavoidably delayed. 




I 



Fiar. 10. 



Fiff. 1 1. 




Fig. 13. 



Cleft Grcfting is an easy, though clumsy mode, rarely practiced, 
except on limbs, or branches, too large for whip grafting. In this the 
scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock is split 
with a grafting chisel, or large knife, which is drawn to one side, and 
holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albumen, 
or inner barks, match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. 

Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is performed, 
bass-bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen or cotton j'arn, is then 
wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. Where 
small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nursery-rows, 
this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed on stand- 
ard trees, it is better to cover the matting with a wax, made in the 
following; manner: 



PKOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC 



23 



Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts iard. This 
should be well incorporated together while warm, strips of cotton 
cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width re- 
quired for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the labor ; 
and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen string, 
may be dispensed with. 

Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is 
applied so gradually, that its absorption may require several weeks. 
In one instance, shoots cut early in Autumn, and subjected to thorough 
drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next Spring, by 
wrapping them well in moss, and burying them in the ground ; and, 
being set, they all grew. 

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp moss, 
saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a very 
small compass, with great safety, by enAvrapping them with oil-silk, or 
thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them, to include the moisture, 
by means of small thread. Partially decayed wood from the forest, 
is also used successfully for keeping scions. 



Layering. This is practiced in low shrubs and vines, as the quince 
and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking a 
bi'anch, cutting a notch, or slit, on the under side, immediately below 

a bud, and pegging it securely, 
so that the centre will be 
about four inches under 
ground (see fig. 14). With the 
grape, trailing the vine on the 
surface, as shown in fig 15, 
and after buds have started a 
few inches, cover with soil the 
Fig. 14. vine ; each bud will throw 

out roots, and if the operation 
be performed in Spring, they may be taken up and separated in the 





Fig. 15. 



24 



OEIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. 



Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multi- 
plying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot of 
one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil renews 
the supj)ly of sap, the buds swell, the leaves 
expand, and the descending juices expend them- 
selves in the production of new roots, which shoot 
downwards into the soil (fig. 16). Under ordinary 
circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is 
only applicable to such species as readily throw 
out roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and 
grape. The cutting should be made from eight 
inches to a foot long, and have all the lower 
buds cut out, in order to prevent its throwing 
up suckers. Wood of the last year's growth is 
used, and the lower end cut square across at the 
base of a bud. They should be inserted perpen- 
dicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, 
under the head of Grapes ; the earth should be 
pressed securely at the bottom, and lightly at the 
Fig:. 16. top, and, when possible, a mulch of two inches 

of tan bark, saw-dust, etc., thrown over them to preserve mois- 
ture. 




Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as 
soon as well rooted, they are suited to be removed. 

Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless 
cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed, 
but never replanted. The Frost Gage plumb, from having been 
pi'opagated thus, has become so diseased, as to be nearly discarded. 
and this in the short space of about fifteen years. 



CHAPTER HI. 

TRANSPLANTING TREES — HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN 
RECEIVED ; PRUNING — TIME WHEN, HOW ; THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ; 
LABELS FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAIN- 
ING ; FORM OF YOUNG TREES. 

The first care in the removal of trees, should be not to destroy the 
roots in digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such 
cause than large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out 
of the ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury 
of roots, but really they were cracked through every portion, and 
all the tissues through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and 
injured, often more to injury of tree, than if one-half the roots had 
been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with spades, leaving 
only about four to six inches of main root, and a few small fibres. 
Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe shortening-in 
of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, and are not 
worth, to the planter, over one-half as much as trees well and care- 
fully dug, with roots nearly entire. 

Preparing the soil. If an orchard is to be planted, on soil reten- 
tive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it should first 
be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; it should 
then have sufficient number of under-drains, so that no surplus water 
would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging deep holes 
should never be practiced, but the whole soil should be made of fine 
tilth, and if the ground is well-drained, or naturally dry, dig broad 
spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the ground is not 
drained, and naturally wet — a location and condition Avhich should 
never be adopted— let the planting be made by placing the tree on the 
level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon the level prairies this 
course has been found most successful, and at times, without even 
removing the sod beneath the tree. 

Many suppose, that a tree grown in the nursery on sandy soil, will 
not succeed on clay, and so the reverse ; this, if they will only use 
reason, and study the nuti'itive process in the tree, tliey will see, at 
once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich ground 
of a well-kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved soil, 
amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in vigor and 
2 



9S 



TRANSPLANTING TREES. 



health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our Western 
country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, barren hills, 
of New England. Food for the plant is, therefore, requisite, and 
this should be prepared in a well, and previously cultivated and en- 
riched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state by appli- 
cation of animal manures immediately to the roots. Prof. Lindley 
says, " that a small quantity of super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, 
that is to say, a mixture of oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with 
dry mould, and thrown in around the roots of a newly-transplanted 
tree, will generally aid in the formation of root fibres, and consequently 
assist very much in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if 
scattered over the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the 
places where most required." 

How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next 

proceed to plant the tree. 
Supposing that the roots, 
in removing, have been 
carefully preserved, our 
tree will present, when 
placed in the hole pre- 
pared for it, the appear- 
ance represented in our 
figure 17, the upper root 
being about four inches 
lower than the level of 
the surrounding soiL If 
the roots are broken, prune, 
by a cut from the under 
side of each end. Now, 
one man should scatter 
in carefully the fine earth, 
^'s<-i'?- while another holds the 

body of the tree with one hand, and with the other carefully presses 
the earth around and beneath every root, taking care to keep the 
small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them as the work pro- 
gresses to a nearly horizontal position. Leave the earth, if the plant- 
ing be done in Spring, level around the tree, and with the surround- 
ing surface ; if planted in the Fall, earth up a little mound around the 
stem-end, and over the entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again 
in the Spring. Avoid treading or other pressure around the tree, 
other than that made by the hand, in firmly placing the earth around 
the roots in the process. 

Time to Plant. With nearly all trees and all locations. Fall is 
the best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere 
the roots broken by removal can again supply themselves, or the 
plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will 




PACKING, PEUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27 

often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex- 
haustion by the leaves from gi-owth in Spring, of their food laid up 
in bud and bark the year previous, and the roots are again furnishing 
their support. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, it often 
happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food previously 
laid up is exhausted ere new rootlets are formed. Mulching, and 
other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order to keep the 
roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted trees. 

Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion 
to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable that they be so 
packed, as to ensure success when received. In order to do this, 
they should be made into a bundle, with damp moss liberally mingled 
among the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and 
the small within ; tie securely with twisted straw bands, then take 
long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near 
the centre of the roots of the bundle ; lay another layer, with the 
butts four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have 
the length of the bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully 
lay straw over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing 
at the top, so that when the cords are around it, all will be covered ; 
proceed with one end of the cord, first lashed to a strong root, to 
bind it around, once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If 
intended to go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, 
a stout stick should be packed in the centre of each bundle, extend- 
ing about four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down 
a strong bass matt, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, 
and placing the roots of the bundle upon it, draw it up carefully 
over, and secure it by sti'ong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, 
let the roots be well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a 
thick clayey mud, but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them. 

Care of Trees when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing 
how to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, 
withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bur- 
ied, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some 
days ; or, if late in the Fall, and they are buried where the water 
drains off readily, let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have 
only a couple of inches upon them. Trees received dry in Spring, may 
be immediately immersed in a running stream of water, and after 
the buds are swollen, planted out in some location for the season, 
where the mid-day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can 
be always kept moist by mulching, etc. 

Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a 
tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is 
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if 
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a 
tree, whether made in Spring, just before midsummer, in Fall or Win- 



28 



TRANSPLANXma TEEES. 



ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, 
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the 
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., &c., should, by 
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches, 
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that 
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu- 
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as 
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, 
closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to 
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se- 
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been from 
the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood 
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be 
seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : 

" It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how to 
prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. 

" The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems 
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal- 
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch 
or stem, if we cut between two joints, so as to leave a portion of 

wood above the bud, 
intended to be cut to, 
as in fig. 18, this wood 
dies, and we have 
the trouble of another 
pruning to remove it. 
If we cut too close to 
the bud, and thus re- 
move a portion of the 
wood with which it is 
connected, as in fig. 
19, the bud will either 

Figs, to Pruning. die Or disappoint US 




Fig. 18, cutting too fav above the bud. Fig.. 19, cutting too bv producin"" a verv 
close. Fig. 20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, removal of r- , , °, m 

o iivoT,«>, +i,a „,.^o„ i; — ;„.i:„„i.: — ^-jjg pvoper place for leeble growtli. JLlie 



a branch, the cross line indicating 
the cut. 



proper way is to take 
the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the 
knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then 
make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the 
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 
20. In soft-wooded, pithy plants, like the grape vine, for example, 
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The cut should 
also be made, as much as possible, on the lower side of the branch, 
to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The position of the bud 
cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, to produce or mod- 
jfy certain forms. When we wish the new shoot of a lateral 



PACKING, PEimiNG, PEOTECTION, ETC. 29 

bi'ancli to take as much as possible, an upright dii'ection, we prune 
to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we choose one 
on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back of young 
trees, the bud selected to form the leader is chosen on op>posite sides 
every successive year, in order to maintain the growth in a straight 
line. If cut every year to a bud on the same side, it would, in two 
or three seasons, show an inclination to that side injurious to the sym- 
metry of the tree. 

" 2%e Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely 
separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In 
orchards it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a 
common axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons 
who take the proper care in this matter. They are either cut so that 
a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends out vigorous 
shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are cut so close 
that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem is taken with 
them, and a wound made that years are required to heal up. Both 
these extremes ought to be avoided. 

" The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should 
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch 
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and 
below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the 
cross line in fig 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, 
and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com- 
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the 
cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. 
When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smoothly 
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the heal- 
ing of the wound." 

Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not 
only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re- 
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken 
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken, or mutilated, to a 
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance 
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such 
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots 
must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and bi-anches in 
length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, 
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring 
them to a corresponding condition. 

Dishudding. When a tree is unfruitful by reason of its rampant 
growth, and the cultivator desires to bring it into a bearing state, the 
best and easiest way is by the simple method of disbudding during 
the months of April, May, and June. This we consider preferable 
to " pinching in," of which, extended directions are to be found on 
future pages. At the commencement of the Spring growth, the maua- 



30 TKANSl'LANTING TKEE8. 

ger has only to mark the swelling buds, preserving all those which 
he wishes developed for the formation of spurs, or for extending the 
leaders, and rubbing off all the rest. This will check the demand 
upon the roots, consequently stop their extension, and they will send 
up a diminished supply of sap. Thus, a check upon the vigor of the 
whole system will be induced. 

In the course of a month, more or less, another set of young buds 
will be produced ; and yet another, some four to six weeks ensuing. 
These must be rubbed closely off, checking the growth, and causing 
the production of fruitful spurs and buds. 

" Pruning the Roots. This is practiced as well to promote fruit- 
fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs 
that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in 
proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being equal, 
are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, when a 
tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of food 
from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves slowly in 
its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the young 
branches and the buds begin to assume a fruitful character. 

" Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply 
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur- 
face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. 
The principle is the same. 

"The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, the 
distance from the tree will depend on its size, and the spreading 
character of the roots. The trench should be the width of a common 
gai'den spade, and deep enough to reach all the roots of the tree. If 
the lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife 
should be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated 
with a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If 
the tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on 
with a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart 
stroke with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as jjossi- 
ble, will separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root 
pruning may be performed, depends on the character of the species, 
the condition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. 
Those practicing it for the first time should go to Avork with great 
caution. It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. 
As regards the season, it may be performed either at tlie end of the 
first growth, in July or August, or in the Autumn or Winter, when 
vegetation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, 
with complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth 
was going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given 
after the pruning is performed." 

Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation ot 
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or les- 



PACKING, PKUNING, PEOTECTION, ETC. 31 

sen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but all 
seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, in 
France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit Gar- 
den." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in gardens, 
than of standards in orchards. He says : 

" The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following 
six general principles : 

" I. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great 
7neasure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its-hranches. 

" In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally distri- 
buted in the different parts without any other aid than nature, be- 
cause the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural 
tendency of the sap.* 

" But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im- 
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &;c., Change, more 
or less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking 
the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to 
trees require the development of ramifications, more or less nume- 
rous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. 
And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, 
it happens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base 
become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be ob- 
tained disappears, to be replaced by the na'ural form — that is, a 
stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if 
we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ cer- 
tain means, by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can 
be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to ob- 
tain the most vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegeta- 
tion in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, 
and, on the contrary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. 
To accomplish this, the following means must be successively em- 
ployed : 

" 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and 
those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by 
the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the 
vigorous parts deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds 
would have produced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less 
quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts 
being pruned long, present a great number of buds, which produce 
a large surface of leaves, and these attract the sap, and acquire a 
vigorous growth. This principle holds good in all trees, under what- 
ever form they may be conducted. 

* This is not in all cases trae. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, exhibit a very 

striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends of the branches attract 

nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species, 

similar instances might be quoted, and, as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except 

. in a comparative sense. 



32 ~ TRANSPLANTING TKEES. 

" 2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and re- 
move the tvhole, or greater part, from the feeble. We know already 
that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the 
roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary 
result of this is, what we are about to point out — -viz., that all the 
sap which arrives in the strong parts will be absorbed by the fruit, 
and the wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, 
while on the feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be ap- 
propriated by the growing parts, and they will increase in size and 
strength. 

" 3. Bend the strong parts, and keep the weak erect. The more 
erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap 
to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract 
much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, 
make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This 
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. 

" 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superjlacus shoots as early 
in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos- 
sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, 
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the 
sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the 
feeble parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous 
growth. 

" 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous 
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any 
shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching 
early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such point is checked, and 
naturally turns to the growing parts . that have not been pinched ; 
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. 

" 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the 
feeble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts 
obstructs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently, 
favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to 
espaliers. 

" 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, 
and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance, 
for light is the agent Avhich enables leaves to perform their functions 
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater 
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. 

" 11. The sap acts with greater force, and produces more vigorous 
growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. This 
is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must, evidently, 
produce a greater development of wood on them than if it were 
divided between fifteen or twenty buds. 

" It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches, 
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit-buds. On 



PACKING, PEUNING, PEOTECTION, ETC. 33 

the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, 
because the most slender or feeble shoots ai'e the most disposed to 
fruit. 

" Another application of this principle is, to prune short for a year 
or two such trees, or parts, as have become enfeebled by over-bear- 
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is 
of great importance.) 

" III. The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots, causes 
the terminal hud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Accord- 
ing to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or branch, 
we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no production 
that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. 

" IV. The more the sap is obstructed in its circidation. the more 
likely it toill lie to produce fruit-buds. This principle is founded on a 
fact to which we have already had occasion to refer — viz., that the 
sap circulating slowly, is subjected to a more complete elaboration 
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the forma- 
tion of fruit-buds. 

" This principle can be applied to produce the following result : 
Vhen we wish to produce fruit-buds on a branch, we prevent a 
•ee circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making 
annular or circular incisions on it ; and, on the contrary, when we 
wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a ver- 
tical position, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we con- 
centrate the action of the sap, and thus induce their vigorous devel- 
opment. 

"V. The leaves serve to prepare the sap absoi-bed by the roots for 
the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the 
shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to 
perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large 
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth, 
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and 
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the 
fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed 
buds, which will, the following year, produce a Aveak and sickly 
growth. 

" Vl. Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develope before 
the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very 
close pruning, and, in some cases, as the peach, this, even, will often 
^ail. This last pi-inciple shows the importance of pruning the main 
branches of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development 
of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the 
side shoots thus produced, for, without this, the interior of the tree 
will become naked and unproductive, and a i-emedy will be very 
difficult. 

" If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied 
2* 



34. 



TRANSPLANTING TREES. 



in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different 
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The 
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be 
perfectly plain and simple : yet no one need hope to accomplish, in 
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skillful 
ojDerator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant 
attention to their trees will always discover a failure in time to apply 
a remedy." 

Training. We give the accompanying (fig. 22), taken from 
" Loudon's Encyclopajdia of Gardening," merely as illustrative of 
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored 
land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly, 
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful 
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to 
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing 
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable 
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each 
form is known : a, the herring-bone fan ; h, the irregular fan ; c, the 
stellate fan ; d, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ; /", the horizontal ; 
g, the horizontal, with screw stem ; h, the vertical, with screw or 
wavy shoots ; ^', same, with upright shoots. 




Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or 
pine, about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side 
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with 
a soft lead pencil, before the oil or paint has dried, and driven down 
one foot into the ground, at the commencement of each variety. 

For standard trees, slips of wood, three inches long, and half an 
inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, having 
the name burned in with iron type, which is better — then secured to 



PACKING, PEUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35 

a side branch by strong copper wire, are those most in use. Labels 
are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mixture of two parts 
(by "weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, 
and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be mixed in a mortar, 
with a small portion of water at first, and the whole added after- 
wards. Preserve the mixture in a well-corked bottle, shaking it 
repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards, to prevent the 
escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for years. 

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it should be 
firmly twisted round the zinc, so as not to remain loose, or else the 
constant motion, from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire 
should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent 
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and passed round 
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch, to prevent the danger of cut- 
ting in by the growth of the tree, and should be attached below a 
small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. 

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following contriv- 
ance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide and 
six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round the 
twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends, and 
clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. These 
labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. 

Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a shai'p awl to write 
the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. Oxyda- 
tion soon renders the letters distinct. Common pasteboard printed 
with printers' ink has recently been introduced. 

Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured 
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection is to take 
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with 
strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will 
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec- 
tion from the latter, strong " hardware paper," as it is termed, 
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar, 
is best. 

The form of young trees most desirahle for planting, are those so 
grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem from the root to 
the terminal bud. This is only obtained by permitting the side 
branches to grow, and be regularly shortened-in in the nursery, so 
that not only the stem but the whole tree presents the form of a pyra- 
mid. One tree so grown is worth more to the planter than ten grown 
with long slender stems of uniform size, six or seven feet high. A 
tree rightly grown (as first described) will have double the quantity 
of roots, and when removed will need no staking, while the latter will 
require staking four or five years, and then never make a fine tree. 



CHAPTER IV. 

DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. — INFLUENCE OF 

SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS. 

The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist- 
ence in the parent tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have 
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws of vegetable life. 
That all cuttings taken from a seedling plant, no matter how propa- 
gated, are but the continuation of a single jalant, having existence in 
a healthy state only so long as the original exists in vigor and health 
although advocated, and with considerable reason, is a proposition we 
cannot accede to. Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that 
no variety can be procured of a healthy origin except grown on the 
principle of Van Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varie- 
ties to produce fruit on trees of an advanced age, and without care 
of size equal to its first appearance when the trees were youno-, is 
often cited as evidence of the " running out " of that variety ; those 
so citing seeming not to know that fruit is being produced elsewhere 
on younger trees, under good treatment, fully equal or surpassino' the 
original. All seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether 
grown from a wildling or a cultivated variety ; and some varieties 
are undoubtedly unhealthy when propagated ; but that they are more 
so on account of the term of years they have been continued, admits 
of doubt. That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natu- 
ral limit shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or 
evenly treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a 
tree, propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedlinof 
stocks, or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original 
ti-ee, is a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The 
white Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have 
all been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have 
grown all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical. 

The influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now well known 
among horticulturists, and the exhaustion of the soil is too often, 
unwittingly, made to support the theory of degeneracy of varieties. 
We have repeatedly reraai'ked that it is requisite for the orchardist 
to fully understand the nature of soil requisite for each distinct variety. 
We do not believe a fruit originating in soil abundantly supplied with 
lime will preserve the same character and quality when grown in one 
deficient in that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, 

36 



FEUIT-KOOM FOK KEEPING. 37 

while practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of 
rot, &c., exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with 
aught but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of 
each variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall 
not extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted 
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on 
varieties has the effect to create more or less rapid growth of both 
tree and fruit, as we go north or south, causing in the tree a coarser, 
more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to injury from sudden 
changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and in the fruit, greater 
size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and corresponding 
depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in the apple and pear ; 
but the peach, apricot, and nectarine, have additional character and 
sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. 

The iujliience of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily explained ; 
for while all know that to propagate a strong growing variety upon 
a slow gi'owing stock has a tendency at once to reduce its growth of 
wood and create a fruitful habit, and the reverse, when a slow grower 
is placed on one of vigorous habit, yet the reason why fruit is bet- 
ter or worse in quality when grown on varied stocks and subject to 
like soil, has not been explained. Seedling stocks, as most used by 
nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous or hardy ; hence the apparent 
difference in trees propagated on them and removed to various loca- 
tions. Under each variety of fruits, we give such information as 
we have been enabled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to 
the variety, and refer thereto for further remarks. 



CHAPTER y. 



GATHERING FRUIT — TIME WHEN — FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND 

RIPENING. 

The gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, 
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in 
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is 
depositing ; neither should they be . gathered immediately after a 
rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but 
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they 




38 GATHERING FRUIT. 

are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If 
on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it 
separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be 
cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown 
or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering, 
with " fruit gatherers," is esteemed most perfect, 
but if we could induce all our orchard farmers 
to gather by the hand, we should consider we had 
accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen 
in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. 

The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter 

apples should be gathered some ten days earlier 

than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended 

to have them keep well. 

Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, 

much has been said, and often with great reason and truth. 

The following description of a fruit room is from a foreign jour- 
nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has 
a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity 
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char- 
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it 
produces a cooler temperature in Summer. 

"Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree, 
after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, 
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of 
the temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their 
tissues cannot -be efi^ected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit 
become shriveled and drj^, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces- 
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods, from one and the 
same tree. First, from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation 
ceases first, and eight or ten days later, from the upper half, or ex- 
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath- 
ering from espalier trees than from standai'ds ; and likewise, sooner 
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide 
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part- 
ing from the tree. The difi'erent kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, 
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they 
di'op of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump- 
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. 
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccharine 
properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in the 
open air, they should be kept from thoso ripened in houses or on 
espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, 
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best 
condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best 
method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off" singly with the hand, care 



FKUIT-KOOM FOE KEEPING. 



39 



being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a 
brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances 
have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the 
aid of a ladder, but practically, they require too much time, and 
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. 
Long, shallow, and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car- 
pet at the bottom, are in general use about Montreuil. In these 
baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers, separated by 
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are 
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, 
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care, and at the 
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the 
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening 
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so 
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus 
keeping up a succession .from the time they are gathered till the 
succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room 
should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change 
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. 
The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg, Fahr. A higher 
temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and 
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where 
the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a long 
time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for 
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature 
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the 
keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos- 
phere should be kept 
rather dry than humid, 
and the fruit should be 
placed separately, so as 
not to touch one another. 
We Avould select a 
northern aspect, and dry 
place, sheltered, if pos- 
sible, by high evergreen 
trees, for the purpose 
of building the fruit 
room ; the quantity of 
fruit to be preserved 
must determine its di- 
mension. The annexed 
plan is fifteen feet long 

Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room. u ^ i i? i. -j j 

by twelve leet wide, and 
nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit 
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. 




40 



GATHEEmG FEUIT. 



24, a and V). A body of air is interposed between the two walls, 
and c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric 
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built 
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, 
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both 
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the 
walls. The enti'ance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall 
is a double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the 
inside. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit 
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four \^ooden 
shutters, /", two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are 
jDlaced four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean- 
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil- 
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with 
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall. 
In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. 
% 25), from the bottom up to the ceilings, 
1 are placed a foot above one another. To 
-^ facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the 
shelves above four feet from the ground 
are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in 
the form of a stage ; the lower ones are 
fixed horizontally, h. To ensure the 
circulation of air between the shelves, 
they are divided in five parts, and a 
space of an inch left between each of 
them ; those in front, c, are provided with 
a ledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room 
is reserved for a table (fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet 
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar- 
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a 
fruit room, by the aid of which we are eanbled to furnish the table 
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the 
year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at 
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity 
of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised 
ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, 
to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, 
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or 
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one 
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, 
also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been 
gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every 
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a 
pair of scissors, and fixed the reverse way to a metallic hook, of the 




Fig. 25. Section showing the ar- 
rangement of the Shelves. 



FEUIT-EOOM FOK ICEEPING. 



41 





Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus- 
pendin g the Grapes. 



form of an S. (Fig. 26.) 
Attached thus, they are 
less likely to rot, because 
the berries are placed in a 
freer position, and do not 
touch each other. They 
are hooked to one or two 
hoops, as shown at fig. 27, 
and suspended with a cord 
to the ceiling, and made 
movable with two pulleys. 
Having thus all the fruit 
Fig. 26. Method of disposed in the fruit room, 
suspending^ciusters ^j^g ^^^^.^ ^^-^^ shutters are 

opened during eight or ten 
days, to deprive the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after 
this has been done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room 
hermetically. The doors are no more opened, except for the work 
necessary to be done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was 
known of drying-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during 
winter, except by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass 
through the apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are 
obvious ; the interior temperature will change according to the ex- 
terior ; and, bad as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under 
freezing point, no use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must 
be abandoned to chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In 
this case, we recommend the use of chlorine of calcium. This 
substance has the property of absorbing about double its own weight 
of moistui'e, when it becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain 
length of time to a humid atmosphei^e, produced by the moisture 
emitted by the fruit. It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere 
in the best condition. To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden box is 
made (fig. 28, a,) one foot and a half 
square by three inches deep, and placed 
uj)on a table, b, which is at the side, c, an 
inch lower than on the other. The chlo- 
rine of calcium, after having absorbed a 
certain quantity of moisture, becomes 
liquefied, and runs into the earthenware 
vase, d, placed underneath for the pur- 
pose. Should the chlorine become dis- 
solved before the total consumption of the 
fruits, the dose must be renewed ; in 
which case, the liquid in the vase, if put 
in a pan, and placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, 
and as good for use as before. 




Fi; 



28. Box for using the Chlorin e 
of Calcium. 



42 THE ALMOND. 

Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suflfers early decay, 
in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during Autumn, 
and after the fruit is deposited. Anotlier cause of decay, is the im- 
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or 
around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, tlie assorting 
of decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves 
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in 
a most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at 
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. 
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- 
".age all around. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may 
Pe twice the Avidth, with the same conveniences in assorting or pick- 
ing. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats cannot 
reach them. It is said, that tlie Germans are very successful in the 
ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the principal 
chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a current, 
which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the vegetable 
and other contents." 



THE ALMOND. 

Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. 

The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa, of the moun- 
tains of Asia, and of Russia. Linnteus places it in the same genus 
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the 
parent of both — the fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is said, 
have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. How 
true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know ; but 
we do know that nature produces no such variations in the present 
age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, but is 
easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the peculiar color 
and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those of the peach, 
but ar(i larger than most varieties, and produced in greater profusion. 
It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, and especially in our 
South-Western States, where it should be grown in such quantities 
as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. 

Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed 
in sand, kept moist during the Winter, cracked in Spring, and sown in 
drills three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, 
covered two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the 
wild plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the 
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, z-icli soils, the 
plum is best. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTEK SORTS. 43 

Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well drained, 
but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not essential. 
The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive in the middle 
and portions of the Northern States ; while South, the soft shell, or 
ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The cultivation needed 
is the same as that of the peach. 

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article 
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter 
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic 
acid of the shops. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS I. Varieties generally esteemed. 

Long Hard Shjell. 
Long Hard Shell Almond, [ Amandier a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros doux. 

Flowers^ large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, about as 
large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper • very hardy ; 
ripens about last September. 

Languedoc. 
Great-fruited Sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian. 

The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know. It is said 

to be very large and sweet. 

Soft Shell Sweet. 

Soft Shell Sweet Almond, I Ladies Thin Shell, 1 Amandier des Dames. 

Dous a coque tendre. Sultan a coque tendre, Ou Amande Princesse. 

Amandier a coque tendre, | | 

This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a shell 
so thin as to be easily crushed between tiie fingers, and the kernel of which 
is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The flowers open at the same time 
with the leaves, and are deeply tinged with red. Fruit, oval, compressed; 
nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August 
or in July at the South, where it is only adapted. 

CLASS III. Varieties superseded bi/ better sorts. 
Common Almond. 
Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune. 
A variety usually found in nurseries ; inferior to the Long Hard Shell. 

Sultana Sweet Almond. 
Amande Sultane, | Sultan. 

A tender-shelled variety ; inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. 
PisTACiiiA Sweet. 

Amande Pistache. 
Small, pointed, inferior fruit. 

PsAon Almond. 
Pecher, | Amandier Pecher. 
A cross between tho peach and almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter. 

BiTTEii Almond. 
Differing from the common almond in its bitter kernel. 



THE APRICOT. 

Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. 

Tpie common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general 
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- 
mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes 
it as known in Italy under the name prcEcocia ; while the former 
mentions that it was introduced into that country about the sixteenth 
year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abounding in 
Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The 
Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate 
both for ornament and use." The barren mountains Avest of Pekin 
are described by the same author as being covered with these trees ; 
and Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole 
range of the Caucasus." It is also stated to be from Armenia and 
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, herkoche, whence the 
Tuscan, hacoche or albicoco, and the English apricock, and, finally, 
apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub- 
lished in 1817, says of the apricot: "This fruit is extremely tender 
in our severe Winters, in exposed or open situations, unpi-otected by 
a wall;" and similar statements have been made by writers, from 
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late 
years its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more 
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general 
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions, for, in 
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tending 
suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and 
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, 
during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, 
apparent until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, 
in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, 
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower 
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a 
preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely," as with the 
peach ; and standards should always be grown more in manner of 
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for, if so grown, injury to the 
fruit from late Spring frosts can often be prevented, by covering 
them with a cloth. 

Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding on 
the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States makes 

44 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 45 

one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which answers 
very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too much ten- 
dency to wood growth, rather than producing fruit. The seeds grow 
readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very good sorts ; 
few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing the parent in 
size, although often proving more hardy and productive. Budding 
into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum tree, has been thought 
to add hardihood to the apricot. 

Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are best 
adapted to successful fruiting the apricot, although they are often 
grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter case, how- 
ever, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the tree ripens 
its wood and drops its fruit before fully matured. 

The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result 
of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the 
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained 
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of 
this insect. 

Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior 
to the peach, ripening about Midsummer, after cherries and before 
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving 
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, 
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; it 
is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, 
in the preparation of tarts. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

Breda. 

Amande Aveline, I Ananas, I Hasselnussmandel. 
De Hollande, | Persique, | 

This old variety withstands severe frosts in Spring, is hardy as a tree, a 
good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even after ripe. 
Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; suture, well marked ; 
skin, orange, becoming rich, brownish orange in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, 
parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, 
roundish, compressed ; kernel, sweet. Season, first of August. 

Hemskirke. 

A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the peach apricot. Tree very 
short-jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ; sJcin, 
orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright, clear orange, tender, 
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small : kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of 
July. 



46 . THE APEICOT. 



Large Early. 

Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Eouge, I Gros Freche, 
De St. Jean, | Gros D'Alexandrie, | 

This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an abundant 
bearer ; foliage large, leaves tapering toward the footstalks, with little ear- 
like appendages in place of glands. 

Fruit, medium size, oblong, compressed ; suture, deep • skin, dpw"ny, pale 
orange in the shade, fine bright orange, with a few ruddy spots, in the sun ; 
flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates freely from the stone ; st07ie, brown, 
much flattened, oval, perforated along the back from base to apex ; kernel, 
bitter. Season, 10th to 15th July. 



Aiison''s, 
Dunmore, 
Sudlow's Moorpark, 
Oldaker's Moorpark, 
De Nancy, 
Anson's Imperial, 



Moorpark. 

Peche, 
Peche Gros, 
Temple's, 
Dunmore's Bi'eda, 
Hunt's Moorpark, 



Walton's Moorpark, 
Peach, 
Eoyal Peach, 
Abricot Peche, 
Wurtembura:. 



This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William 
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous to his 
decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. Fruit, 
large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter each way, larger 
on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, orange in the shade, but 
deep orange, or brownish red, in the sun, marked with numerous carmine 
specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright orange, parting free from the stone, quite 
juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor • stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated 
along the back, where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end 
to the other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. 

We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moorpark 
and Peach apricot, and have, therefore, made the Peach a synonym of 
Moorpark. 

MUSCH. 

Musch Musch, | D'Alexandrio | Gros Musch. 

This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers of 
Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety, and so, 
receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed them 
identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as Moorpark, 
wood being very short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, about one and a 
half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red spots and 
marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting, sweet ; kernel^ 
sweet. Season, last of July. 

Roman. 

Abricot Commiin, 1 Grosse Germine, 
Germine, | Transparent. 

A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold, unfavorable situations; good 
bearer; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, 
dotted with a few red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong; 
kernel, bitter. Season, 1st of August. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 47 

CLASS II. Embraces varieties^ of which many are new and untested^ and 
others suited only to large orchards or certain localities. 

Black. 

Purple, . I Noil-, I Du Pape. 
Angoumois, | Violet, | 

Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple : flesh, 
tender, juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet. Season, 
August. George Hoadley. Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought 
from Germany under name of " Hamburg Apricot," probably from Booth's 
nursery, near Hamburg. 

Brown's Early. 

Origin, CheLsea, Mass. jPrz<^ • large, short oval, yellow, bright red 
cheek : flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle 
to last July. 

Burlington. 

This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the peach 
apricot, planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolraan, in 1838. Native soil, poor 
gravel. Tree, vigorous ; young wood, reddi.sh. Fruit, medium size, ob- 
long, somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct sutiire ; skin, golden 
yellow, with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun; flesh, yellowish, juicy, 
fine flavor ; storie, I'ough, perforated. Season, last of July. 

Early Golden. 

Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. 
Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty yet 
close wood, hardy, productive. 

Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, narrow 
suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moderately juicy and 
sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; kernel, sweet. Sea- 
son, 10th to 15th July. 

Kaisha. 

From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The 
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, 
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, 
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary and 
delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with a 
sweet kernel." 

Lafayette. 

Origin, City of New York. Tree, remarkably vigorous ; fruit, very large, 
oval; skin, light yellow, marbled with red next the sun; flesh, high-flavored 
and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. R. Prince.) 

Larre Red. 

Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not yet 
fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, round 
dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. 



4:8 THE APEICOT. 

Newhall's Early. 

Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruity medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep 
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor ; clingstone. Season, last July, 
early in August. /Cole.) 

RlNGOLD. • 

Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruity large, roundish, a little oblong ; suture 
slight ; skirij light orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted 
with carmine ; flesh, deep yellow, juicy and excellent. Ripens just after 
the orange ; hardy and productive. (Wm. N. White.) 

Royal. 

Abricot Eoyale. 

A French variety, with large leaves, a^d vigorous habit of gi'owth. Fruit, 
above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with a little 
red ; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy. Last of July. 

Shaker Para. 

A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen it 
in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society. Its name, meaning 
" bit of sugar," is the only description given. 

Shipley's. 

Shipley's Large, | Blenheim. 

From England; a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval' 
orange yellow, juicy, sweet ; kernel, bitter. Seasoji, last July. 

Texas. 

Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, small, round, color dark maroon, darker 
in the sun ; suture, slight, a mere line ; flesh, juicy and pleasant, except 
at the stone, where it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White.) 

Turkey. 
Large Turkey, ) De Nancy. 

Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish 
orange in the sun : flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy ; kernel, sweet. Season, 
middle August. 

The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all 
respects resembling the common Turkey^ except having most of the leaves 
more or less blotched with yellow. 

CLASS in. — Varieties superseded by better sorts. 

Alberge. 
Albergier. 
Fruit, small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, firm, Yinous. Middle of August. 

EKtrSBELS. 

Frnlt, medium, oval, compressed, palo yellow, with dark brown specks ; flesh, yellow, firm, 
brisk flavor ; kernel, bitter. Middle of August. 



THE APPLE. 49 

Okange. 

Early Orange, , Royal George, I Eoyal Persian. 
Koyal Orange, | Persian, | 

Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, witli a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, dark orange, dry, 
insipid ; kernel, sweet. Season, middle July. 

Eed Masculine. 

Early Masculine, I Ahricot Precoce, I Abricotier. 
Brown Masculine, | Abricotier Hatif, | 

Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, poor 
flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. 

White Masoultne. 

White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc, I White Algiers. 

Abricot Blanc, | Early White Masculine, | 

Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later. 



THE APPLE. 

Pyrus 3Ialus, L. — Rosacece of Botanists. 

Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever had 
preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of 
fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then 
long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had ar- 
rived at all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing 
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood as 
now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less num 
ber of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and of 
Europe, it is generally understood that, from the variety pyrus malus 
of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-two varie- 
ties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman writers ; 
these have increased, until now, probably, 2,000 would not include the 
whole number named and partially or wholly described. 

To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas, and others, as well 
as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much for aid 
in winnowing this immense number, the wheat from the chaff; and 
yet such is the extent of our country, and the habit of all our pioneer 
settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, that we are yearly in the 
production of vast numbers of new seedlings, adapted mainly to 
their own locality only, but occasionally of such excellence as to 
warrant their general introduction. It is owing to this, that, not- 
withstanding pomological writers are daily condemning, our list of 
esteemed varieties is constantly swelline-, to tlie almost utter con- 
3 



50 THE APPLE. 

founding of the seeker after a knowledge relative to " what varieties 
to plant." 

The pecuniary profits of the orchard, especially of apples, is well 
understood, and no one, who has land in any way suitable, now hesi- 
tates to plant. We have no certain data, lout think we do not over- 
state when we say, that, besides large quantities imported from East- 
ern States, there are propagated and planted annually over 6,000,000 
trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon- 
sin. The Western country is already producing by millions of 
bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are not yet planted. Such 
is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid increase of people in 
cities, that no one should be at all deterred from continued planting ; 
for, we have not only the wants of increased population of our own 
land to supply, but that of foreign countries. Already our fruits are 
sent to England and other distant shores, and eagerly sought for and 
purchased, at what would here be termed high prices. Although the 
Newtown pippin, as sent from the Pell orchard, on the Hudson river, 
has done much toward establishing our reputation abroad, we antici- 
pate an advance in good favor, when the same variety grown on our 
Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; 
for certainly they are, like all our Western growths, when compared 
with those of the East, far superior in size. 

The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy 
seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul- 
ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1,000 years 
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight 
regarded " many varieties " as in his time " already on the decline," 
which Coxe, in his " View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says 
" grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." 
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy 
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. 

The puberty or fruit-bearing age of the apple tree varies accord- 
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and 
under the clear sun of our Western States, most varieties come into 
bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five 
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated va- 
rieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to fif- 
teen years. 

Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected, if intended for 
stocks, from native seedling trees of strong, vigorous, healthy growth. 
The common practice is to visit a cider mill in the months of October 
or November, and take therefrom indiscriminately such as first come 
to hand ; but he who desires to grow fine healthy trees had much 
better purchase the apples from such trees as we describe, and, if he 
choose, take them to the press himself The seed should be entirely 
separated from the pumice or pulp, although much of it will grow 



BUDDING. 51 

if spread immediately on the land thinly and plowed in lightly ; but 
this is a coarse, unworkmanlike method. To free it from the pulp, 
take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon boards for forty-eight 
hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process is washing in tubs, when 
most of the pulp which passed through the sieve will rise to the top 
of the water and may be taken off. If the ground is ready it may 
now be sown, the ground being made rich in vegetable, or partially 
mixed with well rotted animal manure, trenched or plowed twenty 
inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of about one foot wide and two 
feet between each drill ; scatter the seed so that when it grows there 
will be one plant to every two inches, and cover with about one inch 
of earth, and one inch of leaf mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh 
raw manure induces insects, and consequently diseased roots. If the 
seed is intended for shipment, or keeping over until the Spring 
planting, boxes not over six inches deep should be procured, with 
holes made in the bottom for drainage, and then the seed packed in 
shallow layers with sand or moss, and placed in the open air on the 
north side of some building or fence. 

Bij Chxifting. All of the modes described in previous pages are 
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of a diameter at the 
crown of from one-quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these 
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our 
rich western soils ; they should be dug up, have their side roots 
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about 
eight inches ; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue 
method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same course 
may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with exception of 
shortening the roots. 

Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing of 
some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are 
found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted 
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good 
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned 
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, 
as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on 
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or 
November often with as good success as in Spring. 

Nurserymen generally practice taking up the seedling trees late in 
Autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, 
when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the 
cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in 
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to 
allow one inch of sand on the bottom; and the stock grafted just 
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, 
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in 
a cool place but free from frost, until the day of planting. 



52 THE APPLE. 

By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees 
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, 
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud- 
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for budding 
should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, inserted 
about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on the north 
side of the stock as possible. The time for this is usually the month 
of August, varying from early to late in month, as the location is 
South or North, and the season early or late. 

By layers and cuttings. This course is only pui'sued to increase 
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf va- 
rieties. Some growers West, however, have reputation for increasing 
largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means of 
layers, than otherwise. We have never seen them. 

Cutting of Scio?is. These may be cut at any time from the fall 
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in Spring — always, 
however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the time of 
cutting. We consider the best time late in the Fall, when they may 
be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid in a cool 
cellar, where they will usually keep well until Spring. The wood 
of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if possi- 
ble, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until 
toward Spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft 
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, 
be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen 
the vitality and success of the scion. 

Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over 
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, 
with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, 
are worth twice as much as trees six years old, ten and twelve feet 
high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It should, 
however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all varieties 
have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that while a 
nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and just to 
the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to do so with 
the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other vai'ieties, at the 
same age ; and in his selection he should be guided more by the stocky 
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather 
than height of tree. 

Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a 
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity an d 
vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from 
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the atten- 
tion of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted out in 
the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are neglected. 
Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss comparatively 



TKANSPLANTING. 53 

of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter known that 
trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, and have 
produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the valley, he 
would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. There are 
some parts of the West, and very much at the East, where the hills 
are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting with trees, and 
digging around until of twelve or more years old, they will make the 
most profitable of orchards. 

On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered 
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes 
destructive to fruit and tree. Here also the selection of the highest 
knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing. 

Injiuence of Stock on the hardihood. Recently there has been 
much speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of 
budded or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the 
indiscriminate use for stocks, of small pieces of roots. That budding 
will be found in the main any better than the grafting process, when 
the latter is performed at the crown of a seedling root, we are dis- 
posed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. The 
only point we can see in its favor, is the hardihood of the stock as 
compared with that of the variety intended to be grown ; this will 
in some varieties make budding the preferable mode, as it is now 
well known that some, indeed most, of the strong rapid-growing sorts, 
of Northern or Eastern origin, are somewhat disposed to " bark-burst" 
near the ground, and to remedy this, budding will be adopted. But 
again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — although as a whole, more 
so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly cultivated sorts may be 
found, which, if worked as grafts on whole roots, and again re- 
worked at three feet from the ground, would ensure as much hardi- 
hood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will never be practiced to 
any considerable extent, on account of its expense in the growing a 
tree. That the habit of bearing will be increased or lessened by 
budding or grafting as we advise, is also another feature at this 
time in dispute, but we can see nothing to favor it, excep the fact 
that trees budded do produce better than roots grafted on the old 
common indiscriminate practice of using anything in shape of a 
piece of root, depending on the richness of soil to create from it a 
tree for sale. For other remarks on influence of stock, see previous 
pages. 

Transplanting. Trees when taken from the nursery should have 
their roots immediately covered in the ground, on arriving at their 
destination. Often trees are left out over night on wagons, subject 
to severe cold and frost, by which, if not ruined, they are frequently 
so far injured as to check their entire growth one season. We do 
not like the practice of shortening back the tops of apple trees where 
they have been taken up with care ; but as usually dug, it is requi- 



54 THE APPLE. 

site to success that the top be shortened back, to correspond with the 
diminished root. One reason for objecting to the shortening-in, is, 
that it has a tendency to start the top of the tree too tliick, and we 
prefer with the apple to thin out, rather than increase the number of 
branches. 

The mode of planting has been written on a previous page. 

The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on 
the Soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater distance 
than shallow ones of inferior quality. And of varieties, such as the 
Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Apple, and other stocky or up- 
right growing sorts, twenty-five feet apart would be sufficient; while 
the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad 
growth, would need, on rich soil, forty feet. 

Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any 
one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive 
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All 
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the 
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or other- 
wise, in proportion to the supply of that substance in the soil. Liebig 
b^s shown that the acids generated in plants are always in union 
with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot be j^roduced without their 
presence. * * * Now, the apple tree during its development, pro- 
duces a great quantity of acid ; and therefore in a corresponding de- 
gree, requires alkaline, and probably, earthy bases, as an indispensa- 
ble condition to the existence of fruit." 

" It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay- 
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in 
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most 
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be inefficient for 
the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the alkaline 
bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be some- 
what affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very exis- 
tence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quantity 
of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable to 
the formation of acids." 

"The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de- 
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of 
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs., of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four 
bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis 
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of 
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the asli of the bark, about 
5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate of 
lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the ash of the 
wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our "Western soils, 
application of lime and jootash will be found requisite to the produc- 
tion of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily timbered 



ESrSECTS AND DISEASES. 55 

lands of the West, which have been cut and burned, the ashes from 
the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash requisite 
to success for a certain length of time ; but, already there are or- 
chards in Ohio, Avhere application of lime and potash in the form of 
wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of trees, 
and perfection in fruit. The "Western prairie soils require these 
only ; of all other ingredients they are .naturally abundantly sup- 
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. 

Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as re- 
quisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees 
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they 
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid man- 
ures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus 
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness, 
and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two 
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has always 
been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decaying ; while 
the other has been more regularly and moderately grown, and is 
now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides wheat, rye, oats, 
and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Potatoes, peas, and corn 
are most advisable. 

Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an- 
nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of 
cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap 
one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing 
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. 
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, 
as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting 
to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon 
short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender 
shijots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with reference 
thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these require 
thinning out ; while others, are of straggling, rampant habit, requir- 
ing only the checking of branches at the ends to maintain an evenly 
balanced tree ; these points will be found partially noted in our des- 
criptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particular 
forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to a 
previous chapter. 

Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees. Western 
cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- 
empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa- 
tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and 
troublesome. 

The Borer, [Sajyerda bivittaia), is increasing ; destroying yearly 
many trees, and impairing still more. It is an insect that should be 
watched and checked on its first appearance. It is destructive, not 



66 THE APPLE. 

only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, suffer equally. 
The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle, about half an 
inch long, which, flying at night, may be destroyed in the month of 
June by building bonfires in the orchard. In its larva state, in which 
it does its work of destruction, it is a fleshy white grub, Avhich enters 
the tree at the collar, just at the surface of the ground, girdling or 
perforating the wood to such an extent as often to cause death before 
its attack is noticed ; the small round holes from which dust is ejected 
indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with a knife, others 
use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole and destroys 
the worm, or on withdx-awing brings it out. Downing advises as a 
preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the following mixture : 
"one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and sufficient tobacco 
water to reduce to the consistence of paint." 

The Caterpillar, (^Glisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard 
caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of 
orchards. " This," says Thomas, " is hatched in Spring as soon as the 
leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch 
long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase 
constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a 
quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes 
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a 
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are de- 
posited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, 
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of 
the extremity. They remain through Winter, protected from the 
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in Spring, as 
just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." 

A mode for their destruction, is to cut oflf the small branches which 
hold the eggs, during Autumn or Winter, and burn them. Those that 
escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June, by attaching a 
sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first with spirits 
of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For this work, one 
hour in the morning eai'ly, is worth four at any other time in the 
day. A little care will correct the evil. 

The Canker Worm. [Anisopter^x pometaria.) Gf this insect, there 
are several allied species. They are not confined to the apple, but, 
if anything, prefer the elm to all others. 

" The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black 
dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, 
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. 

" The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the Spring, 
as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find their way 
up in the Autumn. The females, having no wings, climb slowly up 
the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair 
with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the trees, we shall 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 67 

see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred, 
glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of 
branches, and among the young twigs. About the twentieth of May, 
these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-brown, or ash- 
colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence 
preying upon the foliage." 

The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvas 
saturated with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. 
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden 
wedges, between it and the tree, and filled with oil. Another, is 
spading up the gi'ound underneath all trees on which they appear, in 
the Fall, and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw 
and cotton-batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill 
all that have become entangled therein. 

" Apate Bicaudatus. — This is the scientific name given by Mr. Say 
to a little beetle whose injurious habits have lately been observed. 
The insects are found burrowing in the pith of the young branches 
of the apple tree, during the Spring. The branches above the seat 
>f attack soon die. These beetles are from one-quarter to more 
han three-tenths of an inch long, cylindrical, dark chestnut brown, 
)ughened like a grater, on the fore part of the thorax, with short 
spines pointing backwards, and armed, in the males, with an incurved 
spine, near the tip of each wing-cover. 

" The Palmer Worm, a wanderer, as its name signifies, is a small 
worm, about half an inch in length, with many legs, and extremely 
nimble. It appears at different times, in different parts of the coun- 
try, and on apple, oak, cherry, plum, and other trees. They give the 
trees the same appearance as the canker worm does ; and not only 
the leaves, but sometimes the fruit is injured or destroyed by them. 
Their appearance is generally directly after the canker worm ; and 
they differ from them in having sixteen legs, in being much more 
active in their motions, and in creeping without looping or arching 
up their backs at every step. They are also smaller and differently 
colored. The same remedies are applied to prevent their depreda- 
tions as with the canker worm." For further information respecting 
this insect, see N. Y. State Agricultural Society's Transactions, 1853. 

" The Neiu York Weevil, ( Curculio Noveboracensis,) attacks in May 
and June the buds and young shoots of trees ; gnawing them so 
that they break off and die. They work most in the night, and still, 
cloudy weather. They may be destroyed or their ravages prevented, 
by pursuing the same remedies as for the plum weevil." For further 
description, see as above, N. Y. S. Transactions, 1853. 

" The Oak-jyrimer, (^Stenocorus p>^t'i'^f-ior,) occasionally attacks the 
small branches of the apple tree ; and the blight beetle, Scolytus or 
Tomicus 2Wh whose perforations blast and kill the branches of the 
3* 



58^ THE APPLE. 

pear tree, has also been found equally injurious to those of the apple 
tree." 

The Apple Moth {^Carpocapsa ponionana), is the insect which dis- 
figures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prema- 
turely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown 
mingled with gray, four wings light gray and brown, and a dark 
brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and 
July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ; 
these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats 
its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground, 
when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevi- 
ces and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white 
web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. 

Remedies. — Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed 
with lye-water early in Spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it 
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or 
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from 
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. 

The Bark Louse, a species of coccus, or scale insect, is of a brown 
color, about one-tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval foi'm, at- 
taching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking tiie 
sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale-oil soap, or a 
mixture of lime, soft soap, and water, of the consistency of common 
whitewash, and apj)lied to the bark with a hard brush, in Winter or 
early Spring. 

llie Wooly Aphis {Aphis lanigera), makes its appearance in the 
form of minute white down, in tlie crotches and crevices of branches. 
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with lye-water, lime wash, 
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five 
gallons of weak lye, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces 
soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed. 

The Blight, or blackening and decay of terminal shoots, we have 
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, 
and plugging them with sulphui-, are about as remedial as whistling 
to the moon. 

Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of 
the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, 
but suspect that it arises, from an unhealthy state of the tree, caused 
by a deficiency of some elements in the soil, and therefore a result, 
not a cause of disease. 

Of Terms used in Desci-iption of Varieties. — Thomas, in his '' Fruit 
Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use 
in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We 
therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These 
terms, as applied to the growth of a tree, in its shoots, have reference 
mainly to young trees, and comparatively as follows : Erect as in 



FOEMS OF THE APPLE. 59 

the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Ribston 
Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Drooping, when 
they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees do, as 
they grow into the larger branches of older trees. Ascending, when 
they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregidar, as in black Gilli- 
flower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but more slender and 
curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern Spy, Stout, as 
in Red Astrachan. 

" The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif- 
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of expo- 
sure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. 
"When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually 
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and 
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and 
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing 
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap- 
plied by a comparison, at the time, Avitli the color of other sorts. 
During Winter, and early in the Spring, the shoots of most trees be- 
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice and 
by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be ob- 
tained. Skillful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the 
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar 
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos- 
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known 
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman- 
ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly 
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use- 
ful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could easily mistake 
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown, 
or purple, of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of 
the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the 
Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or 
grayish appearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, 
for the cleai", shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astra- 
chan." 

The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as light 
green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in the 
Rhode Island Greening ; bhcish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. 

Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the genei'al understand- 
ing of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by Barry, from 
whom we extract : 

Bound or Roimdish (fig. 29), when the outline is round, or nearly 
so, the length being about equal to the breadth. 

Flat (fig. 30), when the ends are compressed, and the width con- 
siderably greater than the length. 



60 



THE APPLE. 



Conical (fig. 31), in the form of a cone, tapering from the base to 
the eye. 

Ovate, or Egg-shaped (fig. 32). 

Oblong (fig. 33), when the length is considerably greater than the 
width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as in the 
conical. 




In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some 
varieties are — 

Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. 

One-sided, having one side larger than the other. 

Ribbed (34), when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur- 
rows running from eye to stem. 

Of size — Small, as in Gilpin, medium, as in Fameuse, and large, 
as in Rhode Island Greening. 

Of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c., there seems to 
be no certain definition beyond that of accepted usage. Calville, 
generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of light specific weight, 
and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially about the calyx. Pip- 
pin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle texture of flesh, in the 
apple ; while Greening is understood to imply a breaking, tender 
character, Pearmain, to indicate a particulai", roundish conical form, 
with an aromatic perfume in the flesh. 

Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems 
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table use, 
raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple deserves 
more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown that it is 
about equal to the potato in fattening properties. 



MOST aENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 



61 



VARIETIES. 

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 
American Summer Pearmain. 

Watkin's Early, | Early Summer Pearmain. 




This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, except at the South. 
In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard fruit, it 
will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for supplying home 
wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole of September. The 
tree requires thinning out of small branches, but, as it fruits mostly on the 
ends of branches, should never be shortened back. It requires a deep, 
warm soil, well supplied with lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably 
in all sections. 

SizCj medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the form 
varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in good or poor 
soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish yellow ; stem, medium, 
projecting about even with the surface ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, 
slightly recurved ; basin, deep, round, smooth ; flesh, tender, sub-acid — best ', 
core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform. 



62 



THE APPLE. 



Autumn Strawberry. 
Late Strawberry, | Strawberry, 




American : originated Western New York. Size, medium, or rather 
below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, and, in the sun, 
the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a plum ; stem, slender, 
medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, 
shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; 
core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October. 

Autumn Bough. 

Philadelphia Sweet, I Autumn Sweet Bough, I Autumn Swaar, 
Late Bough, | Summer Bellflower, | Fall Bough. 

American. Tree, vigorous, productive; size, medium, or above: /orrn, 
obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally a russet blotch, 
and a few small russet dots ; stein, slender, curved to one side ; cavity, 
deep, regular; calyx, closed with long segments; basin, ribbed or fur- 
rowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deliciously sweet; core, small; seed 
cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, full. September, 

Autumn Seek-no-Further. 
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with red 
in sun ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open, erect segments ; 
basin, round, medium depth ; core, medium ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, 
sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 

Autumnal Swaar. 
Grown at the West. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sprinkled 
with star-shaped dots; sfaZ/c, rather short; cavity, broad, deep, slightly 
russetted ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, and corrugated ; 
flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, sub-acid flavor. 
September. (Downing.) 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar. 

Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Golden Pippin. 
Tree, spreading ; shoots, vigorous, diverging ; fruit, large, round, flat- 
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; cayj/?/, open, shallow ; 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



63 



calyx, half closed ; basin, slightly ribbed, deep • flesh, tender, yellowish, 
spicy, sweet, not juicy ; " very good." October. 



Autumn Pearmain. 



English Snmmer Pearmain, 
Sumiuor Pearmain, 



Eoyal Pearmain, 
Parmain d'Ete, 



Sieler's Eed. 



Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular, popular in Kentucky and 
South ; fruit, medium, oblong conical, brownish yellow and green, red, 
blended with yellow, in sun, small brown specks; stalk, short" calyx, in a 
broad, shallow basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, pale yellow, crisp; nearly 
" best." September. 

Baldwin. 



Late Baldwin 
Pecker, 



■Woodpecker, 
Steele's Eed "Winter. 




American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to bitter 
or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash, and, for the Western soils, 
should be worked where intended to have the head commence. It has 
proved tender on Western prairie soils, and, in Southern sections, is liable 
to drop prematurely. Trees fifteen years old do better than while young. 
Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very productive. Our drawing 
was taken from an Eastern-grown specimen, and is not more than one-half 
the size of this variety when grown in Illinois. 

Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, yel- 
lowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few russet spots, 
and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem : stem, three-fourths 
inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, rather narrow, 
plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, com- 
pact ; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long ovate, pyriform. December to 
March. 



64 



THE APPLE. 



Baltimore Pippin, 



Baltimore. 

Cable's Gilliflower, 



Eoyal Pippin. 




Origin, unknown. Tree^ thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm, rich 
soils ; size, medium to large ; form, round, or roundish ovate ; color, light 
yellow, striped, and splashed with purplish i-ed, a little bronzed russet about 
the stem, large whitish dots, and often a blue tinge marbled toward the 
stem, resembling a bloom ; ste7n, short • cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, 
small, half open ; basin, shallow, regular : flesh, white, with a slight tinge 
of yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium, or small ; 
seeds, obovate pyriform. December to March. This is distinct from the 
Baltimore of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with red. and 
with large open calyx. 

Batciieloji. 

Gross, I King, erroneously. 

From North Carolina. Fruit, very large, roundish, flattened, angular, 
lemon yellow, washed with lively red on sunny sid«, gray dots, russet 
around stem ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, open ; hasin, deep ; 
flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium. 
October, November. Very valuable in Southern States. 

Benoni. 

From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer ; fruit, 
medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow, striped with 
crimson, dotted with white specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, large, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, juicy. 
vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and Sep- 
tember. Succeeds finely on the Wesieru prairies. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



65 



Bentley's Sweet. 

From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great, 
keeper ; valuable South, in rich soils ; fruity above medium, oblong irre- 
gular, flattened at ends, red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem^ long, 
curved ; calyx, large : basin, open, deep, furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, 
large, ovate pointed • flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, juicy ; " very good." 
January to September. 

Belmont. 



Gate, 
Mamma Beam, 



Golden Pippin of some, 
White Apple, 



Kelly White, 
Waxen of some. 




American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by others, in 
Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. Downing, in his 
first edition of '•' Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it synonymous with the 
" Waxen" of Coxe. 

Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, does not 
succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, bitt on all high, warm, or lime- 
stone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. 

Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, sometimes 
oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, on new rich 
soils in Wisconsin ; but grown South its delicacy, fine grain, and flavor are 
lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, rich clear light yellow ; at 
South with a few dark brown specks, and North with a clear vermillion 
red cheek, with carmine spots : South slight russet marblings, and much of 
mould or fungus ; ste^n, medium length, projecting slightly beyond the sur- 
face, always slender ; calyx, varying from small and close to open and 
reflexed ; basin, from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed ; flesh, yel- 
lowish white fine-grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid : core 



66 



THE APPLE. 



rather large ; seeds, ovate pointed, abundant, brownish red. November to 
February, October to January in South-Western States. 



Yellow Bellflower, 



Bellflower. 

Yellow Belle-fleur, 



Lady "Washington. 




American. Tree, of slender; yet healthy growth, with yellowish, rather 
upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy ; grafted on pieces of 
roots, does not bear well : otherwise, very productive. Size, large ; fo7-m, 
oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye ; color, pale yellow, with a 
blush next the sun ; stem, long, slender, curved • cavity, deep : calyx, 
closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid , 
core, large ; capsules, long, hollow ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform, angular 
at broad end. December to March. October to February, South. 

Berry. 

Kcd Hazel, | Pound. 

From Virginia. Fruit, above medium, oblate irregular, red, striped, and 
splashed on greenish yellow, large dots ; stein, short ; cavity, broad : calyx, 
open; basin, shallow; fl.esh, juicy, vinous; ''very good;" core, small. 
December to March. Esteemed South, and will probably prove valuable 
all South West. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 

BSTHLEHEMITE. 



67i 




This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newtown Spitzenberg, and we 
have testimony of one or two who say they know it under that name. Thus 
far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich, loamy soils, 
and all we can learn of its history is, that it came from Bethlehem, in 
Ohio. Size, medium ; for7n, roundish, flattened, tapering slightly to the 
apex ; color^ pale yellow ground, striped and stained with two shades of 
bright red, dotted with irregular-shaped brown dots, some russet about the 
stem; caZya;, medium, sometimes large ; basin^ deep, broad, irregular, some- 
what furrowed ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish 
white, tender, with a mild sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; 
core, small, compact ; seeds, obovate obtuse pyriform. November to 
January, but keeps until April. Trees upright, strong growers. 

BOHANON. 

A variety probably originally of Virginia, and is highly esteemed in 
Kentucky and South. It much resembles Maiden's Blush. Fruit, large, 
roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with inclination to the ribbed sur- 
face ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny side, russet about stem ; 
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, deep, expanded ; 
core, open ; seeds, numerous, light bi'own ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, 
slightly aromatic, sub-acid. September. An excellent regular bearer. 

Broadweli.. 

Broadwell Sweet. 

American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, light yel- 
lowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish, 
flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the calyx ; sJcin, thin, smooth • 
color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny side brownish bronze ; stem, short; 



68 



THE APPLE. 




cavity^ expanded ; cahjx^ open ; segments^ short ; basin, narrow ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, sweet, juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light- 
brown. November to March. 



Bullock's Pippin. 



American Golden Eussct, 
Siieepnose, 




Hunt's Eusset, 

Fall Winesap, erroneously. 



American. Trce^ 
ultimately of only 
medium ^size, with a 
round regular head, 
shoots erect, rather 
slender, admirably 
suited to rich soils of 
Southern Ohio, Indi- 
ana, the South-west, 
etc., etc. Grown 
South, the fruit is 
almost entirely cov- 
ered with russet ; 
North, on sandy soils, 
it is a warm, rich, 
yellow, with only 
marblinss of russet. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



69 



Size, small to medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering much toward the 
eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet, and 
in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx. 
small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, 
juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds, 
full, ovate pyramidal. December to March. November to January, South, 



Canadian Eeinette, 
Pomme de Caen, 
Eeinette Crosse du Canada, 
De Bretagne, 



Canada Reinette. 

Januarea, 

German Green, 

Eeinette du Canada, 

Grosse Eeinette d'Angleterre, 



Yellow Newtown Pippin, erroneously. 



Eeinette du Canada Blancte, 
Eeinette du Canada a'Cortes, 
Portugal, 
Wahr Eeinette, 




Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, very 
hardy. Size, large : form, roundish, flattened, irregularly angular, much 
ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, light greenish-yellow, 
a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, surrounded with light green, 
suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; 
calyx, large ; basin, deep, angular, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, small, compact; seeds, 
dark, almost black. January to May. 

Carnation. 

Fruit, medium size ; a delicious sub-acid apple, fully first-rate ; color, dark- 
red, splashed with russet ; flesh, white, brittle, and very juicy ; both the calyx 
and stem are sunk in deep depressions : no Autumn apple is superior. 
August, at South. 



70 



THE APPLE. 



Carolina Winter Queen. 
Ladies Sweet, erroneously, \ Nix's Green. 
American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed 
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety 
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruity above medium, roundish 
conical ; greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red from the stem, a 
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx, open, segments, re- 
flexed ; basi7i, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep : core, medium ; 
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." No- 
vember and January. 

Challenge. 

American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, hardy. 
Size, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, rich yellow, with many rus- 
set dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully exposed to sun, the 
russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, projecting even with surround- 
ing surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, with long irregular segments; 
basin, broad, open, medium depth, always f'urrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, 
crisp, juicy, sweet, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. October 
and November. 

Cogswell. 



Cogswell's Pearmain, 



Ohio Nonpareil, incorrectly of some. 




American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. and 
Ohio, and thus far, where the variety has been fruited, it has proved every- 
thing that can be required to class it as a first-rate fruit worthy of general 
cultivation. The tree is a good bearer, producing always fair and even 
fruit. Tree, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a 
dark, reddish brown color. The fruit is above medium size, roundish 
flattened ; often angular ; and also often, on the same tree, somewhat I'ound- 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



71 



ish conical ; the coloi- is rich yellow, covered with stripes, splashes, and 
dots of red ; some russet specks and russet about the stem ; stem, short ; 
cavity, open : calyx, medium, nearly closed ; basin, shallow j Jiesh, yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, sub-acid; core, small; seeds, medium 
size, dark brown. January to March. 

Cooper. 

Beauty Ked, | Lady "Washington, | Seek-no-further, of some erroneously. 

An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 1796 j 
its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; hence 
we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, stout ; branches 
at right angles ; wood, reddish, " subject to canker ; " a good bearer, 
maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best on rich 
limestone clay. 

Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with 
stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender, 
short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowisli, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; " very 
good." September, but often keeps to November. 

Cooper's Early White 

Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive and 
profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with 
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, 
sprightly. September and October. Ilequires soil supplied with potash. 

Cornish Aromatic. 




Foreign : requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium ; form, round- 
ish regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground, mostly over- 



72 



THE APPLE. 



spread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; stem, long, slender ; 
cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small ; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; 
fiesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor closely allied to Esopus Spit- 
zenberg ; co7-e, open, hollow, regular form ; seeds, large. November to 
February. 

Danver's Winter Sweet. 

Epse's Sweet. 

American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, yearly produc- 
tive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock. 

Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong ; color, dull yellow, with orange 
blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to one side ; calyx, 
small, woolly ; bashi, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet ; 
core, large, open ; seeds, ovate pointed, dark rich brown. December to 
ApriU 

Drap D'Or. 



Vrai Drap d'Or, 

Early Summer Pippin, of some. 



Bay Apple, 
Bonne du Mai. 



/ 




^ 



This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do not yet so 
recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, moderate bearer. 
Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull yellow or gold color, with 
distinct brown or russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, wide, open ; calyx, 
small, half closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, 
sub-acid, not fine-grained, tender, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open, 
hollow capsules ; seeds, short, ovate, dark reddish brown. August to 
October. 



MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 73 



DlSHAROON. 

From Georgia. Fruity large, regular, slightly conical ; calyx^ small, in 
a narrow basin ; skin, yellowish green, with many roundish spots made 
darker by minute specks ; flesh, fine aromatic, sub-acid. Early Winter, or 
late Autumn at the South. 

DOMINE. 

"Wells, I English Wintei-, I Striped E. J, Greening, 

Hogan, I Ked Streak, of some, \ Well Apple. 

Origin, uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower : shoots, long, diverging ; 
early, good bearer, profitable orchard sort. West ; succeeding finely in most 
soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes and splashes 
of bright red and large russet specks • stem, long, slender, inclining to one 
side : cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core, medium ; seeds, 
abundant, purplish brown; ^es/i, white, tender, juicy; "very good." 
November to April. 

Duchess of Oldenburgh. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, productive, valued 
for cooking and market. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light 
red, striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, accuminate : basin, 
deep; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September 
Very fine at the North in Canada. 

Dutch Mignonne. 

The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite — is from Holland, and a fruit 
which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with strong, upright 
shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South Ohio. Size, large ; 
form, roundish regular ; color, dull orange, mostly covered with rich dull 
red, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, and a dash of 
russet about the cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, nar- 
row, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at 
first, becoming tender when well matured, sub-acid, aromatic flavor ; core, 
small, compact; seeds, few, defective. November to January. 



Pomme Eoyal, 
Golden Spice, 
Tompkins, 
Beard Burden, 



Dyer. 



Pomme "Water, | Bard Apple, 

Bullripe, | White Spiee, 

Mygatfs Borgamot, I Smithfleld Spice. 



American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading irregular, 
moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or roundish flattened ; 
color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or less over the surface ; stem, 
long, slender; cavity, deep, slightly furrowed ; calyx, with long, recurved 
segments; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, 
sub-acid : core, medium ; seeds, small. October and November. 
4 



74 



THE APPLE. 
Early Joe. 




American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat question- 
able if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple has the most of 
delicate-pear flavor of any variety, and, while it is all unsuited to orchard- 
ing, one tree should always be planted. While young, it is of slow growth, 
but, as the trees get older, it improves, and makes a tree of round irregular 
spreading form, of medium size. It is very hardy, but should have rich, 
strong soil. Shoots, dark-colored, and so foliage. 

Size, medium, or rather below; ybrm, roundish flattened; sfem, rather 
slender; cavity, open, deep, a little russetted ; color, pale yellowish green, 
overspread and striped with deep and pale red : calyx, small, nearly closed ; 
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish white, tender, very delicate ; core, medium, 
centre open ; seeds, short ovate pyriform. Last of August. 

Early Strawberry. 
American Eed Juneating, | Eed Juneating. 

American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous leaves erect, 
with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all localities, and, 
although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. 

Size, small : form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, yel- 
lowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; stem, 
varying from long straight and slender, to medium, curved ; calyx, small ; 
hasin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red, sub- 
acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, small. July. 

Equinteley. 

Sol. Carter. 

Origin, Yancey Co., N. Carolina. One of the best of the Southern 
apples. 

Fruit, large, oblate, conic, angular, slightly oblique; slcin, whitish 
yellow, mostly overspread with beautiful bright crimson, and thinly 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



76 



sprinkled with whitish dots ; stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a hroad, 
deep cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a deep, rather narrow, irregular basin ; 
Jlesh, yellowish, very tender, almost melting, juicy, with a very mild, sub- 
acid flavor. November to May. (Downing.) 

Esopus Spitzenberg. 




American : origin, on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender shoots ; 
when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open head ; requires 
a strong soil and age to produce much or good fruit, and much of lime and 
potash, when it is a good bearer. 

Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened at 
base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably ribbed and irre- 
gular in its surface, and almost always slightly angular ; color, rich, lively 
red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled with yellow russet; stem, vary- 
ing, sometimes short and stout, at others long and slender ; cavity, deep, 
regular, open; calyx, small, closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed; flesh, 
yellow, crisp, a little tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, 
regular, ovate, rounded in form ; seeds, large. January to March. 



Fallawater, 

Green Mountain Pippin, 

Dutch Codlin, erroneously. 



Faldwalder. 

"Waldenner, 

Tulpaliocken, 

Pirn's Beauty of the "West, 



Pound, erroneously. 
Mountain Pippin, 
Burbacker. 



American: originated in Berks Co., Penn. Its name is from a Mr. 
Faldwald, with whom it originated. Not worthy a place in small orchards 
or gardens, but, on rich limestone soils, when grown for distant market, it 
is highly valuable, being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and 
keeping a long time, even in Southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous 
grower ; shoots, stout, partially spreading. 



76 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit, large ; fonn, round, varying to roundijsli, flattened and roundish 
ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted with a few small 
irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surrounded with a shade of light 



green, presenting, at first glance, appearance as of white specks : stem, short ; 
cavity, open, generally regular ; calyx, smalJ*, closed • basin, shallow, open, 
broad, often slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, 
tender, juicy, mild, suh-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate 
pointed. December to May. 

Fall Pippin. 
PMladelpliia Pippin. 

This is, unquestionably, an American seedling, and probably from the 
"White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but its period 
of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers respecting it, as the 
Holland Pippin is often grown under this name, as well as its parent. It 
is extensively grown at the West and in the Eastern States, and universally 
succeeds well ; but, where the soil is of a clayey nature, on the alluvial 
bottoms and deep prairies, it does not answer as well. Tree, of growth 
vigorous ; shoots, dark j diverging or spreading; becomes large ; not always 
productive; proves tender on prairie soils. 

Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, greenish 
yellow until fully ripe, then lich yellow with a faint blush, when grown in 
good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moderately stout ; cavity, deep, 
round; calyx, above medium, with segments in divisions; basin, deep, wide, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



Y7 




and open : fleshy yellowish white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; core^ medium, 
for size of fruit j seeds^ ovate. October to December 



Summer Horse, 
Yellow Horse, 



Fall Queen. 

Horse Apple, I 
Oldfleld, 



Bed Gloria Mundi ? 
Fall Beauty. 



Origin, unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruit. 
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular: greenish yellow to 
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem; stem., short; cavity^ shallow; 
basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; fiesh. yellow, coarse, acid. Last July. 

Fall Queen of Ky. 

"Winter Queen, | Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. 

Origin, uncertain. Much grown at the South and Southwest, where it is 
highly esteemed. Tree, very vigorous, upright, an early and abundant 
bearer. Fruity large, oblate inclining to conic, slightly oblique, angular; 
s/cin, yellow, striped and marbled with crimson, and thickly sprinkled with 
brown and whitish dots ; stalky short, inserted in a broad, deep-russctted 
cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, set in a large open basin ; flesh, yel- 
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a sprightly mild sub-acid flavor. January 
to March. (Downing.) 



78 



THE APPLE. 



Fall Wine. 



Sweet "Wine, 
Ohio Wine, 



Uncle Sam's Best. 




American : its origin unknown ; introduced West from the garden of 
Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; drooping 
when in bearing state ; very healthy ; producing moderately, but annually, 
large, beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils, and fruit of medium size 
on soils of moderate quality. Our figure exhibits from the two soils. It is 
now much grown in Indiana and Illinois, as '^Wine," from which it is quite 
distinct. 

Size, medium to large; /orm, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red marbled 
over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of brownish — sometimes 
it is faintly striped ; ste7n, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, ha,lf closed ; basin, 
open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, 
vinous. September to November. 

Although evidently an old Eastern fruit, it appears now unknown there, 
if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his notice of 
where grown, 

Fameuse. 

Pommo do Nnige, | S.anguincus, | Snow. 
Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to all 
Northern sections, producing yearly, and always fair, smooth fruit. Tree, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



79 



of moderate, rather diverging, habit ; shoots dark ; and, as an orchard tree, 
only of second size. Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so 
good that, taken with its production of regular, handsome fruit, it cannot 
be dispensed with. Tree, hardy and rich ; strong or heavy soils suit it 
best ; proves hardy West. 

Size, medium • form^ roundish, somewhat flattened • color, greenish 
yellow, mostl}^ overspread with pale and dai'k rich red ; stem, slender ; 
cavity J narrow j calyx, small; basin, shallow, narrow; fiesh, remarkably 
white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; coi-e, close, compact ; seeds, 
light brown, long pointed. October to January. 

Fort Miami. 

Scandiana Mala. 




American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 1846, we 
made our outline and descriptions from specimens sent us by A. Spafford, 
Esq., Perrysburgh, Ohio., since which we have been unable to obtain any of 
the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, dark color, nearly upright, 
spreading ; not an early bearer, but the original tree said to be very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends, 
widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; color, brownish red, more 
or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long ; cavity, deep, 
open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; basin, medium depth, furrowed ; 
flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceedingly high, spicy, sub-acid 
flavor. February to May. 

Fulton. 

Native of Fulton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36i 
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across 



80 



THE APPLE. 



top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, 
roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem 
cavity, small dots ) stem, short ; cavity, deep : calyx, short segments ; basin, 
rather deep ; core, small • seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, mild 
sub -acid ; " very good." November to March. 

Garden Royal. 

American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower while young ; 
hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually productive ; suited to 
small orchards or gardens where a delicious fruit is desired for table use. 

Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, very regu- 
lar ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, becoming brighter in 
sun : stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shal- 
low : flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild, sub-acid. Last of 
August and September. 

Golden Sweet. 

Orange Sweet, 




American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while young, 
making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size; spreading, irregulai 
branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive annually of large crops of- 
fair fruit. 

F7-uit, medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide : color, 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 81 

yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with many small 
greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium to long ; cavity, 
round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderately deep, 
slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; flesh, yellowish white, very 
rich, sweet, hardly tender • core, medium, round ovate ; seeds, abundant, 
ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or to grow for stock feeding, this is 
unsurpassed. July and August. 

Golden Pippin. 

American Golden Pippin, I Eibbed Pippin, 
New York Greening, | Newtown Greening. 

An old American sort, of strong growth, not an early, but productive 
bearer. Fruit, large ; form, variable, sometimes ribbed, roundish flattened; 
golden yellow, with a few dots, sometimes net russet ; stem, short, stout ; 
cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, vinous, aro- 
matic ; core, large, November, Febniyry. 

Goirr.];' Ball. 
Belle et Borme, | Oonn'scycat Apple 

The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt but it is probably a 
native of Connecticut, from whence it has b^en la^ge^ly distributed East. 
The trees do not bear well while young, hut improve f-s they advance in 
years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with large, glossy, rich 
green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; requires a rich, strong, 
heavy soil. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich yellow, 
sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ; stem, short, 
stout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, 
lender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, large and 
plump. October to December. 

The Belle Bonne of Lindlcy is quite another fruit, and should not be 
confounded with this. 

Gravenstein. 
King of Pippins, erroneously | Grave Slije, 

Foreign .A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding finely on 
all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cooking in August, 
and eating in September and October • shoots, sti'ong, smooth, upright. 
Tree, large, regular, round head, foliage broad. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened, a little irregular, somewhat rib- 
bed, on surface undulating : color, at first pale greenish, yellow ground, 
becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and splashed with bright red ; 
exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes of a dark hue, beautiful, few 
faint light green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep : calyx, with open 
half reflexed segments ; basin, rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellow- 
ish, crisp, tender, sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, cap- 
sules open, hollow : seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. 
4* ' 



82 



THE APPLE. 

Gray Vandervere. 



Windowev, 

Green Vandervere, 

White Vandervere, 



Betsey's Fancy, 
"Vandervere Pippin, of some. 




A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. This 
is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and esteemed highly for 
cooking. Fruity medium or slightly above, round flattened ; sMn^ rough, 
uneven, mostly a dull red, "with gray bloom, small specks of russet, a little 
bronze at the stem ; stem^ long ; cavity, open ; calyx, with short segments ; 
basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, breaking, moderately 
juicy. December to March. 

Ha"\vley. 

Douse, I Dow's. 
Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger, 
and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils. Fruit, 
large, roundish, flattened conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few 
brown dots ; stem., slender , cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, 
medium, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. 
October, sometimes in September. 

Green Sweet. 
Honey Greening. 
Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading ; shoots rather slender ; fruit valu- 
able for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; fruit always 
fair. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish ; color, dull greenish white or 
yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots : ste7n, varying; 
cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size for the fruit, closed ; 
basin, medium, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, and 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



83 




quite sweet ; core^ medium, round ; seeds, ovate. December to March. 
Grown in Indiana, it is large, has a brownish cheeky and matures in October 
and November. 

Early Harvest. 



Yellow Harvest, 
Prince's Harvest, 
Early Frencli Eeinette, 



Bracken, 
Early June, 
July Pippin, 



Large WMte Juneating, 
Yellow Juneating. 




American. Universally esteemed ; requires a soil well supplied with 
lime and potash J otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots, erect, straight; slow 
growth, not successful : root-grafted as an orchard tree. 



84 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened : color, pale light 
yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium lengthi, rather slender, 
often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, regula^"-; calyx, closed; 
basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; fl.esh, white, tender, juicy,, crisp, sprightly, 
sub-a.cid ; core, medium; seeds, abundant, light brown, ovate. July. 



Herefordshire Pearmain. 



Winter Pearmain, erroneously^ 
Eoyal Pearmain, 



Parmin Eoyal, 
Old Pearmain, 



Eoyale c'.'Angleterre. 




Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of 
the highest excellence ; some regard this as first-rate, others as only second ; 
cultivation, soil, and location, make the diflerence. It is best in Northern 
sections. Shoots, diverging, partially drooping. 

Fruit, medium; form, roundish conical; color, brownish red, mottled, 
and slighty striped, on a dull, rusty green, or, when fully matured, yellow 
ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, from the stem, dotted with 
greyish specks ; stem, slender : cavity, acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; 
basin, medium; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, aromatic; core, me- 
dium, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. De- 
cember to February. 

HUBBARDSTON NoNSUCH. 
Ilulibardton Pippin. 

American : originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even better 
when grown West than in its native locality, but not always hardy. Tree, 
vigorous grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin, 
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular : color, 
yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped Avith rich red ; stem, 
short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open segments ; basin, deep, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



85 



round, rarely ribbed ; ^e^^, yellowish, mild, sub-acid, juicy. October to 
February. 

High Top Sweet. 

Summer Sweet, of Ohio | Sweet June, of Illinois. 

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive. Fruit, medium, 

roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots ; stevi^ slender ; calyx, 

closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." Last of 

July. Very popular Southwest aud West. 

Jersey Sweeting. 




American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair 
fruit in all soils — warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and more cha- 
racter to the flesh. Shoots, stout, short-jointed, reddish ; tree, spreading, 
round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valuable. Is said to decay 
young ; we think incorrect. 

Fruit, medium ; /onn, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; color, 
greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered with stripes of 
pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, half closed ; basin, 
not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, 
tender, sweet ; core, rather open, medium, round ovate ; seeds, full, ovate 
pointed. September and October. 

Jefeerson. 
Tree, good habit, spreading ; much grown and esteemed in some parts of 
Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after lying 
in a warehouse during Winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium to large, 
roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; cavity, mod- 
erate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, compact ; seeds, 
light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; almost " best." 
October to March. 



86 



THE APPLE. 



Jefferis. 

From Chester Co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant 
and abundant bearer. Fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and 
stained with red, becoming dark in the sun, dotted with white spots and 
russet at stem ; stenij half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, nearly 
closed, woolly ; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; 
best." September and October. 

Jewitt's Best. 

From Torybridge, Vt. Fruit, large, nearly globular, irregular, greenish, 
shaded with deep red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, 
small ; C07'e, medium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sub-acid ; almost "best." 
December to February. 



Jonathan. 



Philip Eick. 
King Philip, 



"Winesap, erroneously. 
Wine, " 




American: originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, slender, 
diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping and pendent 
habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. 

Fruit, medium • form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yellow 
ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light red, and 
with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender : cavity, open, wide ; 
calyx, small, nearly Closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, tender, juicy, slightly acid unless fully matured, when it is 
sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. 
December to February. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 87 

JuLIN. 

Juling. 

Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering somewhat to the eye, rather one- 
sided ; calyx, small, in a narrow basin ; stem, short, in a moderate cavity • 
s/cin, thin, yellowish white, striped and marbled with carmine, of a beau- 
tiful waxen appearance, sprinkled sparingly with whitish dots ; flesh, white, 
tender, juicy, and fine flavored ; indeed, the finest summer apple known 
North and South. Ripens about the middle of July at South ; August at 
North. 

Keswick Codlin. 

Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited 
to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate, 
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one 
or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; 
calyx, closed ; hasin, furrowed imperceptibly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
ilesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid, September and October. 

KiNGSLEY. 

From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse 
early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed 
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender; calyx, small, 
closed; basin, shallow: core, medium, open ; seeds, small, dark brown ; _/?esA, 
fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid ; '■' best." November to July. (H.Wendell in 
Pom. Trans.) 

King of Tompkins County. 

Winter KiBg | King. 

This variety we have had more or less acquaintance with for the past 
ten years. It is really one of the most valuable apples grown at the North, 
[ts origin is uncertain. Supposed to have been brought at an early day 
from New Jersey to Jacksonville, Tompkins Co., N. Y. It is distinct from 
"King" of Ky., and Newark King of N. J. Tree, annually productive. 

Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow ground, 
mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and splashed, brown dots, 
and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, thick ; cavity, open, regular; 
calyx, with long pointed segments ; hasin, abrupt, slight furrows, and pro- 
jecting ribs surrounding ; /esA, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. December 
to February. 

Lady Apple. 



Apl, 

Petit Api, 
Pomme d'Api, 



Pomme Kose, 
Pomine d'Api Eouge, 



Petit Api Eouge, 
Gros Api Eouge. 



Foreign. Trees, very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, like that 
of a Pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be ten or more 
years old, ere bearing much ; after which, very productive. Shoots, very 
dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears to succeed in all soils, 
and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, always commands a high 
price. 

Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; very 
glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; hasin, furrowed ; fleshy 
white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. December to May. 



88 



THE APPLE. 



Ladies' Swekting. 

American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety West, 
where it seems generally to succeed, but varies much in different soils — 
often not more than second-rate quality ; always fair, handsome fruit j pro- 
fitable for marketing, or stock feeding. '* Wood, not very strong : grows 
thriftily; bears abundantly." 

" Fruity large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; skin^ very 
smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellowish green in the 
shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprinkled with well- 
marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gathered, with a thin 
white bloom. There is also, generally, a faint marbling of cloudy white 
over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and rays of the same around 
the stalk. Calyx, quite small, set in a narrow, shallow-plaited basin ; stalky 
half an inch long, in a shallow cavity : Jlesh, greenish white, exceedixigly 
tender, juicy, crisp, delicious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor ; keeps 
without shelving, or losing its flavor, till May." 

London Sweet. 
London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, I Helcke's Winter Sweet. 




American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio : often abundant in Cin- 
cinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any other named 
variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell. Adapted to the rich deep 
soils of the West ; annually productive. 

Fruit, medium, occasionally large; form, roundish flattened; color, pale 
yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; very smooth ; 
grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, marring its beauty ; 
stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, mcdii;m depth, round, regular ; calyx, 
small, closed; basin, deep, round, regular; Jlesh, A^ellowish white, juicy, 
tender, pleasantly sweet ; core, rather small : seeds, ovate pointed. Novem- 
ber to January, but will keep tlirough February. 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



89 



Lowell. 



Orange, of some. 
Tallow Apple, 
Tallow Pippin, 



Greasy Pippin, 

Queen. Anne, 

Pound Eoyal, erroneously. 




American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair fruit, 
will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety is 
known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading • most valuable on 
rich heavy soils. 

Fruity large : form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color., green, be- 
coming rich yellow ; oily surface ; sfe???, long, slender ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, small, nearly closed; basiuj deep, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, 
rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium or small : seeds, ovate, 
August and early September. 

Maiden's Blush. 

American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; suc- 
ceeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; much the 
best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued for cooking, for 
drying, and salable in market on account of its handsome appearance. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, clear lemon 
yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blnsh to rich crimson ; stem, 
short ; calyx, closed : basin, medium, abrupt ; core, medium ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened. 
September and October. 



90 



THE APPLE. 



Mangum. 

Seago, I Maxfleld. 
Fi'om Georgia. Fruity medium, roundish, conical ; yellowish, striped 
and shaded with red ; whitish brown dots • stem^ short, small ; cavity^ 
broad, often russeted : calyx^ closed ; basin^ medium ; core^ small ; fleshy 
yellow, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, excellent. October and November. 
Valued South as keeping until March. 

Maverack's Sweet. 
Southern origin. Fruit, very large; roundish, irregular, slightly conical; 
striped with bright red, and a few greenish dots ; stem, short ; cavity^ regu- 
lar : calyx, open ; basin, medium ; skin, thick : flesh, fine-grained, tender, 
sweet, excellent. November and December at the South; December to 
March at the North. 

Melon. 
Norton's Melon, | "WatermeloB. 




American. Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecticut. It 
proves fine so far, wherever it has been tested. Tree, vigorous, spreading; 
shoots, reddish brown ; retjuires deep, strong soil. 

Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish flattened, regular; surface, 
glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with broken 
streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark in the sun ; 
stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked with greenish 
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bottom ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly; core, rather small; seeds broad, 
nearly black. October to December. 

McLellan. 
Martin. 

From "Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive 
bearers. Fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



91 



with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity^ round ; calyx, nearly closed ' 
basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to March. 

Minister. 

From Massachusetts. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, oblong conical, 
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; 
basin, furro-wed: flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy* "good 3" showy 
and salable. October to December. 

Michael Henry Pippin. 




American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation 
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very productive. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish conical ; color, light 
yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregular formed 
specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow, marbled or striped, 
apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually short ; cavity, narrow, regu- 
lar I calyx, with long segments in divisions ; basm, shallow, narrow, some- 
what furrowed : flesh, white tender, juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking 
and keeping well, being in use from October to March ; core, small, com- 
pact, surrounded by a broad, coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; 
seeds, ovate pointed, light brown. 

Mother. 
Queen Anne, of some, incorrectly. 
From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer. 
Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and 



92 THE APPLE. 

.striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, 
learly closed; basin, plaited: flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-acid, 
" best." October to January. 

Monmouth Pippin, 

Eed Cheek, of some, | Eed Cheek Pippin. 



American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as very 
productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conversant only with 
the fruit. 

Fruit, large: form, roundish flattened; sometimes roundish conical; 
color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised, rough, 
brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around them underneath 
the skin ; stem, rather short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, medium, seg- 
ments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, abrupt, deep, much 
plaited , flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-grained ; breaking tender, 
moderately juicy, sub-acid, with considerable aroma, or perfume: core, 
small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, abundant. December to February, 
and often till April. 

Myer's Nonpareil. 

Ohio Nonpareil, | Cattail Apple. 

The original tree, in orchard of Mr. Bowman, Massillon, 0., is over fifty 
years old. It has been claimed as identical with " Cogswell," but it is 
only a Fall fruit, and the tree a far more upright grower. In our experience, 
it is one of the most valuable of Fall apples. 

Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact head ; an annual bearer 
of fruit uniform in size. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; red and yellow 
marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular ', calyx, partially 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



93 




open ; hasirij not deep ; flesh, yellowish ■white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; 
"best." October to December. 



Newtown Pippin. 



Green Newtown Pippin, 
American Newtown Pippin, 



Green Winter Pippin, 
Petersburg Pippin. 




94 



THE APPLE. 



American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich lime- 
stone clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and 
bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On 
sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good 
fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown 
Pippin, for which see further pages ; but it is difficult, if not impossible to 
detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow ; as an 
orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendent. On the 
rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow New- 
town Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned 
Pell Orchard. 

Fruit, medium : form, roundish, oblong flattened • color, dull green when 
first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small minute rus- 
set dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial 
soils South, patches of dark green mould ; stein, slender ; cavity, acuminate, 
regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; 
Jlesh, greenish white, very fine-grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly, perfumed ; 
core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. February to May. 



Newtown Spitzenberg. 



Spiced Ox-eye, 

Ox-eye, 

Burlington Spitzenber] 



Joe Berry, 

Vandervere of Netv York, and 
Eastern States. 




American. From Newtown, Long Island. Originally described by 
Coxe, in 1817. It is extensively and successfully grown in the West as 
Ox-Eye, and highly estimated. When Mr. Downing wrote his description 
'of Vandervere, he evidently had this apple before him ; and was not ac- 
quainted with the true Vandervere. 

Fruit, medium ; form, round, flattened ; color, yellow ground, mostly 
striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as of a bloom ; 
russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the crests of waves ; 
stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, x'egular ; calyx, small, segments 



MOST GENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 



95 



erect J basin, open, regular, not deep; flesh, yellow, tender, slightly sweet, 
rich, aromatic j core, small ; seeds, few, ovate pointed. December to 
February. 

Northern Spy. 

American. Native of East Bloomfield^ N. Y. While the quality of 
this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot be con- 
sidered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty 
years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It is of thrifty, vigor- 
ous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cultivation, and as an 
orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as it inclines to make an 
upright, close head : young shoots, stout, dark, spotted: blooms late, often 
escaping late frosts in Spring. 




Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes ribbed ; sJcin, 
thin and tender ; color, light yellow, mostly overspread with light red, 
striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, and. when first gathered, 
covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender, projecting about even with the 
surface; cavity, open, wide, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, open, regu- 
lar, other than the furrows produced by ribs of the fruit — not deep, but 
rather abrupt; flesh, yellowish white, very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; 
core, large, capsules open ; seeds, abundant, many of them triangular ovate 
pointed. January to April. South, it will probably become an early 
Winter variety. 



96 



Ortley Pippin 
Woolman's Long, 
White Bellefleur, 
White Belliiower, 
Green Belliiower, 
Willow Leaf Pippin, 
Ohio Favorite, 
Detroit, 
White Detroit, 



THE APPLE. 
Ortley. 

Van Dyne, 
Jersey Greening, 
Davis, erroneously^ 
Hollow Core Pippin, 
Greasy Pippin, 
Melting Pippin, 
Crane's Pippin, 
Warren Pippin, 



White Pippin, erroneously. 
Yellow Pippin, 
Golden Pippin, of some. 
Woodward's Pippin, 
Tom AVoodward Pippin, 
Inman, 

White Seek-no-further, of 
some, erro7ieo\isly. 




American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley as 
Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that as any 
other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the entire West- 
ern States, it proves one of the hardiest, most productive, profitable, as 
well as best varieties known. In size, it is also largely increased over 
specimens grown North, where the form is more oblong, the texture some- 
what closer, and sprightliness a little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brown- 
ish, yellow, upright, long jointed. 

Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; skin, smooth ; form, oblong 
oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellowish white, at 
the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with specks of dark red. and 
a Vermillion tinge surrounding when exposed to sun ; stem, varying from 
short and stout to long and slender : cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, 



MOST GKNEKALLY ESTEEMED. 



97 



closed • hasin. furrowed or plaited, from the surrounding angles or ribs 
that are often apparent in the fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, 
sprightly, mild acid ; core^ large, open ; seeds^ abundant, loose iu the cap- 
sules. January to April. 

Peck's Pleasant. 

Waltz Apple. 




American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots, rather erect, slightly di- 
verging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer texture 
than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. 

Fruity medium to large : form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very much) 
flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when fii'st gathered, 
green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful clear yellow, with 
bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered gray dots, which become 
small and almost indistinct near the apex ; stem, varies, mostly short and 
fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost always with a slight ridge or wave 
on one side, connecting with stem; calyx, medium size, usually segments 
half open ; basin, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, 
firm, yet tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, 
abundant, ovate, dark reddish brown. December to February, often keeps 
to April. 

Paradise Winter Sweet. 

Honey Sweet, of some. 

From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive . Fruit, large, roundish flat- 
tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity, rather 
deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyri- 



98 



THi; APPLE. 




form; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; 
to March. Quality a little variable. 

Peach Pond Sweet. 



very good." riovemhei 




From Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; an- 
nual moderate bearer. Fruit, medivun. roundish ; pale red, marbled and 
striped on yellow ; s/cm, slender; cauiii/, open, slightly russeted; calyx, 
with segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyri- 
form ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet ; " very good." October. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 
People's Choice. 



99 




Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; fruit 
borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding in lime ; on 
young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases as they advance in 
years and size, and under good culture. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow ground 
overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with yellow russet 
stem, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short, erect segments 
hasin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, juicy, tender, sub-acid 
core, small, compact ; seeds, long; oval-pointed, abundant. January to 
April. 

PoMME Grise. 




100 



THE APPLE. 



A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to 
Northern a,nd Southwestern sections, and only to gardens. It is. a good 
bearer, of slender growth, forming a tree of small size. 

Fruit, below medium ; fonn, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, yel- 
low, gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye; .viem^' slender ; 
.avity, deep : calyx, small ; basin, round : flesh, yellow, tender, sprightly ) 
ore, medium; seeds, abundant. December to February. 

Porter. 
Golden Pippin of Michigan. 

American : native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender, slow growth, a 
egular, even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good supply of 
time and phosphates ; succeeds whercA^er grown — one of the best at South ) 
flardy all West. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear yellow 
— when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; 
calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, firm 
yet tender, acid. September and October. 

POUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET. 



English Eusset, 



"Winter Eusset ? 



^A A j^'"^^r"~'^^;^5r^^Ki? 




is variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," is prob- 
ably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts known under 
the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt the name of Pough- 
keepsie Russet, as commemorative of the section w^hence it was first dis- 
seminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, lively brown, profuse bearer, and 
although only of medium size, its quality of keeping over year renders it 
very profitable. There is also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes 
sold under this name, of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, 
and the tree when grown makes a dense top. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



101 



Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regular ; color, 
light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish russet ; when well 
matured, becomes yellowish • stem^i rather short ; cavity round : calyx^ sma.ll, 
close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round • flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, 
rather firm, aromatic; core, small; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. All Win- 
ter and Spring. 

There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our figure) 
which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, and often 
beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they may prove identi- 
cal, and the soil and location make the apparent difference. 

Primate. 
Kough and Eeady, | Slimmer Pippin, erroneously. 




A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New Ycrk, that 
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium, 
roundish, tapering to the eye — pale yellow — occasionally, blush red cheek ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, varying ; cavity, rather narrow ; core, with 
open seed-capsules ; seeds, ^yniorm : flesh, yellowish white, very tender, 
delicate, juicy, mild sub-acid; "best." September and October. 

PrYOr's PtED. 
Prior's Bed, 1 PitzerHill, | Big mil. 
This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield Seek-no- 
further and Ptoxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the Seek-no-further. 
Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not regarded as an early 
bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keeping well when grown South, 
and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at the North, the trees come into bear- 
ing at about eight year.s, and the fruit has very little russet (unless unusu- 
ally warm seasons), except at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains 



102 



THE APPLE. 



e- size of four inches diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly 
*overed with russet. Popular m Kentiick\ not so, farther North. 




Fruity medium to very large ; form., at North, regular roundish, tapering 
to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad at apex, being 
roundish angular, flattened ; co/or, pale yellow, ground mostly overspread 
with rich, warm red and russet, marbled and splashed with bronzed yellow 
near the stem, dark yellow russet spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; 
5/em, short) cawi^i/, narrow : ca/T/a;, small, segments erect; basing abrupt, 
pretty deep, round and even, occasionally siiallow : flesh, yellowish, tender, 
mild sub-acid, much resemblimg Westfield Seek-no-further; core, medium, 
marked at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate. 
January to April. 

Pumpkin Swekt. 



Pound Sweet, 

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, 



Prencli's Sweet, 
Yankee Apple. 



An old Connecticut fruit, valued for baking. In wet soils or neavy clay, 
liable to be watered-cored. Bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit. 
large, roundish, ribbed at base — yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks 
s/c?n, short : caui??/, deep greenish, russeted ; caZ?/x, small ; iosm, irregular 
flesh, yvhitc tender, sweet ; "good." September to November. 



Rambo. 



Komanite, 

Bread and Cheese Apple, 



Seek-no-further, 
Ten-ry's Ked Streak. 



American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and locations, 
and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It succeeds on 
sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on strong limestone soils, 
giving evidence of the food suilcd best to it, clay or loam. 

Fruit, medium ; form., flat, or roundish flattened, sometimes ribbed or 
angular ; color, yellowish white, marbled and streaked with yellow and 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



103 




red, and with large rough spots ; stem^ long, slender, often curved ; basin, 
acuminate: calyXj nearly closed; 6asni, broad, slightly furrowed; flesh, 
greenish white, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid : core, large, rather hol- 
low ; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. October Lo December, but often 
keeps to March. 

Raules' Janet, 



Raul's Gennetting, 
Rawl's Janet, 
Winter Genneting 
Eock Eemain, 



Jennette, 
Jeniton, 

Eaules' Janette, 
Eawle's Jennette, 



Rock-Rimmon, 
Neverfail, 
Yellow Janette, 
Indiana Jannettina 



This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to the 
South-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue Ridge, where 
it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it Janet, hence the name. 
According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. Worthington had it in his orchard 
40 years since, and from thence it was brought to northern Ohio. The 
Scriptural name of Rock-Riramon, given it in the Sciota valley, was prob- 
ably on account of its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree 
is tardy in Spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other 
varieties ; thus escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only second 
rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincinnati is highly so, 
as it succeeds when many others often fail. In Missouri it is regarded as 
essential to every orchard. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; 
sJcin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish green, mostly 
overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and with a blue or grayish 
shade lying within as of a bloom : small russet dots, that show most when 
the fruit is high colored — South, many patches of mould or fungus; stem, 
slender, rather long ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short seg- 
ments ; basin, open, regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near 



104 



THE APPLE. 




the calyx ; flesh, yellowisli, tender, mild sub-acid ; core^ medium ; seeds^ 
angular ovate. Late Spring. 

Red Astrachan. 




Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular, moderate 
bearer of fruit, always fair. As a dessert fruit, it is rather acid, unless 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



105 



fully ripe ; but, for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, at its time. 
Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. 

Fruity medium to large; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex; 
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson, a 
little russet near the stem and a white bloom; stem^ varying, generally 
short : cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, white, 
crisp, juicy, acid ; cot'e, small ; seeds, ovate, dark browish black. August. 



Red Canada. 

Steele's Eed Winter of Midi., | Old Nonsuch, 



Eichfield Nonsuch. 




American : probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender growth ; 
shoots diverging ; requires rich, strong soil, when it is productive, and 
always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most valuable for orchard, 
or garden. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; color, 
rich, clear, yellow ground; when exposed to the sun, overspread with bright, 
handsome red, two shades, light and dark, intermingling, or striped, many 
light gray dots, presenting at first sight an appearance of a somewhat rough 
exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, varying from short and stout to slender 
and long, usually as seen in our figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light 
russet ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, 
or uneven; flesh, yeWowinh. white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, 
aromatic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate pyriform. January to April. 

Red June. 

Carolina Eed June, | Blush June, | Carolina June. 

A vigorous grower ; early and abundant bearer ; popular West and 

South. Fruit, medium, generally oblong conic, but occasionally fiat ; skin, 

smooth, green in the shade, changing rapidly at maturity to a fine dark 



106 



THE APPLE. 



crimson ; stem and cavity^ varying in specimens ; calyx^ closed, segments 
long, reflexed • basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk 
sub-acid, not rich: core, large. Ripens in June at the South and South- 
west. 

Red Russet. 

Origin. Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree, very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with dull red, and 
deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight 
appearance of rough russet on most of the surface ; stalk, rather short and 
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; calyx, 
nearly closed, segments long, recurved in a narrow, uneven basin; flesh, 
yellow, solid, crisp, tender, Avith an excellent rich, sub-acid flavor, some- 
what resembling Baldwin. January to April. (Downing.) 

Rhode Island Greening. 
Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coxe, | Hampshire Greening. 




This variety has been condemned in many sections, because of not pro- 
ducing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the trees were 
young. Testimony lias shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well 
drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual soils, where the variety is 
defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes will answer. On sandy soils, 
well manured, the texture is closer than on clay. It is unreliable. South ; 
drops too early. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundi.sh flattened, sometimes a little angular at the 
base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull blush, on 
sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; cavity, open : calyx, 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



107 



rather small, woolly ; basin, medium depth, slightly furrowed ; fleah, yel- 
lowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, lively acid juice; core, 
small ; seeds, ovate pointed. December to February. The best cooking 
apple as yet known. 

RiBSTON Pippin. 

Glory of York, | Travers, | Formosa Pippin. 

Foreign. Valued in Northern sections ; not esteemed South or Central. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in 
sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small closed ; basin^ open : core, small ; seeds, 
flattened ovate ; Jlesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. November 
to February. 

Richmond. 




We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near San- 
dusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with any known 
sort. 

Fruit, large ; form roundish ; occasional specimens have one side a little 
enlarged: color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite overspread with light 
and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light russet ; stem, varying, 
mostly short, slender ; cavity, deep, open, regular, a little brownish at 
bottom ; calyx, large, segments long , basin, deep, open, uniformly fur- 
rowed : flesh, white, tender, juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, 
large, full. October to December. 

Roman Stem. 
rrench Pippin, of some. 
From New Jersey. Shoots, slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the 
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fnnt, medium, 



108 



THE APPLK. 



roundish oblong, whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patches ol 
blackish russet, unless well grown • stcm^ with a fleshy knob one side j 
cavity, russeted • calyx, small, closed: basin, narrow; core, open, long 
ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; Jlesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly : " very 
good." November to February. One of the best at the Southwest. 

Rome Beauty. 

Eoman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling. 





American. Native of Southern Ohio. Requires, to perfect good fruit, 
a rich, warm, loamy soil. On poor land, it is undersized, deficient in char- 
acter, and inclined to overbear. 

Fruit, large ; form, roundish ; color, rich light yellow, mostly overspread 
and striped with shades of clear, bright red ; ste7n, slender ; cavity, open, 
regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly sepairate ; hasiii, round, 
open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild, svib-acid ; core, medium, 
somewhat hollow ; seeds, long ovate, large and full. October to December, 



Ross Nonpareil. 

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish, dull red, 
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; st-em, 
slender; calyx, medium; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic; 
" very good," nearly " best.'' October to November, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



109 



Boston Eusset, 
Marietta Eusset, 



RoxEURY Russet. 

Putnam Eusset, 
Belpro Eusset, 



Sylvan Eusset. 



American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts. It 
■was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Putnam, and 
from thence distributed throughout the Southwest. It is a thick-skinned 
fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second rate in quality ; 
grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to "bark burst" near the 
ground, but elsewhere perfectly hardy, and very productive. Spreading 
growth, with rather downy shoots • young trees often crooked. Unreliable, 
West or South. 

Fruit medium to large ; form, roundish flattened, and often angular • 
color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, occasionally a 
faint blush on the sunny side ,• stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed; 
basin, round, moderate depth ■ fiesh, greenish white, moderately juicy, mild 
sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds, ovate, defective. January to June. 



Gibbon's Smathhouse, 
Millcreek Vandervere, 



Smokehouse. 

Gibbon's Smokehouse, 
English Vandervere, 



Smathhouse, 
Millcreek. 



Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Has been in cultivation about twenty years. 
Tree, a free grower, bearing early and abundantly. Fruit, above medium ; 
flat ; red, striped and mottled on greenish yellow ; stem, short, slender : 
Cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; hasin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, long^ 
brown; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, delicate, aroma agreeable 
October, November. 

Summer Rose. 



"Wolman's Harvest, | "Woolman's Harvest, | Lippincott, 




This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, sprightly, 
sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. Tree, a slow 
grower, diverging — shoots downy; requires rich, strong soil, lime and 



110 



THE APPLE. 



phosphate to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. Moderate, regular 
bearer. 

Fruity medium, or rather small ; form^ roundish, sometimes flattened • 
color ^ rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; stem^ varying 
from stout to slender, short ; cavity^ shallow; calyx, partially closed : basin, 
round, slightly furrowed ; fleshy white, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, 
medium ; seeds, ovate. Last of July and August. 

Smith Cider. 
Oregon Spitzenberg, | Smith's Superb. 
Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, round- 
ish flattened ; bright red and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, 
regular ; calyx, half closed, long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid ; 
" very good ;" varies much in soils. November to December. It is a 
variety more grown for eating than for cider, 

SWAAR. 




American. " Produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson; its name 
in low Dutch meaning heavy." It is one of the very best apples, growing 
well and producing abundantly on all rich, strong soils. 

Fruit, medium, to large : form, roundish, slightly ribbed or unequal on 
its surface and often a little angular; color, greenish yellow at first, becom- 
ing a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown specks, sometimes marbled 
with gray russet on the side and round the stem, and often tinged with dull 
red; stem, slender; cavity, round, deep; calyx, small, half closed; basin, 
shallow, somewhat plaited ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, tender, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



Ill 



spicy aromatic perfume ; core^ smali, to medium ; seeds, broad ovate. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Sweet Bough. 

Bough, I Large Yellow Bough, I 'Washington, 

Early Sweet Bough, | Sweet Harvest, | Nyack Pippin. 




American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add Sweet, as 
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young shoots, yel- 
lowish, somewhat irregular, a.scending. Tree, a moderate, annual bearer, 
succeeding in all good soils not wet. 

Fruit, large (our figure hardly medium) ; form, roundish, conical ovate, 
color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, varying in 
length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open : basin, narrow, deep ; jlesh, white, ten- 
der, crisp, sprightly, sweet j core, medium, open capsules ; seeds, ovate, light 
brown. August. 

Sweet Pearmain. 
Henry Sweet, | Henrick Sweet, | Ladies' Sweet, erroneously. 

This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English Sweet- 
ing ;" but, according to Mr. Manning, the "English Sweeting '■" is the 
" Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing. (See Hovey's Mag. vol. 12, page 150.) 
This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, and farther West, suiting 
well the rich soils ; keeping finely all Winter; highly valued for baking or 
eating. 

Fruit, nxcAium size or often above ; /orm, roundish, slightly angular; 
coZor, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish bloom; stem, long, slender; 
cavity, deep, wide, and open ; calyx, woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow- 



112 



tttt: apple. 




ish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet; core, medium, with outer or consecu- 
tive lines J seeds^ ovate pyriform, dark brown. December to March. 

Talman's Sweeting. 
Tallman's Sweeting-, | Tolman's Sweeting, | Brown's Golden Sweet. 




MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



113 



American. Native of R,hode Island; its name from a family by name 
of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, great bearer, 
fruit keeping well; growth, rapid, upright, strong; wood, dark. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow, 
with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, wide, 
regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, furrowed ; flesh, white, 
firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, ovate pointed. Novem- 
ber to April. 

Tift's Sweet. 

American. Tree, moderate grower; productive. i^n«7, medium, round- 
ish flattened, greenish yellow with slight net- work of russet ; stem, slender ; 
cavity, varying ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; segments, long ; core, small ; 
flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, rich, very best for baking. September, Novem- 
ber. 

Vandervere. 



Vandervere Pippin, 
Bed Vandervere, 
Fall Vandervere, 
Yellow Vandervere, 



Baltimore, of some incorrectly. 
Imperial Vandervere, 
Pennsylvania Vandervere, 
Striped Vandervere, 



Staalclubs, 

"Watson's Vandervere, 

White "Wine, of some. 




American. Native of Delaware. For other synonyms heretofore used in 
connection with this variety, see '• Newtown Spitzenberg," page 94, Gray 
Vandervere, page 82, and Smokehouse, page 109. We do not think the true 
Vander vere has ever been grown to any extent east of Pennsylvania. 

The tree is a free grower, productive, and early bearer. Grown on soils 
deficient in lime, like many of our Western bottoms, and some of prairie, it 
has always more or less of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, 
the rot disappears, the fruit increases in size, and improves in quality; 
needs good culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size, and much more 
conical, and less highly-colored than South. Young shoots, spotted. 



lU 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes angular ; 
color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, few streaks of 
deeper red when grown exposed to the sun, dotted at intervals of a quarter 
to half-inch with large yellow russet specks ; when grown North, these 
specks are more of gray and much smaller, often russeted about the stem ; 
stem, projecting about even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, open, 
regular; calyx, with small segments; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight 
waves or furrows : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, aromatic, tender, sprightly, 
mild sub-acid ; core, round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. De- 
cember to February. 

Wagener. 




American: "origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. ; seed sown in 1791. 
Tree, thrifty : young shoots, pale green ; old wood, dark red ; requires free 
trimming, in order to produce large sized fruit abundantly ; annual 
bearer." 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; color, 
yellow ground, mostly covered with deep, glossy red, with stripes and 
splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light russet, specks ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small : basin, broad, open ; flesh, yellow- 
ish white, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, 
oblong ovate ; seeds light brown, ovate pyriform. November to March, 
but will keep to May. 

Westfield Seek-no-fukther. 
Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further, | Red Winter Pearmain, of some. 

An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and fruit has 
no superior. Very popular in its native State all South and West. Grown 



MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 



115 




in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much russeted, and about 
the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze ; progressing Northward, 
it gradually loses its russet, until, on light sandy soils, in Michigan, it be- 
comes a pale yellow ground, with stripes and splashes of clear red and 
minute dots. 

Fruity medium; form, regular, roundish conical — broad at base; color, 
light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with red, small 
russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow; often considerable rus- 
set about both stem and calyx; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, regular; 
calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, with short segments ; basin, 
regular form, moderate depth ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain 
flavor: core, medium: seeds, ovate. November to February. 

Wood's Greening. 
Coate's Geening, | Onstine. 



American : native of New Jersey. First described by Coxe, from whose 
nursery it was introduced to the West by Prof. Kirtland, about 1820. This 
variety has been too little noticed. It .should be extensively planted in our 
Southwestern States and territories. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming 
somewhat spreading. It is well adapted to strong, heavy soils, producing 
abundantly IVuit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of "best" 
quality. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened ; dolor, pale green, be- 
commg yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; 
calyx, rather large; basin, slightly plaited : j^csA, greenish white, fine- 



116 



THE APPLE. 




grained, juicy, tendei', sprightly, sub-acid ; core^ small ; seeds^ ovate. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Wine. 



"Wine Apple, 1 Hay's "Winter, 

Hay's "Winter "Wine, | Winter Wine, 



Hollow Crown Pearmain. 



American : native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and every- 
where successful. Strong, heavy clay loams produce the largest fruit, while 
best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, rather slender, 
spreading ; foliage small. 

Fruity medium to large ; form^ round flattened ; color^ light pale yellow 
ground, mostly overspread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity 
of stem: stem^ short; cavity^ acuminate or narrow, deep; calyx, large; 
basin, broad, open, slightly plaited ; fle.sh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-acid ; 
core, small ; seeds, large. November to February. 

White Seek-no-farther. 



Green Seek-no-fartlier, 
Flushing Seek-no-fartlier, 
Seek-no-farther of Coxe, 



Pomme Eoyal, of some. 

Pound Eoyal, 

Bracy's Seek-no-farther. 



From Long Island. Tree healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not 
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven 
or waived surface ; yellox'vish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small 
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; stem, 
slender; cavity, irregular, acuminate; basin, broad, abrupt, furrowed; 
core, open ; flesh, fine-grained^ very juicy, tender, sub-acid : " best." No- 
vember to February. 



MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 



117 



Wine Sap. 
Wine Sop. 




Probably originated in New Jersey. First described by Coxe. It is one 
of the very best throughout the Southwest, and also in Oregon Territory. 
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in its 
growth, not forming a handsome head^ but producing fair, fine fruit in all 
soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the latter, and finest 
texture in the former — fine on dry prairies. 

Fruity medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, sometimes round- 
ish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; color, grown North, 
a bright clear red, stained and striped with darker shades, and with spots 
of light yellow ; grown South, the dark red becomes most prominent, while 
the patches of light yellow at base are more often seenj it is also more 
irregular or angular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, vary- 
ing in length, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep • calyx, small, nearly closed ; 
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, sprightly ; 
core, medium ; capsule, hollow ; seeds, short, ovate. October to January 
often keeps till March. 

Wood's Sweet. 



Hyde's Sweet. 

From Sudbury, Vt. Growth, similar to Baldwin ; productive. Fruit, 
large, irregular, roundish flattened ; whitish yellow, oily, shaded and 
striped with red ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, furrowed : calyx, small, 
closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, saccharine ; " very 
good '' or " best ;" core, small. September to November. 



118 



THE APPLE. 



White Pippin. 

This variety we have heretofore considered identical with Canada Rei- 
nette ; probably it is distinct. It is much grown in the Southwestern sec- 
tions : proves hardy as a tree, productive, and is a good keeper. Tree 
strong, upright, vigorous grower. Fruity large ; form, roundish oblong, 
smooth • color, greenish yellow, with dark green specks and light green 
surrounding and suffused beneath skin, when fully ripe, yellowish green ; 
stem, varying ; calyx, medium ; segments, long ; flesh, yellowish white, 
crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark. 
January to May ; December to March at South. 

White Winter Pearmain. 

This variety is extensively grown and much esteemed throughout the 
Southwest, and in Oregon it is one of the most desirable of apples. In our 
first edition we made it a synonym of Michael Henry Pippin, from the fact 
that all the specimens we gathered from various places were identical with 
that variety. Having since tested it on our own grounds, we are confident of 
its distinctness. It is undoubtedly an old variety, but what we are unable to 
determine, therefore retain it under the name by which it is generally 
known. Tree, thrifty, not rampant grower, young wood, dark speckled, buds, 
prominent. Fruit, above medium, oblong conical, angular or oblique ; 
pale yellow, with slight blush cheek and minute brown dots ; stem, short ; 
cavity, deep ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, uneven, surrounded by five prom- 
inences, continued in obscure angles along its sides ; flesh, yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, juicy, pleasant, very mild sub-acid ; " very good." January to 
April. 

Willow Twig. 



"Willow, 



Willow Leaf? 




Under these names we have examined specimens^ and although there is 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



119 



a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location 
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for orchard 
ing on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, and 
valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large, round- 
ish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed, or mottled with light and dark red ; 
calyx and basin, medium ; stem, generally short, slender ; cavity, roundish 
acuminate • core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish, 
rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to 
May. 

Williams' Favorite. 



"Williams' Favorite Eed, 
Williams' Early, 



Williams' Eed, 
Williams' Early Eed. 



From Massachusetts. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. 
Fruit medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, 
closed ; lasin, narrow ; stem, slender ; flesh, yellowish white, tender ; " very 
good." August. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. 




This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps well. 
Trees, though slender growth, good bearers, are apparently perfectly at 
home in rich limestone soils. That there are two Newtown Pippins, we do 
not question ; see " Newtown Pippin ;" but we have supposed there might 
be three, but whether the distinction is without a difference we are yet un- 
prepared to decide. We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which 
the latter Newtown Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove 
identical with Y. N. P. 



120 



THE APPLE. 



Ffuit, medium, to large ; form, roundish flattened, angular, or broader 
than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet from the stem, 
many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the sun, the yellow becomes 
very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
large, open ; segments, short, stiff, broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from 
the slight ribbing of the fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, 
medium ; seeds, purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June. 



Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky. 




Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; color, 
dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow marbled and splashed, the latter pre- 
vailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate, somewhat rus- 
seted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin, pretty deep, irregular, 
ribbed : flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with 
tinges, and lines, and specks throughout, as if decay had partially taken 
place ; core, medium, or rather large • seeds, dark, rich reddisJi brown, 
ovate pyriform. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 121 



CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of which many are neio and un- 
tested, and others suited only to large orchards or certain localities. 

Abbott. 
Abbott's Sweet. 
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged, 
striped and blotched with red ; flesh, tender, juicy, wants flavor. Decem- 
ber to March. (Hov. Mag.) 

Adams. 
Noll's No. 1. 
A Pennsylvanian seedling of White Deer Township, Union County. 
Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a greenish 
yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ] cavity, broad, acute ; calyx, 
rather large ; segments closed ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, 
greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy ; "very good." (W. D. B.) 

Adam's Pearmain. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus- 
set ; stem, slender ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early Winter. 
(Lindley.) 

Agnes. 
American. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; stem, short; 
cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; color, yellowish, striped and 
shaded with red; brown dots: flesh, white, spicy, sub-acid; "good." 
August to September. 

AlLES. 

From Chester County, Pa. Tree, upright, free grower, profuse bearer. 
Fruit large, nearly globular ; stem, in a narrow cavity ; basin, round, 
medium ; yellowish, shaded and striped with red ; flesh, yellow, firm, rich 
vinous ; " verv good ;" core, small. December to May. For baking and 
stewing. 

Albemarle Pippin. 

Fruit, meaium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale 
yellow, sub- acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. ^Thomas.) 

Alexander. 
Emperor Alexander. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green- 
ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin deep ; flesh, 
coarse, crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October. 

Allen's Choice. 
From Brownsville, Pa. Fruit, medium ; roundish flattened ; red, shaded 
and striped, often a dark cheek sprinkled with small white dots ; stem, 
short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; 
flesh, white, coarse, aromatic ; "good." January, 

Allum. 
Hallum, I Kockingliain Eed. 
Much grown in northern N. Carolina, valuable chiefly for its keeping 
6 



122 THE APPLE. 

properties. Fruit, medium, oblate irregular; skin, deep red; flesh, •whit- 
ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk acid flavor. January to April. 
(Downing.) 

American Beauty. 

Sterling Beauty. 

Origin, Sterling, Mass., received from 0. V. Hills. Tree, vigorous and 
productive. Fruit, above medium, globular, somewhat elongated ; color, 
chiefly deep red, thickly dotted with light gray; stalk, medium, inserted in 
a rather deep, round cavity : calyx, closed ; basin, broad and shallow ; 
flesh, white, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. December 
to April. (Downing.) 

Anglo American. 

From Canada West. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium, 
roundish conical, slightly angular ; yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed 
with bright red : stem, slender; cavity medium, a little russeted ; calyx, 
large, open; basin, uneven; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sweet, slightly 
aromatic, excellent ; core, medium. August to September. 

Ashmore. 

Eed Ashmore, | Fall "Wine, erroneously. 
Striped Ashmore. 

American. A desirable variety, deserving attention. Fruit, above me- 
dium, regular roundish, slightly conical, few white dots, bright clear red; 
short, slender stem ; deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; deep, regular 
basin ; core, large ; capsules hollow ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten- 
der, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. September and October. The Black Van- 
dervere, a third rate fruit, is sometimes grown as this variety. The true 
Ashmore is one of the most showy and desirable market sorts in the South- 
western States. 

Ashland. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull 
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish 
gray, and large russet dots; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry; - 
hardly " very good ;" stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small ; 
basin, shallow; core, small ; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January. 

Aromatic Carolina. 
From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood, 
abrupt terminal buds. Fruit, large, oblate conical, pale red, slightly 
streaked; heavy bloom ; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting, 
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) 

Aunt's Apple. 
Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red, 
radiating from stem, which is short, stout ; cavity, open, broad, russeted ; 
calyx, closed; basin, finely folded; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, musky 
perfume, juicy ; "very good;" core, medium. November to .January. 

Aunt Hannah. 
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh, 
tender, crispj sub-acid ; "very good." Winter. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 123 

Autumn Pippin. 
Fruit, above medium ; oblong conical ; greenish yellow, slight bronzed 
cheek, sparse green dots; stem, short ;. cavity deep ; calyx, small, closed; 
basin, deep, narrow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, 
medium. December. As yet little known out of Vermont. 

AVERILL. 
"Wolf's Den. 
Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large, 
irregularly conic, angular ; skin, greenish, yellow striped, and shaded with 
red ; stem, short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity ; calyx, closed, set 
in a very shallow, slightly furrowed basin ; flesh, whitish, tender, juicy, 
with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. February to June. (Downing.) 

Baer. 
American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, below medium, roundish 
oblong ; skin, mottled with red, and striped with dark crimson on a green- 
ish yellow ground, with numerous gray dots ; stem, long, inserted in a 
wide, deep cavity; calyx, closed, set in a moderately wide, shallow, plaited 
basin; flesh, tender, pleasant, "very good." April. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Bailey Spice. 
American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish 
brown. Fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint 
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar- 
row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy ; core, large, open ; 
seeds, light brown. October. " Very good." 

Bailey Sweet. 

Patterson Sweet, | Edgeiiy Sweet, 
Howard's Sweet. 

From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened, some- 
times ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, often 
plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good;" core, medium; 
seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December, 

Bailey Golden. 
From Maine. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellowish russeted; 
flesh, white, sub-acid; "good." January. 

Baker's Sweet. 

Long Stem Sweet, [ Late Golden Sweet, 
White Golden Sweet. 

An old fruit of Tolland County, Conn. Tree, crooked grower, produc- 
tive. Fruit, above medium, roundish elongated ; golden yellow, some 
patches of russet ; stem, long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yel- 
low, coarse, sweet; baking; core, large. November and December. 

Barbour. 

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Size, medium, roundish 

oblate, inclining to conical : skin, mottled, and striped with red of different 

hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks ; stem, rather short, 

in a moderately deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, small, closed, set in a 



124 THE APPLE. 

shallow plaited basin ] flesh, yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor plea- 
sant, quality very good. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Bean Sweet. 

" This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate 
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe 
on the tree • crisp and juicy ; ripe in October ; will keep till February or 
March ; a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.) 

Beef Steak. 

Garden Apple. 

Origin, Massachusetts : Habit, like Baldwin. Fruit, medium, roundish 

oval ; greenish yellow, marbled and striped with red ; stem, medium ; 

cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, 

mild sub-acid ■ '• very good ; " core, medium. October and November. 

Belden Sweet. 
American. Fruit small, globular, light yellow; stem, medium; cavity, 
deep ; flesh, white, tender, good ; core, large, open. February and March. 

Ben Davis. 
From Kentucky. Tree, vigorous grower, constant and abundant bearer. 
Fruit, large, roundish, striped and splashed with red and yellow ; stem, 
short; cavity, narrow, deep, uneven; calyx, closed; basin, angular; flesh, 
white, sometimes tinged with red, mild sub-acid, pleasant flavor; core, 
medium; seeds, large, dark brown. Winter and Spring. 

Belzer. 

American : Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow ; 
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse, 
in Hov. Mag.) 

Better than Good. 

Juicy Bite. 
From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described. 
Tree, slender, irregular. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; 
yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid; "very good." Early 
Winter. 

Betsy's Fancy. 

Origin, unknown, a free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit, scarcely medium, oblate ; skin, yellowish, shaded with dull red ; 
stem, short, inserted in a moderate cavity; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, 
and uneven ; flesh, compact, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid flavor. De- 
cember to March. 

Bevan. 
Bevan Favorite, 1 Striped June. 

From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis- 
tances. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, distinct, 
broad red stripes on yellow ; stem, varying from short to long ; cavity, shal- 
low ; calyx, large ; basin, plaited ; flesh, firm, tough, sub-acid ; seeds, 
plump, ovate pyriform. August. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 125 

Black Coal. 

"Welcome. 

This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above me- 
dium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly over- 
spreading a lighter red, numerous specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, slightly 
russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open ; core, large, hollow ; 
seeds, loose J flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, juicy, tender, 
rather acid. November to February. 

Blakely. 

Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely, Vigorous, up- 
right growth, regular bearer. 

Fruit, large, regularly oblate, slightly conic ; skin, yellow, with a sunny 
cheek, thinly sprinkled with reddish dots; stem, small and short, inseited 
in a broad cavity of moderate depth ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small 
and shallow • flesh, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, sub-acid fla- 
vor. January and March. (Downing.) 

Bledsoe. 
Bledsoe Pippin. 

" From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin. Fruit, large, conical, 
flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, brownish specks ) 
skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shal- 
low ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown : flesh, white, tender, juicy ; 
'very good.' March and April. Claimed as a seedling — new." (A. H. 
Ernst, "Ms.) 

Blood. 

From Central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular, dull 
red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional rough gray 
dots : stem, varying ; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open • broad seg- 
ments : basin, furrowed : core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, dark 
red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, breaking mild, al- 
most sweet; "very good." December to March. 

Blue Pearmain. 
Tree, hardy ; shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed 
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off". Fruit, very 
large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red 
over a dull ground— white bloom; stem, short; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; 
core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early 
Winter. 

Boalsburg. 

A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclin- 
ing to conical, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground; 
stem, short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, modera- 
tely wide ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing ; " very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

Boas. 

American: From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, 
crimson red stripes or greenish yellow, whitish yellow blotches; stem, 



126 



THE APPLE. 



short, stout; calyx, in a plaited basin; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, plea- 
sant ; " very good ; " core, small. February to June. 

BoNUM. 
Magnum Bonum. 

From North Carolina. Tree, hardy and vigorous, an early and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit, large, oblate; color, light to dark red; basin and cavity, shallow; 
flesh, yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. (Downing.) 

Bowling's Sweet. 

Raised by Louis Bowling. Spottsylvania County, Virginia. A vei-y vig- 
orous grower, and very productive. 

Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, dull red, on a yellow ground ; flesh, rich, 
juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. October to January. (H. R. 
Roby, Ms.) 

BOWKEA. 

From Western New York. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened, angular, 
pale yellow, with crimson in sun, small, brown gray dots : stem, slender ; 
cavity, medium ; calyx, closed ; flesh, whitish tender, mild sub-acid ; 
"good." October. 

BoURASSA. 




Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, Vermont, 
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly 
ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish 
brown in sun; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, iregular ; calyx, with 
long segments ; basin, narrow ; core, rather large ; seeds, few ; flesh, white, 
fine grained, sub-acid, October to January. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 127 

Brabant Bellflower. 
Brabant Belle-fleiir, | Iron Apple. 
Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good head. 
Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, flattened 
at ends ; pale yellow, mostly covered with red, striped and splashed ; calyx, 
large; basin, wide; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. November to Janu- 
ary. 

Brennaman. 

Origin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, above medium, yellow- 
ish, mostly covered with stripes of red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid — good for cooking. August. 

Briggs' Auburn. 

Origin, Auburn, Maine. Fruit, large, oblate, very much depressed ; skin, 
light yellow, with a slight blush on the sunny side ; stem, rather long, in 
a very large cavity; basin, broad and shallow; flesh, fine, white, with a 
very pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree, hardy and productive, September to 
October. (Me. P. S. Report.) 

Brittle Sweet. 

Origin unknown — good grower, and very productive. 

Fruit, above medium, roundish, approaching conic, sometimes elongated, 
angular ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson, sprink- 
led with gray dots ; stem, short, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity ; calyx, 
closed, set in a small corrugated basin ; flesh, yelloAvish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sweet, and excellent. September, October. (Downing.) 

Brooke's Pippin. 

A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely 
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, deep, 
irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes furrow- 
ed ; seeds, long, slender, acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine texture, with 
a pleasant aroma ; " best." Winter ; bearing abundantly every year in 
localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some resemblance, 
does not succeed. 

Buck's County. 

Buck's County Pippin. 
A Pennsylvania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ; 
greenish yellowy with sometimes a faint brown cheek; stem, short, not 
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ; 
seeds, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture, fine : flavor, excellent ; " very 
good." (W. D. B.) 

Buff. 

Granny Buff. 
Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous, erect. Fruit, very large, irregular, 
roundish flattened, and slightly angular ; skin, thick, yellow, striped, and 
shaded with red, very dark next the sun, marked with a few greenish rus- 
set spots ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a medium cavity ; calyx, 
in a large, irregular basin ; flesh, white, and when well ripened, tender 
and excellent, sometimes indiflerent. November to March. (White's 
Gard.) 



128 THE APPLE. 

Buffington's Early. 
A moderate bearer — origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened, 
little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity deep : basin, shal- 
low, furrowed; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July. 

Burr's Winter Sweet. 
Native of Higham, Massachusetts. Tree, good grower, spreading. 
Early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at 
base, full at crown — smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with 
vermilion, russet at stem — small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, 
broad, open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open, ribbed ; 
core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aroma- 
tic perfume. December to March. (Hov. Mag.) 

Bush, 

Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate conical ; greenish yel- 
low, russet dots near the crown : calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited : flesh, 
"very good." (W. D. B.) 

Butter Apple. 

American — probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu- 
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet 
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar- 
row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt, ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds, 
roundish ovate : flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." No- 
vember to February. 

Blockley. 

Probably from Pennsylvania. Growth upright ; fruit, large, round flat- 
tened, occasionally a little uneven, pale yellow, with occasional patches of 
light thin russet ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, with short 
segments ; basin, broad, deep ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub- 
acid ; core, large ; capsules, open. October to January. 

Buchanan's Pippin. 
Buchanan's Seedling. 

Raised by Robert Buchanan, of Cincinnati, 0. Tree, vigorous, and very 
productive. 

Fruit, medium, oblate, very much flattened, slightly angular; skin, yel- 
lowish, somewhat waxen, deeply shaded with maroon, sometimes very ob- 
scurely striped and thickly covered with light conspicuous dots ; stalk, very 
short and small, surrounded by thin, scaly russet, inserted in a large cavity; 
calyx, partially closed, set in a round, abrupt basin, slightly ribbed ; flesh, 
greenish, very solid, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, refreshing, sub-acid flavor. 
March, April. 

Buckingham. 

Fruit, large, round conical, angular, greenish yellow, shaded with 
crimson and whitish gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, 
closed; basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; "very 
good ;" core, medium. December. 

Buck Meadow. 
From Norwalk, Conn. Tree, drooping habit ; productive. Fruit, above 
medium, roundish conical, angular, yellow, marbled and streaked with red ; 



miTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 129 

stem, short; cavity, deep, abrupt, thin russet ; calyx, closed: basin, open; 
flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous ; " very good." November 
to March. 

Buel's Favorite. 
Spotted Pippin, | Gray Pippin. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, 
russeted; calyx, medium ; flesh, a little tough. November. 

BuRNHAP Greening. 
From Vermont. Tree, a good grower and regular bearer. Fruit, 
medium, roundish conical, flat at base, greenish yellow ; stem, medium ; 
cavity, deep, abrupt; calyx, closed; basin, open; flesh, juicy, crisp, firm, 
sub-acid; "good;" core, large, open. January, February. 

Callasaga. 
American : from Macon, N. C. Fruit, above medium, roundish, dull 
brown on greenish yellow russet; calyx, large; wide furrowed basin. 
October, November, Valued highly South. 

Camack's Sweet. 
Camack's Winter Sweet, | Grape Vine. 

Southern. Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, whitish green, 
clouded with green russet ; calyx, large, closed ; flesh, firm, slightly sweet, 
juicy; '• very good." December to March. Will prove valuable through- 
out the Southwest. 

Campfield. 
Newark Sweeting. 
American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium, 
roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with dull red in sun ; flesh, white, 
dry, sweet. Valued for stock and cider. 

Cann. 
American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun 
and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." October to Decem- 
ber. Tree, thrifty, spreading. 

Cannon Pearmain. 
American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small, 
roundish, yellow, with dull red and large yellow specks ; stem, short ; 
cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, 
yellow, crisp, sprightly. December to March. 

Capron's Pleasant. 
Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a 
brownish tinge ; stem, rather stout, inserted in an open cavity ; calyx, 
large in a medium basin ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid, and 
very agreeable. September to October. (Downing.) 

Carnahan. 
Cannahan's Favorite. 
Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large^ 
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with strines of red, greenish russet 
6* 



130 THE APPLE. 

dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large ; long segments , basin, 
ribbed • core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy; " very 
good." December to February. 

Caroline. 

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, New Jersey. Tree, vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit, medium, oblate angular ; skin, yellowish, mostly shaded with 
maroon, obscurely striped, and thickly covered with light dots ; stalk, three- 
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a cavity surrounded by green russet 
with rays ; calyx, closed, set in a shallow, uneven basin ; flesh, greenish, 
tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. January to April. 
(Downing.) 

Carpenter. 

American. New, originated with Charles Carpenter, of Kelly Island. 
Tree, strong, healthy grower — an annua.l, abundant bearer. 

Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, oblique • skin, rather rough, 
rich lemon yellow, deepening in sun, often with a rich red cheek, thicVly 
dotted with small gray dots, apparently raised upon the surface ; stem, 
varying, sometimes thick, short,, and stout ;. again, medium in length and 
size ; cavity, open, deep, regular • calyx, large, open ; segments five, dis- 
tinct, long, reflexed; basin, deep, round, regular, slightly furrowed ; flesh, 
yellowish white, crisp, breaking juicy, sharp sub-acid ; core, medium or 
small, compact ; seeds, long, ovate pointed. February to Maj'. Valuable 
for cooking from November to May. 

Carter. 
Eoyal Pippin. 
Southern. Fruit, above medium, roundish, yellow and red ; flesh, tender, 
mild, pleasant; almost '-very good." October to January. 

Cat Face. 
From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends, greenish yellow, 
streaked with light and dark red; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, wide; 
calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, 
white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 

Catooga. 
Large to very large, irregular, broadest at the base, yellow mottled, with 
black dots, and sprinkled with flecks of green ; stalk, of medium length, 
slender; cavity, deep; calyx, open, in a deep basin; flesh, yellowish, with 
a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. 

Cat Pippin. 

West's Spitzcnbei'g, I Ilonemakcr Pippin, 
Haymaker, | Hommaolier Apfel. 

Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to 

large, greenish; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April. 

Cayuga Red Streak. 

Twenty Ounce, I Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneotisly, I Colman, 

Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward, Dunlap's Aurora. 

Twenty Ounce Apple, I I 

From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak," 

to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, large, 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 131 

roundish conical, dull yellowish green, striped and marbled with yellowish 
red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large • flesh, yellowish white, coarse, 
crisp, sub-acid. November, December. Esteemed for cooking. 

Caywood. 

Origin, Ulster Co. N. Y., valuable only for its late keeping. 

Fruit, medium, oblate; skin, bright yellow, with a tinge of red on the 
sunny side ; stalk, rather long, in a broad shallow cavity ; calyx, small, 
closed ] basin, broad and wrinkled ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, pleasant, 
but not juicy or rich. Keeps until July or September. 

Champlain. 

Tree, moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; 
skin, greenish, with a fine blush ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ,• calyx, closed ; 
basin, narrow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid. September. 
(Downing.) 

Chester. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, 
sometimes with a sunny cheek, and sprinkled with carmine dots ; stalk, 
short; inserted in a broad shallow cavity : calyx, closed, set in broad open 
basin ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Christiana. 

Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Delaware. 
Size, medium, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, beautifully striped, and 
mottled with carmine on a yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long, 
inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a 
deep, moderately wide, plaited basin; flesh, yellowish white, flne texture, 
juicy ; flavor, pleasant, delicate, sprightly, vinous, quality " very good." 
November. (Int. R,ep.) 

Churchill Greening. 

Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblate, 
somewhat conic, ribbed, angular ; skin, yellowish green, shaded with dull 
red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; 
cavity, broad ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, yel- 
low, tender, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. 
December to February. 

Clarke's Pearmain. 
Gloucester Pearmain, | Golden Pearmain. 

American. From Virginia. Fruit, medium, roundish : yellow, mostly 
covered with bright red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots ; stem, 
medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, 
yellowish, crisp, sub-acid ; " good," or "very good." December. 

Clyde Beauty. 
Mackie's Clyde Beauty. 

From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, slightly- 
ribbed ; pale greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, deep 
crimson in the sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, furrowed; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid. October to 
December. 



132 THE APPLE. 

Cole. 

Scarlet Perfume. 

Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, hardy, 

an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, roundish, 

little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, partly closed; 

flesh, white, juicy ; " very good." August. 

Connett's Sweet. 
Tree, strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, 
roundish flattened ■ rich yellow ground, mostly covered with dark red • stem, 
slender ; cavity, wide, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, broad ; flesh, yellow, fine- 
grained, tender, sweet, excellent; promises great value. December to 
March. 

Conway, 

American. Fruit medium, roundish flattened ; color, greenish yellow, 
few brown dots; stem, short; cavity, bi-oad, shallow; calyx, closed ; basin, 
furrowed; flesh, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic sprightly flavor. January 
to February. 

Chief Good. 

Summum Bonum. 
From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, 
flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes 
of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed , 
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ; 
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A, H. Ernst, Ms.) 

Cocklin's Favorite. 
Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumberland 
Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 

Cooper's M.\rket. 

Cooper's Eedling. 
Tree, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches. Productive, and a 
late keeper. 

Fruit, medium, oblong conic; skin, yellowish, shaded with red, and 
striped with crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, with a brisk, sub-acid flavor. December 
to May. (Downing.) 

Cornell's Fancy. 
Cornell's Favorite. 
From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, 
oblong conical; skin, waxen yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson; 
stalk, of medium length; cavity, rather large; calyx, closed, abrupt, corru- 
gated ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor. 
September. (Downing.) 

CouRT-PENDU Plat 



Court-pendu, 
Garnon's Apple, 
Cour Pendu, Eond Gros, 
" " Musque, 



Coriandra Kose, 

Woll.aton Pippin, 

Capendu, 

Cour pendu Extra, 

Foreign. Tree, slender, early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium re- 
gular, flat ; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, 



Cour pendu, Eouge Musqufe, 

Pomme de Berlin, 

Eussian, 

Princisse Noble Zoete. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



13S 



deep; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly, 
little acid. " Very good." November to February. 



Barlow, 

Conrt de 'Wich:, 
Fry's Pippin, 
Wood's Huntingdon, 



Court of Wick. 

Philip's Eeinette, 
Week's Pippin, 
Court of Wick Pippin, 
Kival Golden Pippin, 



Oolden Drop, 
Transparent Pippin, 
Knightwick Pippin, 
Yellow. 



Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, 
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit, 
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened, greenish yellow in shade, little 
red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with 
long, wide-spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh; yellow, sharp sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. 

Cracking. 




From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little 
pruning. Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, slight tinge of red in 
sun, and large green dots ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
furrowed ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. October to 
January. New; highly esteemed where known. 

CRAiNBERRY. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, 
gray russet dots ; stem, in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx, small, 
closed. 

Gulp. 

A native of Jeflerson Co., Ohio. Tree, a fine, upright grower. Fruit, 
medium to large, conical, irregular ; skin, yellow, with dull blush, dotted 



134: THE APPLE. 

with russet specKs ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, very 
hard until ripe, juicy, with an agreeable sub- acid flavor and light perfume, 
January to March. 

Cumberland. 
Cumberland Seedling. 

From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed, 
valuable for market, large, roundish flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; 
" good," new. 

Cumberland Spice. 

The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In 
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : 

" Rather large, varying from roundish conical to long conical, the taper- 
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, w"axen yellow, with 
a slight Vermillion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the sur- 
face ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long ) cavity, wide, slightly 
russeted • calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, 
rather light; core, hollow; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and 
agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality." 

Curtis Sweet. 
Origin, unknown. Fruit, large, oval, ribbed, yellow, sprinkled and 
marbled with crimson, whitish gray dots; calyx, small ; basin, shallow; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, esteemed ; core, large. August to October. 

Dapper. 
American. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and 
speckled with crimson in sun; calyx, small, closed. 

Davis. 
From Wayne Co., Mich. Fruit, below medium, ovate regular, flattened 
at base and crown ; color, yellowish, shaded with red-gray dots ; calyx, 
closed; basin, small; flesh, whitish, firm, sub-acid; great bearer and 
keeper. March to April. 

Darlington. 

Darlington Eusset. 
Native of Northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear, smooth russet ; 
stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white ; 
hardly " very good.'' January to June. 

Derry Nonsuch. 
Dinsmore, | Londonderry. 
Origin, unknown ; from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there. 
Tree, thrifty and productive ; a late keeper. Fruit, above medium, oblong 
or conic angular; skin, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and splashed with 
crimson; stem, short, in a moderate cavity; calyx, large, closed; basin, 
shallow, uneven ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly aromatic, agree- 
ably sub-acid. January to April. (Downing.) 

Dickson's Emperor. 
From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed, yellow, 
with dashes of carmine red and minute specks of straw color, dull red cheek 
in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, irregular ; core, small ; 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; '■ very good." November to January. 



UNTESTED YAEIETIES, ETC. 



135 



Delight. 

From R. Buchanan, Esq., Souithern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish 

flattened, slightly angular, 3'ellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, 

vermilion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, 

short segments 5 basin, round, slightly furrowed; core, compact; seeds, 




ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; 
good." New. December to March. 



very 



Detroit. 



Eed Detriot, 
Black Detroit, 



Jacksonia, 
Crimson Pippin. 



Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. 
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark, blackish crimson, dotted 
and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, 
plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the 
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes 
grown as the Black Apple. 

Dillingham. 

From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky. Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, 
round regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep, russeted ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, 
fine grained, juicy, sweet ; '• very good ;" great bearer. October and 
November. 

Doctor. 
Eed Doctor, | De "Witt. 

Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana, 
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat, 
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots 
of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, 
oblong pyriform ; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. 

Ducket. 
Southern, Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, light waxen yellow, often 



136 THE APPLE. 

a red cheek, grayish dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small j basin, deep ; flesh, 
white, crisp, juicy, tender, vinous; core, small; " very good." October to 
November. 

Early Long Stem ? 

Early Spice. 
Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burlington, 
Iowa. 

Fruit, small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed ; skin, greenish yellow ; 
stem, long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, shallow, corrugated ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic, 
,sub-acid. August. (Downing.) 

Early Pennock. 

Shakers' Yellow, I August Apple, I "Warren Pennock, 

Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Ked Streak ? | Harmony. 

This is probably an old Eastern variety, so changed by our Western soils as 
not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or Belmont 
counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early, prolific bearers of fruit, rather 
below second-rate quality. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, 
greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red ; stem, long ; cavity, 
deep, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. August. Re- 
sembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Early June, ) f ^ f, I Eed Juneating, I Eve Apple, of the Irish, 

Red June, ) -^ '^"^''"'■' Striped Juneating, Margaretha Apfel, of Germans. 

June, of soine in Ohio, \ Early Eed Juneating, | 

This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry — oftener grown as 
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular, moderate bearer, upright, downy shoots. 
Fruit, medium or below, roundi.sh oblong conical ; green in shade, dark 
crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July. 

Early Sweet. 
American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree, productive, 
growth, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish oblique, clear lemon yellow, 
light blush red in sun. a few small russet dots, and consecutive russet lines 
about the calyx, suffused white spots on the blush side ; stem, medium to 
long, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, half closed, with long, partially 
reflexed segments ; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, 
sweet and delicious as an eating apple. July, August. 

Enfield Pearmain. 

American. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, deep red, with many small 
dots ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, large, thinly russeted ; calyx, partially 
closed ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, pleasant, rich flavor. 
November to January. 

English Golden Russet. 

Golden Eusset, of New York. 
Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yel- 
low ; stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December 
to March. 



UNTESTED VAKEETIES, ETC. 137 

English Sweeting. 

Eamsdell's Sweeting, I Eamsdell's Eed Pumpkin Sweet, I Avery Sweeting. 
Eamdell's Sweet, | Red Pumpkin Sweet, | 

Foreign. Tree, vigorou.s, upright, early, prolific bearer. Fruit, medium 
to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red 
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ; 
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff" seg- 
ments ; basin, round, regular- core, long, ovate j seeds, imperfect; flesh, 
yellowish white, sweet ; '• very good." October to February. 

Ernst's Pippin. 
Ohio Pippin, 
American. Originated with A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive and hardy. Fruit, large, round- 
ish flattened, sometimes slightly oblong ; color, light greenish yellow, faint 
blush when exposed to sun, small dark green specks, surrounded w"ith 
light green, suffused beneath the skin • stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; 
calyx, large ; basin, deep : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly, sub-acid; core, small, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, dark. 
December to February. The general appearance of this apple closely re- 
sembles the Canada Reinette, from a seed of which it probably originated. 

ESTEN. 

From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong 
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, 
slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow : flesh, white, sub-acid. October. 

EUSTIS. 

Ben. 

Native, Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened; red 
and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slendei', inclined to one side ; cavity, 
deep, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core small ; seeds, ovate angular ; 
flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. 

Evening Party. 
From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yel- 
low, shaded with red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
open ; flesh, juicy, tender, crisp, fine dessert fruit ; core, medium. Decem- 
ber to March. Young shoots, reddish ; old wood, gray. A new variety 
that promises valuable for small gardens. 

EWALT. 

Origin, farm of John Ewalt. Size, full medium ; form, truncated, some- 
what angular ; color, greenish yellow, with a bright red cheek, and many 
greenish russet spots, especially about the base ; stem, very short, rather 
stout, inserted in a narrow, not very deep, cavity ; caly, closed, set in a 
narrow, moderately deep, slightly plaited basin ; flesh, fine texture, tender ; 
flavor, sprightly and pleasant, with an exceedingly fragrant odor ; quality, 
very good. April. (W. D. Brinckle.) 

Excel. 
From Sharon, Conn. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium, 
roundish flattened, marbled and splashed with red, light gray dots ; cavity 



138 THE APPLE. 

deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;" 
core, large. December, February. 

Exquisite. 

Named and introduced by C. R. Overman, of Canton, 111. Tree, mode- 
rate, upridit grower, productive, hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; 
yellow striped and marbled with red ; stem, short, russet at base ; cavity, 
broad, deep ; calj^x, small, partly closed ; basin, small • flesh, white, juicy, 
melting, fine grained, tender, rich, vinous, almost sweety promises to be 
valuable. September, November. 

Fairbanks. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, medium, oblate conic, light yellow, 
striped with red and patched with russet ; stem, long ; cavity, broad and 
shallow; flesh, yellowish, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. September to 
October. (Me. P. S. R.) 

Fall Harvey. 

Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, 
greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots ; stem, slender : cavity, deep ; 
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy; -very good." October and November. 

Fall Jennetting. 
Fall Gennettin g. 
Probably American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, ribbed at base, 
narrowing to the eye, pale greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks; 
stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx^ closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, 
angular; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy; "very good." October and 
November. There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from 
July to September, which is sour and unworthy. 

Fall Pearmain. 

A variety considerably grown in Connecticut. Trees, moderate bearers ; 
healthy. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical; color, yellow ground, 
mostly overspread with red in stripes, patches, &c., and many grayish green 
dots ; stem, medium ; cavity deep,, slightly russeted ; calyx, partly closed ; 
basin, deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich 
aromatic flavor. September and October. So far as we have met with 
this, at the West and Southwest, it proves successful. 

Fall Seek-no-Further. 
Winter Seek-no-Further. 
Tree, thrifty and productive. Origin, unknown ; grown in Connecticut, 
and much prized there. 

Fruit, very large, oblate : skin, yellow", mostly shaded Avith red. striped 
with darker red and covered with numerous grayish dots ; stalk, rather long, 
inserted in a broad, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very broad, 
uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, sub- 
acid flavor. October, January. (Downing.) 

Farley's Pi,ed. 
From Kentucky. Tree, hardy and productive. Fruit, roundish conical 
angular ; color, yellowish, shaded and striped with bright, rich red, dotted 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 139 

•with light dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, irregular, thinly russeted ; 
calyx, open: basin, shallow, uneven; flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant. 
January to April. 

Father Abraham. 
From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's 
description : " Small, fiat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker 
red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, juicy, 
agreeable. Early Winter. Keeps till April." 

Favorite. 

From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yellow, 
striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short ; cavity, 
deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular : core, medium ; seeds, long, 
ovate ; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." Novem- 
ber to January. 

Fay's Russet. 

From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, small, 
conical, light yellow russet, faintly striped with red ; stem, short ; calyx, 
with long segments ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. 
March to April. 

Ferdinand. 

Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit, 
large, oblate irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick : calyx, open ; 
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New. 
(Wm. Sumner in Hort.) 

Ferris. 
"Westchester Seek-no-Farther. 

Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, yellow shades and stripes of red ; 
stem, slender ; cavity, broad, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, 
yellow, crisp, tender, mild sula-acid ; "very good;" core, small. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Fisk's Seedling. 

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive ; highly 
esteemed in its locality. 

Fruit, medium, oblate oblique; skin, deep red on the sunny side, indis- 
tinctly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots ; 
stalk, medium length, in a round, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, large, seg- 
ments reflexed, in a broad basin of moderate depth ; flesh, greenish white, 
tender, melting, with a rich vinous, saccharine flavor. October, November! 
(Robert Wilson's MS. ; Downing.) 

Fleiner. 

Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright. Fruit, medium, oblong, 
lemon yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " good." Septem- 
ber and October. Productiveness its chief merit. 

Ford Apple. 

Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, 
roundish, slightly conical ; color, rich yellow; stem, long: cavit)', shallow ; 
basin, small, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, solid, moderately tender, with 
a high, rich, rather acid flavor. October, January. (Cult.) 



140 



THE APPLE. 

Flushing Spitzenberg. 



American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots. Fruit, medium, round- 
ish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish 
red, russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender : 




cavity, narrow; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, rather large; flesh, 
white, tinged yellow, juicy, mild, crisp, nearly sweet; ''very good.''" 
November to February. 

FOCHT. 

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree, a low open head : productive. 
Fruit, large, oblate, slightly conic angular; skin, pale yellow, sometimes 
with a blush ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, russeted ; calyx, almost 
closed ; cavity, broad and shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with 
a good sub-acid flavor. October, December. Excellent for culinary 
purposes. (Downing.) 

Foundling. 

Funtling, | Shirley, | Groton. 
Native of Mass. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, 
yellowish green, with broken stripes, pale red, greenish specks ; stem, short, 
slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, medium ; 
seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. August 
and September. 

Franklin Golden Pippin. 

Sudlow's Fall Pippin, 
American. Tree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer. Fruit, 
medium, roundish ovate conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with 
fine whitish net-work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; 
calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; 
" very good." October. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



141 



French's Sweet. 

The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round 
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly 
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ptipe, October and November, and will keep till 
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.) 



Fronclin. 
Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer, 
medium, regular, round^ bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. 
(Pom. Trans.) 

Gabriel. 
Ladies' Blush, erroneously. 



Fruit, 

New. 




The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove 
identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under 
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers; fruit, 
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with 
pale red; stem, slender; cavity, medium; calyx, small; basin, shallow; 
core medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; 
'•best." October and November. 

Garretson's Early. 
John Garretson's Early. 
Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun 
dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; pale green, becoming yel 
lowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx 
closed; basin, ribbed ; core, large; seeds, plump; flesh, white, crisp, tender, 
sub-acid; '"very good." August. 

George. 
From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, 



142 THE APPLE. 

oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; tasin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, flrnij 
juicy, mild acid. July. 

Giles. 
From Wallingford. Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, ten- 
der, juicy; " very good." October to November. 

Gilpin. 

Carthouse, | Eomanite of the "West. 
From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it 
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, 
deep red and yellow ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
sometimes furrowed; core, medium; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy; 
will keep a year. 

Gloucester White. 
American ; medium, roundish oblong, bright yellow, black patches ; flesh, 
breaking, dry. October and November. 

GOBLE PbUSSET. 
Sweet Seek-no-further. 
Medium to large, oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red ; flesh 
whitish yellow, dry, sweet. October and December. 

Golden Goss. 
Fruit, roundish flattened, angular, yellow; stem, slender; calyx, nearly 
closed; flesh, whitish, juicy, brisk; " very good;" core, medium. 

Grandfather. 
American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; color, yellowish white, striped, 
splashed, and shaded with rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted ; 
calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, with prominent angles ; flesh, 
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. 

Granniwinkle. 
Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed only 
for cider. Fruit, medium, roundisli oblong, dark red; flesh, yellowish, sweet. 
October and November. 

Granny Earle. 
Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, 
white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. JMag.) 

Green's Choice. 
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish conical; skin, yellow, striped with red ; flesh, tender, juicy, 
very mild sub-acid or almost sweet ; ripe, last of August and first of 
September. 

Green Cheese. 
■Winter Cheese, [ Turner's Green. 
Origin, Tennessee. Tree, of rather slow growth, an early and abundant 
bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, obliquely depressed ; skin, greenish yellow, 
covered with brown dots ; stalk, very short, in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by russet ; calyx, partially closed, in a broad, shallow, uneven 
basin ; flesh, rather fine, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavor. November to 
April. (Downing.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. . 143 

Green Mountain Pippin. 
From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. Fruit, medium, 
oblate, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and crown ; skin, greenish yel- 
low ; stalk, medium, curved, in a rather broad, deep cavity, surrounded 
with russet ; calyx, open, in a broad, shallow basin ; flesh, white, crisp, 
juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November and February. 

Greenskin. 
Southern Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, 
greenish yellow, oily ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
broad, open ; flesh, juicy, core, sweet, vinous, very good dessert apple ■ core, 
small. October to January. 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. 
From Brooke Co., Va. Fruit, medium, oblong flattened, golden yellow; 
flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good." December to March. 

Gully. 

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium ; white, with blush 
cheek; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) 

Hagloe. 
Summer Hagloe. 
Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots ; valued for cooking, 
often fine for dessert. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on yel- 
low ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small, ovate, cider 
fruit. . 

Hain. 
Origin, Berks Co.. Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. Fruity 
large, globular, inclining to oblong; skin, yellow, striped, marbled and 
mottled with red ; stalk, rather long, slender, set in a deep, abrupt cavity ; 
calyx, nearly closed ; basin, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, white, juicy, 
tender, rich, sweet and slightly aromatic. November, March. (Downing.) 

Hall. 

Hall's Eed, | Jenny's Seedling. 

From North Carolina. Fruit small, roundish flattened, mostly red, with 
many dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, open ; basin, small ; flesh, yellowish, 
fine-grained, juicy, rich, vinous aromatic ; " best." January. This variety 
should be introduced Southwest as a dessert apple. The trees are very 
hardy. 

Hamphill. 

From North Carolina. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; very productive ; 
young wood, reddish gray. Fruit, medium, roundish, straw color marbled 
and washed with red ; stem, long ; basin and cavity, small ; flesh, firm^ 
sub-acid, juicy; "very good." November to May. 

Harris, 

Originated with Mr. Harris, Rockingham Co.. N. C. Tree, vigorous, 

erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, 

bright straw color, occasionally with a pink blush ; stem, very short and 

stout : cavity, broad and shallow ; basin, large and deep ; flesh, coarse, 



144 THE APPLE. 

pleasant, sub-acid. Last of August and continues a longtime; valuable 
for culinary purposes. (G. W. Johnson.) 

Harrison. 
Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until 
March, it becomes " very good " for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very 
productive. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate j yellow, with black 
specks, light-suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, 
closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, 
large ; seeds, long, ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, 
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark 
cider is made. 

Harnish. 

Fruit, medium, oblong oval, slightly angular ; skin, mostly shaded with 
dark red. and sprinkled with grayish dots ; flesh, compact, tender, not juicy, 
almost sweet, pleasant. September to October. From Pennsylvania, said 
to have originated in Lancaster County. (Downing.) 

Hartford Sweeting. 

Spencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting. 

Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive. Fruit, 

large, roundish flattened, red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; 

cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; 

" very good." December to March. 

Haskell Sweet. 

Sassafras Sweet. 

Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture. Fruit, 
large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun ; stem and cavity, 
medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost " best." 
October. 

Hawthornden. 

White Hawthornden, | Mountaineer. 
Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, blush in sun : 
flesh, white, acid. October, November. Not equal to Maiden's Blush. 

Heart's Pippin. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at ends, oblique ; color, pale yellow, 
with suff'used shades of whitish yellow, and faint blush cheek in sun ; 
stem, medium ; cavity, regular, even, moderately deep, russeted ; calyx, 
with five distinct, erect, open segments ; basin, regular, medium depth / 
flesh, white, very tender, acid, juicy, fine for sauce ;. core, medium ' seeds, 
roundish oval. November. 

Hector. 
From Chester County, Pa. Large, oblong conical, striped and mottled 
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ; 
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

Helen's Favorite. 

From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light spots, 
stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep j calyx, small ; core, compact ; seeds, 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



small; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy; 
uary and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 



145 

■ very good." Jan- 



Henry. 



From Vermont. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, conical; color, 
yellow, bronzed red in sun. small gray dots ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, small ; flesh, yellow ; " good." October, December. 

Herman. 

From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, 
red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy; "very good." 
December to April. (Pom. Trans.) 

Hess. 

American. From Lancaster County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish 
conical ; shades of red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow ; basin, deep, 
narrow; flesh, greenish white, tender, aromatic. December to March. 
" Good to very good." 

Higby's Sweet. 




According to present information, this variety originated in Trumbull 
County, Ohio. It is a good and regular bearer, and extremely valuable as 
a table fruit. Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish flattened, 
often one side enlarged or obliqvie ; color, pale, clear yellow, with faint 
tinge of red is seen small obscure dots, and mostly apparently underneath 
the skin ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, regular, moderate depth, russeted 
regular; calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, deep, pretty regular, slightly 
furrowed ; flesh, white, very tender, pleasantly sweet, juicy and well fla- 
vored ; core, small ; seeds, plump, round ovate. October to March. 
7 



146 THE APPLE. 

Highlander. 
Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree, a good grower, very productive; 
fruit, medium, oblate, approaching conic ; skin, greenish, mottled and 
striped with red • stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a rather deep 
cavity ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, 
with a pleasant vinous flavor. September, October. (Downing.) 

Hilton. 
Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive ; apples 
making the finest tarts and pies. It is not equal to the Fall Pippin for 
eating. Fruit, very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than 
the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it ; a 
little naiTOwed next the eye ; stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply sunk ; 
calyx, small, closed, moderately simk in a slight plaited basin ; skin, green- 
ish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on 
one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large 
greenish dots. (Downing.) 

Hill's Favorite. 

From Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish 
conical, yellow shaded and striped with red, whitish dots, thin bloom , 
stem, short ; cavity, uneven ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yel- 
low, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic; core, medium; "very good." Septem- 
ber, October. 

Hixon's Favorite. 

American. The fruit resembles Houghton Seedling in size and quality. 
The plant is of dwarf habit ; upright growth, hardy and productive. 

Hocking. 
Western. Fruit, medium to large ; red and yellow striped, sometimes 
slightly russeted ; stem, medium length: cavity, open, broad; basin, 
shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, 
small. August. Tree, upright, vigorous grower, hardy and productive. 
Origin, uncertain ; may prove identical with some Eastern sort — as yet 
only known West. 

Hollady's Seedling. 
Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania County, Va. A very thrifty, 
upright grower, a good bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate ; color, yellow, with 
a faint blush, and sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh, yellowish, compact, ten- 
der, rich, aromatic. November to March. (H. Pi,. Roby.) 

Hooker. 
Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, 
medium, conic, slightly obJique ; skin, greenisli yellow, shaded with dull 
crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots : stalk, 
short, inserted in a very shallow cavity ; calyx, small, partially closed, in 
a small, abrupt basin ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub- 
acid flavor. November to January. 

Hoover. 
Raised by Mr. Hoover, of Edisto, South Carolina. Fruit, large and 
beautiful, nearly globular, inclining to conic; color, rich, dark crimson, 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC 



U1 



peculiarly marked with round, white spots, of about an eighth of an inch 
in size; stem, half an inch long, fleshy; calyx, open, in a smooth, green- 
ish yellow basin ; flesh, white ; flavor, brisk acid. November to Februai-y 

Holland Pippin. 



Eeinette d'Holland, 
Summer Pippin, 



Pie Apple, 

French. Pippin, of some. 




Tree, resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but 
from which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted 
in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip- 
tion to Fall Pippin, with this diff'erence, more regular round, stem shorter, 
cavity not as deep, more broad and open ; calyx smaller, and basin not as wide. 

Housum's Red. 

From Berks County, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides ; skin, 
red, in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not 
deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited : flesh, fine tex- 
ture, tender, with delightful aroma ; " very good." at least. October to 
February. (W. D. B.) 

Howe's Russet. 

Origin. Shrewsbury, Mass. Very much resembles Roxbury Russet, and 
may be seedling of it. Fruit, large, oblate, often conic, angular ; skin, 
greenish yellow, mostly covered with russet, and generally with a bronzed 
cheek ; stalk, short, inserted in a broad cavity ; calyx, partially closed ; 
basin, abrupt, uneven; flesh, yellowish, compact, brisk vinous flavor. 
January to May. (Downing.) 



148 THE APPLE. 

Hughes. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. From Thomas Hughes, said to be an abundant 
bearer ; large, roundish. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous 
gray dots ■ stem, variable in length, slender, inserted in a moderately deep, 
open cavity ; calyx, large, open, set in a wide, deep, sometimes plaited basin j 
flesh, fine texture, tender, juicy ; flavor, very agreeable, saccharine with- 
out being sweet, with a delicate and delicious aroma ; quality, " very 
good," if not " best." March, April. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Hunter. 
From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, striped 
and splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, 
small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy 
October. 

Hunt's PlUsset. 

Origin, Mr. Hunt's Farm, Concord, Mass. Growth, rather slow, bears 
annually and abundantly. 

Fruit, small, conic ; skin, russet, shaded with dull red, on a greenish 
yellow ground ; stalk, short, slender ; cavity, deep and broad ; calyx, closed : 
segments, long, recurved in a round open basin ; flesh, juicy, fine grained, 
rather rich, sprightly, sub-acid flavor. December to April. Little known 
at the West. 

HURLBUT. 
Hurlbut Stripe. 

Origin, farm of Gen. Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree, very vigorous, 
and great bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin, 
yellow, shaded with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly 
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a broad, 
deep cavity, surrounded by russet; calyx, closed, basin rather shallow; 
flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild sprightly sub-acid flavor. No- 
vember, December. (Downing.) 

Indiana Favorite. 

From Fayette Co., Ind. Tree, spreading head, good bearer. Fruit, 
medium to large, round, flattened at ends, tapering to calyx, angular ; yel- 
low, mostly covered, splashed and striped with two shades of red, many- 
russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, irregular, short 
segments ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid, almost sweet, plea- 
sant ; " very good ;" core, compact ; seeds, pointed, light brown. January 
to April. 

Iola. 

Southern origin. Fruit, large, oblate angular, compressed horizontally ; 
skin, yellow, mottled, marbled, striped and shaded with crimson ; stem, 
short, in rather large cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, in an abrupt 
furrowed basin ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous, rich and 
agreeable. A very delightful apple ; core, small. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Jabez Sweet. 

From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, dull 
red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



149 



Jackson. 
From Bucks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, greeni,sh yellow, 
with dark blotches and gray dots in sun, faint stripes and raottlings of red • 
stem, in a deep narrow cavity j calyx, closed; basin, slightly furrowed; 
flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, aromatic flavor. October, December. 

Jefferson County. 
From Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, 
globular ; color, greenish yellow, with marblings and shades of red russet 
in sun ; stem, in a deep cavity ; calyx, small ; basin, deep _: flesh, crisp, 
juicy, mild sub-acid. October, December. 

Jenkins. 
Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate 
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground 
stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, closed 
basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seeds, grayish brown, 
acute-ovate; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy: flavor, agreeably 
saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; "very good," if not "best.'' 
The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples peculiarly fitted for the 
table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.) 

Jewett's Red. 
Jewetfs Fine EeJ, | Nodhead. 

V/7?] 




Tree, slow, rather slender, diverging growth ; fruit, unfair while young ; 
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to suc- 
ceed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the eye, 
sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped with red, 
numerous white dots; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, par- 
tially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate 
rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild aromatic sub- 
acid. November to February. 



150 THE APPLE. 

Jersey Pippin. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, round oblong conical, flattened, pale yellow- 
ish green, faint stripes red • stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
rather large ] basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, green- 
ish yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. 
New. 

Johnson. 

From Brookfield, Conn. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; smooth, strip- 
ed red on yellow, dark red in sun • flesh, tender, crisp, juicy ; very fine. 
Avigust, September. 

John's Sweet. 

Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. A good grower, somewhat straggling ; 
a prolific bearer. 

Fruit, medium, oblong or conic ; skin, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, 
and splashed with red ; stem, short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded 
by russet ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt basin ; flesh, juicy, tender, with 
a sweet peculiar flavor. January to May. (Downing.) 

Junalieska. 
Raised in Cherokee Co., North Carolina, by J. Whittaker. Fruit, largej 
globular, inclining to conic ; skin, fine yellow color, speckled with dark 
brown russet ; stem, short and fleshy • cavity, narrow ; basin, very small ,• 
flesh, yellow, with a sprightly sub-acid flavor. November to March. (J. 
Van Beuren.) (Downing.) 

Keim. 
Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, pale waxen yellow ; stem, long, 
slender : cavity, medium ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; 
core, medium ; flesh, white, tender, mild, pleasant ; " very good." January 
to March. 

Keiser. 

Eed Seek-no-further. 

An old variety much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly prized, 
growth of tree like Rarabo. 

Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular* skin, pale 
yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with 
large grayish dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a large cavity ] calyx, small, 
closed in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin- flesh, yellowish, not very 
juicy, but mild sub-acid. November to February. 

There is another Red Seek-no-further, grown near Lebanon, Pa., distinct, 
and a universal favorite there. December to April. 

Kelsey. 
Origin, Berks County, Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. Size, me- 
dium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical ; skin, greenish yel- 
low, with occasionally a faint blush and numerous gray dots ; stem, short, 
inserted in a deep, moderately open cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a very 
shallow, plaited basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, greenish white ; flavor, 
mild, and exceedingly pleasant, fragrant aroma ; quality, very good. March. 
(W. D. Brinckie.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



151 



Eed Spitzenberg, 
Eed Pearmain, 
Eed Winter Pearmain, 
Long Pearmain, 



Kaighn's Spitzenberg. 

aef?f:;main,}-~-^2'' 
Long John, 
Eed Pippin, 



Eed Phoenix, 
Sheepnose, of some, 
Eussam. 




This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good 
qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, as 
the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. Meet- 
ing, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name, Spit- 
zenberg, was derived from a mountain "berg." Fruit, large, oblong rounded ; 
yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about even with 
surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, slightly 
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, irregular in form ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, 
dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in Michigan as 
Red Belleflower. 

Ketchum's Favorite. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, Sudbury, Vt. Tree, vigorous and product- 
ive. Fruit, medium, irregularly oval, inclining to conic; skin, light waxen 
yellow, slightly shaded with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine 
dots ; stalk of medium length, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by 
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep and narrow ; flesh, white, with a very mild, 
rich, and excellent flavor. September to January. (Downing.) 



162 THE APPLE. 



King Apple. 



From Mason Co., Ky. Fruit yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with 
dull red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to 
the Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin, 
shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, medium ; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. 

KiRKBRIDGE WhITE. 

Medium in size or rather large, oval, ribbed, tapering equally to each end, 
and blunt at the ends ■ skin, smooth, pale yellow ; stem, short ; cavity and 
basin both very narrow ; flesh, very tender, sub-acid, fine-grained ; " good." 
Latter part of Summer. 

Klaproth. 

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, round- 
ish flattened, greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, light specks 
and russet spots ; stem, short ; cavity, smooth, deep : calyx, small, closed ; 
segments, reflexed; basin, broad ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid; •' very 
good." August to October. Valuable for market. 

Kohl. 

From Germany. Tree, thrifty, good grower ; new. Fruit, small, round- 
ish ; crisp, juicy ; good keeper. December, May. 

Krow^ser. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., where it is exceedingly popular. Tree, a hand- 
some grower and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conic; color, 
whitish yellow, striped and splashed with carmine ; stalk, rather short, 
inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small and corrugated ; 
flesh, white^ tender, mild sub-acid flavor. December, March. 

Lancaster. 

Lancaster Greening. 

From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit, 
medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches : 
stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greepish white, juicy, sub- 
acid ; valued for keeping till April. 

Landon. 

From Vermont. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ground, mottled with 
two shades of red, minute dots with grayish suflused skin surrounding ; stem, 
medium; cavity, regular, with a tinge of greenish russet; calyx, with broad 
segments nearly closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed : flesh, yellowish, crisp, 
firm, tender, juicy, aromatic ; '• very good," or " best ;" core, medium ; 
seeds, abundant. January to March. A new variety that promises high 
value. 

Landrum. 

American. Fruit, medium, conical, deep crimson sprinkled with large 
white dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; 
basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous; 
" very good ;" core, small. October. November. 



UHTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 153 

Lane's Red Streak. 
Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree, of moderate 
growth. Fruit, large, round conical, regular ; color, yellow, with very fine 
short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful ; flesh, white, fine, tender, 
pleasant sub-acid, of fair quality. October. (McWhorter.) 

Lake. 
Growii by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, abundant bearer, fruit 
hangs well. Fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yelIo'v\", mostly 
overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots; cavity, deep; calyx, 
closed ; basin, open ,• core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, tender, 
juicy, sub-acid ; '• very good." October. 

Late Queen. 

Brown's Late Queen. 

American. Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on 

yellow, bluish tinge at stem end. and many large russet dots ; calyx, closed ; 

basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ) stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; flesh, 

yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid; "very good." September and October. 

Lecker. 
Laquier, | Lacker. 
From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, round- 
ish oblate : skin, striped with crimson on a pale red, with numerous large 
dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, narrow, 
rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark cinnamon, 
short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy, " good," at least. 
December to March. (W. D. B.) 

Ledge Sweet. 
From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer. Fruit, large, 
roundish flattened ; yellowish green tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus- 
set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ; 
basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, 
juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) 

Leland Spice. 
Leland Pippin, | New York Spice. 
From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green- 
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half- 
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; 
'• best." October to December. Deserves more attention than yet received. 

Leicester Sweet. 
, Potter Sweet. 

Rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red; tender, rich, excel- 
lent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. Tree, vigorous, not very pro- 
ductive. Origin, Leicester, Mass. (Cole.) 

Lewis. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Indiana. A good grower, and productive. Fruit, 
medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellowish, striped with crimson, and partially 
covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray and brown 
7* 



154 



THE APPLE. 



dots : stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed, or nearly so, in 
a moderate basin ; flesh, yellow, compact, with a rich sub-acid flavor ; not 
very juicy. November, February. (Downing.) 




The Liberty Apple, as exhibited at the Ohio State Fruit Conventions, is 
claimed to be a seedling of Delaware county, in that state. Its claim for 
introduction to the West, we think, rests upon its character as a long keeper, 
even when grown on rich prairie lands. 

Fruit, medium to large; form, oblong oblique conical; color, yellowish, 
striped and splashed with shades of red — often the red is most prominent at 
first glance, and it appears as though there was a shade of rich yellow 
marbled underneath, small, irregular, russet dots, and occasionally a large 
oblong rounded russet patch; stem, usually medium height ; cavity, narrow, 
of medium depth, regular ; calyx, large ; segments, half open, slightly 
recurved, basin, open, broad, acute; flesh, yellow, firm, a little tough, juicy, 
rich, mild sub-acid; skin, thick, tough; core, medium, central, compact; 
seeds, light brown, ovate long, pointed. February to June. 



LocY. 

Globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong or conic; 
skin, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, inserted in a 
small, acute cavity ; calyx, closed, in an open, furrowed basin ; flesh, green- 
ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a, very pleasant, brisk, vinous flavor. Novem- 
ber, February. (Downing.) 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 



155 



Limber Twig. 

James Eiver. 




A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, hardy, 
productive. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light yel- 
low, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and occa- 
sional patch of russet: stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel shape, 
russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, hollow; 
seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; '• very good." 
Keeps to May. For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. 

Long Stem. 

From Berks Co., Pa. Below medivim, roundish oblong, sometimes angu- 
lar ; skin, red, in faint stripes, with a number of gray russet dots ; stem, 
long ; cavity, medium, acuminate ; basin, small, shallow, plaited ; flesh, 
greenish white, tender, agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenberg aroma; 
quality, '• very good." This is distinct from the " Long Stem " of Cole, 
which is large, roundish, pale yellow, brown in sun; calyx, large; basin, 
broad, shallow; flesh, white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A 
native of Mass. And also distinct from the '■ Long Stem " of Count. 



LoRiNG Sweet. 

Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow-, tinged with 
pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
medium, closed: basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet • "very good." Nov. to Jan. 



156 THE APPLE. 

Loudon Pippin. 
Tree, productive ; most grown in Northern "Virginia. Fruit, large, rounfl- 
ish conical ; greenish yellow : stem, short ; calyx, large ; flesh, greenish 
white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples 
should be. 

LowRE Queen. 

Loure Queen. 
Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; some- 
what resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, oft 
angular; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular dots. 
or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regular, 
deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly 
furrowed; core, small; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; 
"very good." November to February. 

Lyscom. 
Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. 
From Mass. Fruit, large, round; greenish yellow, broken stripes, 
and splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin 
plaited ; flesh, fine-grained, mild sub-acid. September to November. 

Macomber. 
Origin, Guilford, Maine. Fniit, full medium, oblate angular ; skin, yel- 
lowish, shaded and striped with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large ; calyx, 
closed; basin, large and regular; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender; flavor 
sub-acid, December to January. (Downing.) 

Magnolia. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. Fruit, medium, 

oblate conic ; skin, yellow, beautifully striped and mottled with crimson ; 

stalk, short, in a broad, uneven cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, 

white, tender, juicy, with a brisk, aromatic flavor. October. (Downing.) 

Maiden's Favorite. 
Maiden's Apple. 
From Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree, a slow grower, productive. Fruit, below 
medium, oblong rounded, pale yellow, shaded with blush, sometimes mot- 
tled carmine, and few minute dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, thin, russeted ; 
calyx, closed; segments persistent ; basin, regular; flesh, whitish, crisp, 
very delicate, vinous ; " very good :" a dessert apple. December to 
February. 

Mansfield Russet. 
American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, small, oblong conical ; 
cinnamon russet; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long segments : flesh, white, 
aromatic * " very good;" core, small. 

Manomet Sweet. 

Horseblock. 

From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, A'igorous, good bearer. Fruit, medium, 

roundish; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and 

trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender; cavity, shallow; calyx, large, 

closed ; long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, medium ; 



UNTESTED. VARIETIES, ETC. 



157 



flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet; "very good."' August and 
September. 

Male Carle. 

Mela Caria, I Pomme de Charles, I Charles Apple. 

Mela de Carlo, | Pomme Finale, | 




Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil is 
rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should 
always have a place. North, it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu- 
lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxy lemon yellow, with distinct 
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by 
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, slen- 
der ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small: basin deep ; core, small ; 
seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose perfume ; 
" best," October to January. 

Maria Bush. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. A healthy grower and good bearer. 
Fruit, large, roundish oblate ; skin, yellow shaded, striped and splashed 
with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, large : 
basin, abrupt and open ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sub-acid. October 
and November. 

Marks. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania, on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree, 
vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering 
slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; skin, yellowish white, with a few 
russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half an 
inch long, rather stout ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, 



158 THE APPLE. 

closed: basin, narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted; flesh, whitish, tender, 
fine texture, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not "best." 
January to March. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Marks. 

From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering slightly 
to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few russet dots, 
nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch long ; cavity, 
narrow, deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whitish, ten- 
der, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not 
" best." (W. D. B.) 

Marston's Rkd Winter. 

From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, round- 
ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun. russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; 
cavity, deep 3 calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds, dark 
brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy; "very good." January to April. 

Major. 
Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; 
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in 
length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, 
uneven, shallow: flesh, yellowish, crisp; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac- 
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, 
however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 

May. 
Medium sized, roundish conical, flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull 
red streaks ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; valued only for its earliness, 
which, in the South, is the latter end of May. 

McAfee's Nonsuch. 
From Kentucky ; somewhat grown Southwest. Fruit medium, roundish 
flattened, oblique angular ; yellowish, mostly overspread with two shades 
red, bluish tinge, and grayish dots apparently raised on surface ; stem, short, 
slender; cavity, open, little russeted, broad, deep; calyx, medium; seg- 
ments, short, stifle, half open, erect, reflexed : basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, 
firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, compact ; seeds, short, 
ovate; "very good." December to February. 

McHenry. 
Origin, Hamilton Co.. Ohio. Growth upright and free, moderately pro- 
ductive ; color, and quality similar to American Summer Pearmain. Sep- 
tember to December. (Jackson.) 

Meacii. 
From Vermont. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, greenish 
yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots ; 
stalk, long, rather slender, set in a pretty large cavity ; calyx, closed in a 
corrugated basin ; flesh, yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid, 
aromatic. October and November. 

Meigs. 
Fruit, large, regular oblong, narrowing to the eye, sometimes slightly 
ribbed; skin, yellow, but moslly concealed with a marbling of red, and 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 159 

sprinkled ■with prominent yellow dots; calyx, small and closed, set in a 
narrow basin ; stem, very shoi't, thick, in a narrow, deep cavity ; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, tender, juicy^ with a rich, slightly sub-acid flavor. Autumn. 
^White's Gard.) 

Meister. 
From Berks Co., Pa. Size, below medium ; roundish conical ; skin, 
greenish yellow, striped with red, with numerous white spots, and russet 
dots ; stem, nearly half an inch long, inserted in a wide, moderately deep 
cavity : calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, shallow basin ; flesh, tender • 
flavor sprightly and pleasant: quality, "very good." October. (Int. Rep.) 

Melvin Sweet. 
From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped 
with pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. (Hov, Mag.) 

Melt in the Mouth. -° 

Melting Mouth, I Melting. 
Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical ; deep red on a green 
ground, small white dots ; stem, long, slender, curved : cavity, broad, deep ; 
calyx, small, closed; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid; very 
good. October and November. 

Mifflin King. 
From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong, red on yellow; flesh, tender, 
juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) 

Milam. 
Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some. 
American. Small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped dull 
red ; flesh, greenish, insipid. December and March. This variety con- 
tinues to have its friends South and West. It should be superseded, for it is 
unworthy. 

Miller Apple. 
Supposed to be a seedling, and brought to notice by James 0. Miller, 
Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, 
rather large, oval or conical ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stalk, short, 
inserted in a deep, large cavity ; calyx open, in a broad, uneven basin ; 
flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a rather mild, rich, pleasant flavor. Sep- 
tember and October. (Downing.) 

Monarch. 
A fruit considerably grown. West ; will yet probably prove identical with 
some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; rich dark 
red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, 
deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, 
ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, perfumed ; 
" good." October. 

Monk's Favorite. 

From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree very thrifty, rapid growth, annual 
bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, 
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity, 
open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow- 
ish white ; sub-acid, tender ; " very good." December to June. 



160 THE APPLE. 

Morrison's Red. 
From Medfield, Mass. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, above 
medium, conical, angular ; whitish yellow, shaded and striped with deep 
red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, 
tender, crisp, mild, pleasant: core, large, open. January. 

Mountain Sprout. 
American. Fruit, medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white 
dots. 

Mouse. 

Moose. 
From Ulster Co', N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish 
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; 
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than "very good." De- 
cember to March. 

Murray. 
Southern. Fruit, medium, oblong conical, rich yellow: stem, short; 
cavity, deep ; basin, deep ; flesh, whitish, brisk sub-acid. January to 
March. South. 

Musk Spice. 

Fruit; small, roundish flattened, yellowish, bright, clear red cheek ; stem, 
long ; cavity, shallow : calyx, closed : segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid; "very good." October. 

Munson Sweeting. 
Orange Sweet, | Eay Apple, | Meachum's Sweet. 
From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark-colored ; short- 
jointed shoots, good bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; 
pale yellow, blush in sun : flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, sweet ; 
"very good." October to December. 

Nantehalee. 
Maiden's Bosom. 
Origin, Alabama ; introduced by Dr. W. 0. Baldwin, of Montgomery. 
In size large, in shape quite conical, and deeply ribbed ; in color a beau- 
tiful pale waxen yellow ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a narrow, 
deep cavity ; calyx, rather large, basin deep, very much ribbed ; flesh, 
white, juicy, and pleasant. Middle of July to first of August. (J. Van 
Beuren, MS.) 

Ne Plus Ultra. 

Southern. Fruit very large, roundish flattened, angular; shades of 
crimson with large brightish dots : stem, short ; cavity^ deep, broad, sui-- 
rounded by rus.set ; calyx, open: basin, large, deep, furrowed, downy; 
flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, vinous ; core, small ; " very good " 
or " best." October. 

Nequassa. 

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., North Carolina. 

Fruit, large, oblate ; color, yellow, striped with red ; stem, of moderate 
length, inserted in a large, open cavity ; basin, smooth and open ; flesh, white, 
and very sweet. November to January. (J. Van Beuren's MS. in Downing.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 161 

Neversick. 
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an 
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, 
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short 
and rather stout ; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large • basin, 
deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, 
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much shriv- 
eled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; quality, " very good." 
(W. D. B.) 

Newark King. 

Hinchman. 

An old variety from Newark, New Jersey ; originally described by Coxe. 
It is sometimes shown as " King " of New Jersey, and it is for this we have 
taken it from our list of unworthy sorts. It is unworthy attention along 
side of " Tompkins County King." Tree strong, spreading grower, pro- 
ductive. Fruit medium, roundish conical; striped and shaded with two 
shades red on a yellow ground, grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, me- 
dium ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed : flesh, white, firm, pleasant ; 
core small ; " good." October to February. 

Newark Pippin. 
French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. 
Tree, crooked, irregular growth. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish 
to clear yellow, small black dots; cavity and basin, deep; flesh, yellow, 
tender, sub-acid; '-very good." November to February. 

NiCKEJACK, 
Summerour. 
American. From North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate, red striped and 
mottled on greenish yellow; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, large, partially 
open ; core, small ; seed, light brown ; flesh, tender, juicy, delicate ; "best." 
Well adapted to the Southern and Southwestern States. November to 
April. 

Northern Sweet. 
Northern Golden Sweet. 
From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer. 
Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich 
yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly fur- 
rowed ; stem, rather stout, swollen at base ; cavity, shallow ; flesh, white, 
tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November. 

Oconee Greening. 
Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Fruit very 
large, roundish flattened; skin, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, russet 
about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots; calyx, open, in a shallow, 
slightly- furrowed basin; stalk, very short, in a rather regular, deep cavity; 
flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic, 
lively, sub-acid juice ; quality, "best." — (Ad. Int. Rept., Ga. H. Sc.) 

Ohio Red Streak, 
Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio. Growth, vigorous, 
upright. Fruit medium, oblate ; sldn, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 



162 THE APPLE. 

•with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large, russeted ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, 
shallow, uneven ; flesh, rather compact, juicy, rich, sub-acid. January to 
April. (Downing.) 

Old Town Crab. 
Spice Apple, of Va. 
Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ; 
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) 

Orange. 

Holden, | Holden Pippin, | Ked Cheek. 
Hog Pen, I Jones' Pippin, 

From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and 

productive bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, 

short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ; 

flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid ; best when fresh from 

tree. October to December. 

Orndorf. 

From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon 
yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem, 
slender ; cavity and basin, deep : calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October 
and November. 

Orne's Early. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with 
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. 
September. (Thomas.) 

Osborn's Sweet. 
Osborn's Fall Sweet. 
Fruit, large, roundish ; lemon yellow, with specks ; flesh, yellow, crisp, 
tender, sweet. October. 

Overman's Sweet. 

From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical ; pale yellow, striped with 
red ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white, 
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November. 

Osceola. 
From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red, 
dotted with dark spots ; stein, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, 
sub-acid ; keeps till May. Resembles the Newtown Spitzenberg. 

Paragon. 

Downing's Paragon. 
Origin, Canton, 111. Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends ; 
pale yellow, faint blush ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half 
open ; basin, deep, slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, 
ovate pointed; flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, slightly sweet; nearly 
'' best." September to November. Good regular bearer. 

Pawpaw. 
Originated Little Bain, Ronde, Mich. Size, medium ; color, red, ob- 
scurely striped ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, mild sub-acid ; sprightly. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETO- 
Pfeiffer. 



163 



* From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ; 
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded 
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, on 
the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, rather 
large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. 

Phillips' Sweet. 

American ; native of Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright, wants strong 
heavy soil. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened : color, 
yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, yellowish, 
tender, juicy, crisp, December and January. 

Phillippi. 
From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, large, oblate conical ; skin, greenish-yellow, 
with numerous blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side ; 
stem, short and slender, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity ; calyx, 
small, closed, set in a narrow superficial basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, 
juicy, fragrant ; flavor delicate and fine quality ; " very good " or " best." 
January. (W. D. Brinckle.) 

PiCKMAN. 
Pickman Pippin. 




From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish; yellow, with scattered 
shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; 
calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, centre somewhat hollow ; seeds, 
light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid; valued for cooking. 
January to April. 

Pink Sweeting. 

Originated Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, producing 
enormous crops. Fruit, small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, 



164 THE APPLE. 

perfect in form ; rich, pleasant, sweet flavor, and a general favorite where 
known, but think it too small for general use. September and October. 

Pine Apple PtussET. 

Hardiugham's Eusset. 
Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over- 
spread with thin russet j stem, long; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ; 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. 

Pittsburg Pippin. 

Flat Pippin, I Swiss Apple, I "William Tell. 

Father Apple, | Switzer Apple, | 

Supposed origin, Pittsburgh., Pa. Tree, irregular grower, moderate 

bearer. Fruit, large, I'oundish flattened : pale yellow, with brown dots ; 

stem, short; cavity, deep, slightly russeted; calyx, nearly closed, segments 

long ; flesh, whitish, sprightly sub-acid ; core, medium. December to 

January. 

PoWNAL SpITZENBERG. 

From Pownal, Vermont. Worthy more attention. Fruit, above me- 
dium, roundish oblong; yellow, striped and overspread with red in sun, 
large russet specks ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, a little coarse ; " good." De- 
cember to February. 

Press Ewing. 

Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit, 
medium, roundish, flattened at base and crown, angular, slightly oblique ; 
skin, yellow, shaded and striped with crimson, and thickly covered with 
dots, having a dark centre ; stalk, medium, inserted in a very deep, narrow 
cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an uneven, abrupt, peculiar basin; flesh, yel- 
lowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor, 
aromatic. February till April. (Downing.) 

Progress. 
Esquire, | Miller's Best Sort. 
From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, yellow, 
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, tender. Keeps 
till Spring. 

Pumpkin Russet. 
Sweet Eusset, | York Eusset, | Flint Eusset. 
Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish green, thinly russeted ; stem, long; 
cavity, wide, shallow ; basin, small; flesh, dry, sweet ; ''good." Septem- 
ber to December. 

Putnam Harvey. 

American. Origin, uncertain ; first received by me from A. H. Ernst, 
Esq., Cincinnati. Fruit, of size medium or above, roundish flattened, pale 
green, with suffused white specks, patches of russet about the stem ; stem, 
lonu and slender, Avith a strong knob at end where joined to the tree ; 
Cdvity, narrow, rather deep; calyx, closed; segments long, connecting, re- 
flexed ; basin, varying, sometimes moderately deep and regular, sometimes 
slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, sub-acid, agree- 
able; core, medium, centre capsule open, seed capsules closed ; seeds, ovate 
pointed. August and September. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 



165 



Quince. 

Cole's Quince. 

From New York. Originally de.scribed by Coxe. Great bearer: .should 
be better known. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, with ridges, pale yellow, . 
occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line or ridge from 
stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long segments ; 
basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad concentric 
lines ; seeds, short ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, 
aromatic perfume, sub-acid ; " very good." December to March. 

Ragan. 





'0M^ 



Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, over- 
spread, striped, and marbled with light red, an occasional russet patch ; 
stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed • 
basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small; seeds, abundant; flesh, 
white, crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises valuable as an early 
Winter market variety. 

Randel's Best. 
Eandel Bert. 

Fruit, medium, globular, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly striped 
and overspread with dark red; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, shallow; 
core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, tender, smooth-grained, sweet. 
November to February. (A. H. Ernst, MS.) 



infi THE APPLE. 

Raritan Sweet. 
From New Jersey. Tree, productive ; valued for baking and stock. 
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, dull yellow, tinged with red in sun, irre- 
gularly scattered brownish red spots ; stem, short • cavity, deep, little 
russeted; calyx, with bold, stiff segments; basin, deep, irregular, slightly 
wi'inkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, sweet 
October, November. 

Rebecca. 

From Delaware. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, whitish yel- 
low, red cheek in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, 
deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." September. 

Red Cathead. 
Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, shaded with red, whitish 
dots J stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; flesh, yellowish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant; '-very good." October, November. 

Republican Pippin. 
Eed Eepublican. 
From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. 
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread- 
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, mottled and 
striped with red, few large gray dots; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; 
calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brow"n ; flesh, yellowish 
white, tender, sub-acid. September to October. 

Red Quarrenden. 

DevonsWre Quarrenden, | Sack Apple. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, clear, deep red, with specks 

of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; calyx, large, 

half closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; 

" very good." August. 

Red Sweet. 

Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer. Fruit, 
uniformly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cook 
ing. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellow, overspread and striped with 
lively red ; stem short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; 
core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. 
November to February. 

Richard's Graft. 

Derrick's Graft, | Wine Strawberry, 
Eed Spitzenberg. 

An old fruit, supposed from Ulster County, N. Y., but as yet little known. 
Tree, a free, upright grower, good bearer of an apple, fine for the dessert. 
Fruit, above medium, roundish flattenened ; yellow, striped with red ; 
stem, inch long ; cavity, deep, broad ; calyx, closed ; segments reflexed ; 
basin, deep ; flesh, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous. September to October. 

RiTTER. 

American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong, 
shades of red striped, white dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, narrow ; seed, 
short, plump ; flesh, tender ; " very good." October, November. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 167 

Ridge Pippin. 
Fruit, rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed • skin, yellow, 
■very slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots ; stalk, rather 
short, inserted generally in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt. 
uneven basin : flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost saccharine, 
slightly aromatic flavor. March, April. (Downing.) 

Rtest. 

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. Size, large, roundish, ribbed at 
apex ; skin, fair yellow ; Stem of medium length, in a narrow, moderately 
deep cavity, with some stellate russet rays ; calyx, small, closed, set in a 
narrow, contracted, ribbed basin; flesh, fine, flavor pleasant; '-very good." 
August. (W. D. Brinckle.) 

River. 

Origin. Mass. Tree of slow growth, but productive. Fruit, medium to 
large, oblong oval, slightly conic, ribbed ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded 
with dark red, with a slight bloom ; stalk, medium, deeply planted ; calyx, 
small, closed, set in a basin of moderate depth ; flesh, coarse, juicy, tender, 
pleasant sub-acid. August, September. (Downing.) 

Rock Sweet. 
From Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, strong grower, regular bearer. 
Fruit, medium, roundish conical, splashed and shaded with red, large 
whitish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; '' good."' September. 

Rock Apple. 
From New Hampshire. Fruit, large, roundish ; red on yellow ; flesh, 
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. September. 

Plockport Sweet. 
Originated with H. R. Spencer, Rockport, 0. Tree, a moderate healthy 
grower. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, flat at base ; waxy yellowish 
green, with brown russet or occasionally a dull red cheek ; stem, slender ; 
cavity, russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, regular, open ; flesh, white, 
juicy, pleasantly sweet: coi-e, open; seeds, ovate pointed ; "very good;" 
January to April. There is also a Rockport Sweet, originated in Mass., 
with a short, thick stem, set in a ribbed cavity. 

PtOADSTowN Pippin. 

From Roadstown, N. Jersey. Tree, strong, erect grower, good bearer ; 

market sort. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, angular ; greenish yellow, 

wiih green dots ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; 

basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid; '-good." August, September. 

PlUM Apple. 

Bromley's Eum. 

American. Tree, vigorous, upright, hardy, shoots slender, productive. 
Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, slight crimson shades ; stem, short; cavity, 
deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, whitish, juicy, sub-acid. 
November to March. 



168 



THE APPLE. 



Sailly Autumn. 
Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree, upright, vigorous and productive. 
Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, greenish yellow, the exposed side fre- 
quently deep red ; stalk, short, in a medium cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; 
basin, small, narrow; flesh, very tender, rich, high flavored, with a pecu- 
liar aroma. September. 

• Seever. 

Seever's Eed Streak. 

From Coshocton County, 0. Fruit, medium,, globular; lemon yellow, 
striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg- 
ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yel- 
lowish, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to November. 

Selma. 

From Clark County, 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened; 
yellow, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in 
sun ; stem, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, 
abrupt; core, medium; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellowish 
white, l3reaking, mild sub-acid ; '-very good." November to December. 

Scollop Gilliflower. 




This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been 
confounded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much 
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish 
conical, flattened at base, tapering towards the eye, sometimes angular, 
always much ribbed or scolloped; light yellow, striped and splashed with 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 169 

shades of light and dark red ] stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, 
irregular; calyx, with long segments.; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed; core, 
large, hollow; seeds, ovate rounded; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, 
juicy, slight tinge of sweet. November to February. 

Scarlet Pearmain. 

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach. 

Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils Fruit, medium, 
conical, red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, 
juicy, sub-acid; "good." September to October. 

SCHOONMAKER. 
Schoolmocker. 

Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit, in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish 
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; 
skin, little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; 
basin, open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk sub- 
acid ; "very good." January to March. 

September. 
Pride of September. 

Origin, Canton County, Pa. Tree, hardy and vigorous, a good and regu- 
lar bearer. Fruit, large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic 
angular ; skin, yellow, slightly shaded, and thinly sprinkled with brown 
dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin rus- 
set ; calyx, partially closed, set in an open basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender, 
juicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor. October. (Downing.) 

Sheppard's Sweet. 

Origin, Windham County, Conn. Tree, thrifty, upright, and a great 
bearer. Fruit, medium, angular oblong, approaching conic; skin, yellow, 
striped with red ; stalk, long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity ; calyx, 
firmly closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, white, tender,, sweet, and pleas- 
ant. October, November. 

Siberian Crab. 

The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as 
Pted, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double 
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for 
preserving, or grown for ornament. All Crabs, if left on the tree, will 
naturally dry and preserve themselves. 

Sinclair's Yellow. 

Fruit, small to medium, flat or roundish ; skin, smooth, of a fine orange 
color, darkened in the sun ; flesh, pale yellow, with a rich, sub-acid flavor ; 
a good bearer, and excellent for both the table and kitchen. June and 
July. 

SiNE-QUA-NON. 

From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit, 
medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh, 
greenish white, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. August. 
8 



170 THE APPLE. 

Slingerland Pippin. 

From Albany Co., N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, oblate angular, inclin- 
ing to conic, or distinctly conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with red. and sprinkled 
with minute dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, 
surrounded with very thin russet ; calyx, small, partially closed, set in a 
fine angled basin of variable size; flesh, white, tender, juicy, witli a very 
brisk, rather rich, sub-acid flavor. December, February. (Downing.) 

Smalley. 

Spice. 

From Kensington, Conn., where it was much esteemed. Medium size, 

oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; stalk, short and large ; 

cavity, russeled ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, 

brisk, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. September, October. 

Sops of Wine. 
Sops in "Wine, 1 Sapson, | Bennington. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous early bearer ; esteemed for its peculiar pink 
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light 
red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks, yellowish in shade 
with yellow specks, whitish bloom : stem, short, slender ; calyx, with 
broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core and seeds, me- 
dium; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild, sub-acid; "very 
good." August to September. 

Spice Sweeting. 

Moderate bearer, large, roundish, yellowish ; flesh, firm, sweet. August 
and September. 

Spice Russet. 
Sweet Eusset, of some erroneoxidy 
Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened ; light yellow russet, numerous 
small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen- 
der ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, large, some- 
what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine- 
grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic ; " very good." December to 
March. 

Sponge. 

Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches 
and stripes of red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, large open ; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 

Spring Pippin 

Springport Pippin. 
Tree, unproductive, tipright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish , 
yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots ; calyx, closed ; stem, 
short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly sub-acid. December to May. 

Stanard. •• 
Stanard's Seedling. 
From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, yel- 
low, overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 171 

ribbed ; cortj, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, 
acid ; not quite " very good." November to February. 

Stehly. 
Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, oblate conic, an- 
gular ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded with red, and covered with large 
brown dots • stem, very short, inserted in a deep cavity • calyx, partially 
closed, set in a small, uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, 
mild sub-acid. January to April. 

Stillman's Early. 

Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate, upright growth, 
productive. 

Fruit, small, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, 
and a few brown dots ; stalk, long, stout : cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, very shallow, plaited , flesh, yellow, tender, pleasant sub-acid. Last 
of July and first of August. 

St. Lawrence. 
MontreaL 
From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and 
splashed with red and deep crimson; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep • calyx, 
closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, sharp, sub-acid ; " very good." September to 
October. 

Straudt. 

From Berks Co., Pa. Size, large, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, 
deep crimson, with stripes of paler red, and numerous light dots : stem, 
short, in a wide, deep, russeted cavity : calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, 
shallow, furrowed basin ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, white ; flavor, sub- 
acid and pleasant: " very good." November. (W. D. Brinckle.) 

Sturmer Pippin. 

Foreign. Tree, healthy, good bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish 
conical, yellowish green, with brown dull red in sun ; flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, 
icid : keeps well. January to June. 

Stroat. 

Stratt. 

The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have grown. 

Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green : stem, short ; 

cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, brisk sub-acid. September 

to November. 

Striped Pearmain. 

Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. 

Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip- 
tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, 
slightly flattened, yellow, striped and blended with two shades of red ; 
calyx, small closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ; 
seeds, large j flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. December to Feb- 



172 



TOE APPLE. 



Sugar Sweet. 



This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium, ovate ; dull yel- 
lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ; 
a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.) 

Summer Sweet Paradise. 

From Columbia Co.. Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading shoots. 
Fruit, large, roundish oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow in sun, 
dark russet maVblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, oft rus- 
seted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; core, 
small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet ; 
" very good." September. 

Summer Queen. 
Sharpe'e Early, | Lancaster Queen, | Hdmony. 

Popular and profitable in some sections of the Southwest. Fruit, me- 
dium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the eye, yellow, striped and 
splashed with purplish red ; stem, medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, 
open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, sometimes a pink tinge, juicy, 
aromatic, sub-acid ; " very good." August to September. 

Summer Bellflower. 
Summer Belle-fleur. 
From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth, spreading nead, 
early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, slightly 
conical, two or three obscure ribs : clear yellow, few greenish dots, faint 
orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed, 
small reflexed segments ; basin, five-sided ; core, medium, hollow ; small 
seeds ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid ; " best." New. Aug. 
to Sept. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower grown in Ohio, which we 
have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit, distinct from above. 
There is also a 

Summer Bellflower 

which is distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- 
flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and closed 
calyx. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very juicy, with 
a brisk, agreeable, very pleasant flavor, and decidedly the best of its season. 
Last of August and first of September. 

Summer Pippin. 

Sour Bough. 
American. Tree, vigorous, profitable market sort ; valuable for cook- 
ing. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, irregular, waxy yellow ; shaded 
with crimson blush, green and grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep, 
abrupt ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, plea- 
sant, sub-acid ; core, large. August, September. 

Superb Sweet. 

Raised by Jacob Dean, Mansfield, Mass. Tree, vigorous, productive. 
Fruit, rather large, roundish, pale yellow, much red in the sun ; stalk, long, 
inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, large, open ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 173 

very tender, juicy, sweet, rich, high-flavored. September and October. 
(Cole.) 

Superb. 

Origin, Franklin Co., North Carolina. Tree, tolerably vigorous, and a 
prodigious bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate, regular: skin, 
green, rarely with a blush ; stalk, of medium length, in a shallow cavity ; 
calyx, large and open; flesh, yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, and 
particularly high-flavored. November to March. 

Sutton Beauty. 

Beauty. 

Originated in Sutton, Mass. Tree, upright, thrifty grower, good bearer ; 
fruit, very handsome, fair and regular in form. Fruit, medium, roundish 
conical ; yellow, shaded and striped with fine crimson, slightly sprinkled 
with whitish dots ; stem, medium : cavity, with a slight greenish russet ; 
calyx, closed : basin, open, round ; flesh, whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sub- 
acid ; " very good ;" core, small. November to February. 

Sweet Bellflower. 
Batter, of some. 
There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name. We 
append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, 
slightly ribbed; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light and 
dark specks: calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender: cavity, 
deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy, 
slightly sub-acid. October, November. 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County. 
Fruit, large, globular, slightly conical; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes 
and reddish specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal- 
low ; core, small, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, tender, sweet. No- 
vember, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely re- 
sem-bles this, and may prove identical. 

Sweet Fall Pippin. 

From Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, 
oblate : skin, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, 
short, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very shallow basin : flesh, 
juicy, sweet, and rich. October, November. 

Sweet Pippin. 
Moore's Sweeeting, | Eed Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, | Pound Sweet, of some. West. 
Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened; yellow striped and mostly 
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; 
basin, broad ; core, small ; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking. 
December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South 
Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. 
Early Winter. 

Sweet Vandervere. 
Sweet Kedstreak, ] Sweet Harvey. 
Origin, unknown. Tree, of crooked growth ; a profuse bearer. Fruit, 
medium size, oblong, slightly conic, obscurely angular, sometimes nearly 



174 



THE APPLE. 



cylindric ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, 
short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular cavity ; calyx, partially 
closed, set in a broad, open basin; flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, 
with an exceedingly saccharine, aromatic flavor. November, March. 
(Downing.) 

Sweet Winesap. 

From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, 
greenish yellow, with blotches of dark green : calyx, medium ; basin, open ; 
stem, short ; core and seeds, small ■. flesh, yellowish white, tender, mild 
sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. 

Sweet Winesap. 
From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. 
Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic ; color, red, splashed 
with deep crimson : stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep cavity, sur- 
rounded with russet ; calyx, large, open, set in a rather deep, open basin ; 
flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with a very sweet, rich, peculiar flavor. 
November, December. (Downing.) 

Sweet Romanite. 
Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously. 




This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by W. B. 
Lipsey. of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able to identify it 
with any variety heretofore described. The [flesh being fine-grained and 
firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — probably induced the name. 
It is grown in Illinois, under the name of " Sweet Nonsuch,'"' and intro- 
duced there under the erroneous name of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, 
moderate but regular bearer. 

Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular : color, greenish 
yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright red, and covered 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 



175 



■with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regular, with little russet , 
calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half erect ; basin, broad, shal- 
low, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet — superior 
to riamsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ; core, medium, or rather small, com- 
pact — centre, slightly hollow ; seeds, ovate, oblong pyriform. November 
to March. 

There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, which 
is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; core, light yellow, striped with red ; 
flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy variety. 

There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown, which is flat, with slender stem , 
cavity, deep, light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, and tough : 
inferior. 

SwERT Pippin. 

Hog Island. 
American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, large, roundish 
conical or angular ; yellow, shaded and striped with red ; stem, short ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, small, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, 
sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. November to March. 

SwERT Rambo. 

From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate ; yellow with 
shades of red, large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted : calyx, 
closed ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary ; 
" very good." November, January. 

Sylvester. 

Originated at Lyons, N. Y. Growth, upright, vigorous, productive. 
Fruit, medium size, roundish ; color, yellowish white, red cheek in sun, 
occasionally net work of russet ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, fine-grained, sub- 
acid, negative but pleasant flavor. October. 

Tetofskt. 




A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves large 



176 THE APPLE. 

broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quality about with 
Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two weeks earlier ; very 
valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross feeder, requiring good soil ; 
needs little pruning. Our figure does not well represent it. being far too 
small for an average. 

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow 
ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white bloom ; stem, 
short, stout ; cavity, deep, furrowed ; calyx, rather large, long segments • 
basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed • flesh, white, tender, sprightly, 
juicy, slightly acid or sharp sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste j core, 
small, fleshy; seeds, plump, light brown. Last of July. 

Tewksbury Blush. 

Tewksbury "Winter Blush. 

From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very productive, 
always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened, yellowish 
green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; stem, slender; 
calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light brown ; flesh, 
yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to August. Fink's 
Seedling so closely resembles this, as to be by many thought identical. 

TiNMOUTH. 

Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. Tree, a good grower and productive. Fruit, 
above medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, considerably shaded with car 
mine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep 
cavity; calyx, partially closed, set in a rather large basin : flesh, whitish, 
juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. November to February. 

TOCCOA. 
Muskmelon. 
Originated Toccoa Falls, Habersham Co., Georgia. Fruit, rather large, 
conical irregular ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stem, short, in an irre- 
gular cavity ; calyx, closed in a small, irregular basin ; flesh, yellow, with 
a brisk, rich, Spitzenburgh flavor, moderately juicy. First of August, 
(White's Card.) 

TOWNSENB. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately spreading gi'owth, abundant 
early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, overspread and 
streaked with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots, 
rough, blue bloom; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calj^x, closed ; segments, 
narrow, in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish white, breaking rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." 
September. This may prove same as Hocking. 

Trenton Early ? 

History unknown. We think it an old English apple belonging to the 
class of codlins. Our warm suns and rich soils have so improved it that 
it is often a right good table fruit, and always valuable for cooking. 

Fruit, medium or above, roundish conical, slightly ribbed ; color, yellow- 
ish, with suff'used patches of green ; skin, smooth, oily ; basin, often fur- 
rowed ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant, s-ub-acid. July and August. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 177 

Trumbull Sweeting. 
Fenton Sweeting. 
From Trumbull Co., Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, 
palo yellow, slight blush and red spots: stem, shorty cavity, deep; calyx, 
large; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet: "very good." Sep- 
tember to November. 

TwiTCHELL's Sweet. 

From New Hampshire. Fruit, medium, conical, red, with small gray 
dots ; flesh, white, veined with red, sweet. November, December. 

Vandyne. 
Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic; skin, yellowish, with a tinge of 
red, and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots ; stalk, rather 
slender, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh, 
white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. October. 

Vaughan's Winter. 
Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit, 
medium, oblate oblique angular; skin, whitish waxen yellow, shaded with 
crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped and thickly covered with 
conspicuous light dots ; stalk, small and short, inserted in a deep, uneven 
cavity, surrounded by very thin green russet ; calyx, open, or partially 
closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish, 
tender, juicy, with a brisk, very agreeable vinous flavor. January to March. 

Virginia Greening. 
Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular, dull green- 
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green 
circle suff'used around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx, 
large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
white, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good." December to March. 
Esteemed at the South as a keeper. 

Waddel's Hall. 

Shockley. 

Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, yellow, clouded and 

striped with red, little russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, narrow ; 

calyx, closed ; basin, shallow; flesh, firm, juicy, saccharine ; " very good." 

October to March. 

Walker's Yellow. 

This apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia. Fruit, large, conic, fine 
golden yellow, with a faint blush on the sunny side ; stalk, of moderate 
length, in a deep, acute cavity; basin, small; flesh, white, juicy, rather 
too acid for a dessert fruit. November to April. (White's Gard.) 

Walpole. 
From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, yel 
low, with bright red stripes, deepest in sun, and yellowish specks ; stem, 
short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged : core, large, 
open ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk 
sub-acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following descrip- 
tion of the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. We suspect the two 
8* 



178 THE APPLE. 

identical : " The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in 
the family of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found, as the ' Gall ' 
Apple. It was introduced to our Society by A. de Copen, of Dorchester, 
and the Society gave it the name of Sparhawk, It is a large apple, oblate 
skin, smooth and glossy j color, yellowish ground, striped with red 
abundant bearer; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable 
appearance ; flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid. Highly desirable for cook- 
ing, and is ripe September, October, but will keep longer. It will class 
well with the Twenty ounce Pippin." 

Walworth. 
Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. 
From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical, clear yellow, bright 
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks ; stem, short, slender • 
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large, open; seeds, plump; 
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
We suspect this is an old variety under a new name. 

Washington Roval. 

Origin, farm of Joseph P. Hayward, Sterling, Mass. Fruit, above 
medium size, flattish round, yellowish green, with numerous small gray 
dots, and a clear red in the skin ; calyx, in a broad basin ; stem, slender, 
half an inch long ; flesh, crisp juicy, and fine flavor, keeping till July. 
(N. E. Farm.) 

Waxen. 

American. Fruit, above medium, oblate, pale yellow, oily skin, sprinkled 
with a few dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
shallow ; flesh, whitish yellow, crisp, tender juicy, mild sub-acid ; core, 
small; " good," or " very good." November, December. Formerly much 
grown and esteemed in Virginia. This must not be confounded with '■ Bel- 
mont," which is sometimes grown under the erroneous name of Waxen. 

Wellford's Yellow. 

Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. Fruit, 
rather small, roundish flattened ; skin, pale yellow, with faint red streaks on 
one side ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very juicy, with a ich aromatic flavor. 
Keeps well until June, retaining its flavor. 

Well's Sweeting. 

From Newburgh, N. Y, Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, 
roundish, dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, 
small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good." 
November to January. 

Western Spy. 

From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, large, 
roundish flattened, pale yellow, with red. becoming brilliant on sunny side, 
small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, large; basin, 
deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." De- 
cember to March. 

Weston. 

Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; skin, yellow, 
striped and marbled with red ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant. September, 
October. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 179 

Wheeler's Sweet. 

American. Introduced by W. C. Hampton, 0. Fruit, large, conical, 
flattened at ends ; color, rich lemon yellow, with reddish cheek in sun and 
russet marblings at blossom end ; surface, uneven or ribbed ; stern, short ; 
cavity, deep, russeted at bottom ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, deep, uneven, 
slighly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, pleasant. 
October. 

White. 

Medium to large, regular, slightly conical ; calyx, in a hollow basin; 
color, lemon yellow, with spots and splashes made darker by minute black 
specks on a greenish ground ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy. Keeps until January. 
Rather acid for the table, but fine for cooking. 

White' Beauty. 

Ashtabula Co., O. Medium, globular, smooth, even surface, dull 
greenish, grayish specks ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, in a 
broad, open basin ; flesh very white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; 
negative character. September to December. Good grower; wood, red- 
dish, with gray specks. 

White Doctor. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, largcj 
roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, short, set in an acute cavity ; 
calyx, closed ; basin, shallow and furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, acid, 
sprightly but not rich. September, October. 

White Juneating. 

Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty, I Carolina, of some. 
Caroline, | Early May, | 

Foreign. Its early maturity its chief merit. Tree, fair upright growth, 
moderately productive. Fruit, small; pale green, marbled slightly with a 
darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, 
closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub- 
acid. Last of June, early July. 

White Spanish Reinette. 

Keinette Blanche d'Espagne, 1 D'Espagne, 

De Katteau, | Concombre Ancien. 

Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish 
oblong, sometimes ribbed ; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular ; 
stem, half inch long; cavity, even; color, yellowish green; flesh, yellow- 
ish white crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. November to Feb- 
ruary. 

White Winter. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Cacklin. Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree, 
moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit, small, nearly globular; 
skin, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek; stem, medium, in an acute 
cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, a little sunk, in a very .small basin ; flesh, 
whitish, juicy, almost buttery, with a mild, sub-acid, but not a rich flavor. 
January to May. 



180 



THE APPLE. 



White Rambo. 




Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Frmt, 
large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and 
spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad, 
open ; calyx, large ; segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep : core, 
small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, 
mild sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. 



White Sweeting. 
Wetheriirs WMte Sweeting. 
Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils 



Fruit, 
flesh, white, sweet ; 



From New Jersey, iree, vigorous 
large, roundish oblong, pale yellow ; stem, short 
valued for baking and for stock. September. 

Whitewater Sweet. 

From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round, bright yellow, with dark 
spots ; stem, short ; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, 
sweet : keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) 

Whitney's Russet. 

From Canada. Medium, oblate, almost wholly covered with thick yel- 
low russet ; flesh, white, with a very smooth, pear-like texture, and rich, 
brisk, spicy flavor ; keeps well till March ; tree, is a good bearer, but must 
be stock- worked the same as Rambo, when planted in Western orchards. 



TJKTE8TED VAEIETIEB, ETC. 



181 



William Penn. 

A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate, 
slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red on 
a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre of 
which is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes fleshy, 
inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes wide 
and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh, greenish 
yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very good," 
if not "bestj" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W. D. B.) 

WiNSLOW. 




From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded towards 
calyx ;. dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near calyx, light 
brown specks, and dark flakes; calyx, open, segments, short; basin, 
expanded ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow, rather deep ; core, small, 
compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, 
sub-acid. Fall and early Winter. (A. H. Ernst's MS.) 



Winn's Russet. 

Origin, Sweden, Maine. Tree, of slow growth, hardy and productive. 
Fruit, large ; cavity, deep ; basin, broad and shallow ; color, dark russet, 
with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots ; flesh, fine grained, 
sub-acid ; keeps till May. (Me. P. S. Rept.) 



182 THE APPLE. 

Wing Sweeting. 

Fruit, small, round flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on 
light yellow J calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity, 
narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet ; pro- 
ductive. Winter. 

Winter Pippin of Vermont. 

Origin, unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower, and pro- 
ductive. Fruit, large, to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, 
obscurely angular; skin, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson 
dots, cheek shaded with dull crimson ; stem, short, inserted in a deep com- 
pressed cavity ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; segments, long, in a rather 
deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, and agreeable. November to 
March. (Downing.) 

Winter Pippin of Geneva. 

The appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall 
Pippin, but is a very late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. 

Fruit, large, oblate, slightly angular; skin, fine yellow with a crimson 
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots ; stalk, short and small, inserted in 
a narrow cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, long ; basin, open ; flesh, yellow, 
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent. January to May. (Downing.) A variety 
of Northern origin ; will not keep South later than January. 

Winter Harvey. 

Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, 
yellowish, tender, firm, juicy. 

Winter Pearmain. 

This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain 
Fruit, ifledium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow; stem, slender; 
cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, 
sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March. 

WiNTHROP Greening. 

Lincoln Pippin, | Howe Apple. 
Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, large, golden yellow, with slight rus- 
set tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a sprightly 
rich flavor. September. (Cole.) 

Winthrop Pearmain. 
Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Size, large, roundish ovate ; skin, yellow, 
striped with red, and deep red in the sun ; stem, in a large cavity; basin, 
shallow ; flesh, white, juicy ; flavor, spicy and pleasant. September to 
January. (Me. P. S. R.) 

Wonder. 
A Southern variety. Size, large ; mostly covered with red on yellow 
ground ; flesh, white, tender, jucy, well-flavoi-ed. August. 

Wright Apple. 
Origin, Hubbardton, Vermont. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, 
medium, roundish oblate; skin, fine lemon yellow; stalk, short, inserted 
in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, rather large and corrugated ; flesh, 
white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Middle of Sep- 
tember to middle of October. 



- UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 183 

Yacht. 

Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular 
bearer. Fruit, large, roundi.sh. striped with red, with various hues on yel- 
lowish ground ; stalk, short, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx, open, set in 
a large, shallow basin; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, sub-acid 
flavor. November to March. 

Yacht. 

Medium, roundish, striped with red of various Imes on yellowish ground ; 
stem, half an inch long : cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very shallow, plaited ; 
flesh^ fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good." (W. D. B.) 

Yellow Crank. 
Medium size, flat, greenish yellow ; high flavor. January to March. 

Yellow Meadow. 
A Southern fruit. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, 
rather slender, in a deep, irregular cavity ; calyx, large and open, in a 
shallow basin; flesh, yellow, compact; flavor, vinous, rich and excellent. 
November. 

Yellow Pearmain. 
Golden Pearmain, 
Origin uncertain ; probably a Southern fruit, moderate in growth and 
productiveness. Fruit, medium, obliqiiely conic, inclining to oblong ; skin, 
yellowish, slightly shaded with dull red ; stem, short, inserted by a lip in 
a very narrow cavity : calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, round and 
open; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, rich, vinous flavor, slightly 
aromatic. January to March. 

Yopp's Favorite. 

Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, smooth, oily, greenish yel- 
low, with a blush in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a 
little russet about the stem ; calyx, open, in a deep basin ; stalk, short ; 
cavity, deep ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, almost melting, of a 
most grateful, sub-acid flavor. From Thomas Co., Georgia. (Robert 
Nelson.) 

York Imperial. 

Johnson's Fine Winter. 

From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun- 
cated oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to 
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the sunny 
side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; cavity, 
wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, wide, plaited 
basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, pleasant and 
agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least •'' good " — to many tastes, " very 
good." (W. D. B.) 

Yost. 

Rather large ; roundish oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled 
with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide, deep, cavity ; flesh, 
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor : " very good " quality. (W. D. B.) 



184 THE APPLE. 



CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. 

Alfeiston. 
Foreign. Large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun; flesh, crisp, acid. October, Decembet. 

Amekican Pippin. 

Grindstone, | Green Everlasting. 

Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red ; flesh, white, firm, acid. January 
to June. 

Anslb. 

Medium, roundish yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes of light ^and dark red, 
with white dots; flesh, yellow, tender, sweet. September. 

AtTGUSTINE. 

American. Large, conical, red striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. August. 

ArTUMN EOMANITE. 

American. Medium, round, red ; flesh, yellow. September. 

Bakbett. 

American. Eather large, conic ; skin, yellow, striped and splashed with crimson ; flesh, 
yellow, juicy, tender. January. 

Bake. 

Bars. 

American. Medium, roundish oblong, red striped ou gi-eenish yellow; flesh, greenish 
white, poor. 

Barnhilt. 

American. Small, conical, yellow striped with red; flesh, white, tough, dry. October, 
November. 

Beauty of Amebioa. 

Large, roundish flattened, yellow with blush cheek ; flesh, yellowish, tender ; poor bearer. 
November to January. 

Beauty of the "West. 
Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, sweet. October, November. 

Beauty of Kent. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red ; flesh, tender, inferior. 
October, November. 

Bedfokdshiee Foundling. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, green ; flesh, yellowish, acid. November, December. 

Black Annette. 
American. Small, roundish, dark red. November. 

Black Lady Apple. 
Api Noir. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, blackish red ; flesh, white stained. November to March. 

Black Gilliflowek. 

Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple ; flesh, greenish white, dry, sub-acid, poor. 
November to March. 

Black Oxfoed. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, nearly covered with red, light dots ; stem, long, slender ; 
calyx, half open ; basin, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, compact, not juicy, sub-acid. March 
to May. 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, yellow and dull red; flesh, yellowish, sweet, dry. October, 
November. 



SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 185 

BOESDOEFFBE. 

BorsdorJ^ King George the Third, | Queens. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red check; flesh, yellowish white, 
crisp, sub-acid. November, December. 

BOSFOED. 

Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish striped with red; flesh, compact, not very juicy, nor 
high flavor. September, October. 

Bbewbe. 

From Mass. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, yellowish, ten- 
der, pleasant, mild sub-acid. October, November. 

Buenhap Geeenixg. 

Origin, Vergennes, Vt. Medium, nearly globular, inclining to conic ; skin, greenish yellow ; 
flesh, solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sub -acid flavor. January and February. 

BOEOVITSKT. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, pale green striped red ; flesh, white, sub-acid. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Bullet. 

Bartlett, | Priestly, of some. 

American. Medium, oblong, bright red on yellow ; flesh, light yellow, inferior ; January to 
June. 

Cake Apple. 

From Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed ; skin, yellowish, with a Tjlush ; flesh, 
juicy, tender, pleasant. January to March. 

Chakdlee. 
Winter Chandler. 

American. Large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow ; flesh, greenish white, sub-acid. 
November, February. 

Caeoline. 

Foreign. Medium, round, yellow, streaked with red ; flesh, firm, acid. November, Feb- 
ruary. 

Cathead. 

Cathead Greening, | Bound Catshead. 
Large, roundish, yellowish green ; flesh, white, coarse, sharp acid. October, November. 
There is another one of this name, equally worthless, same shape, but striped yellow and red. 

Catline. 

Gregson, J Winter Grixon. 

Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, nearly sweet, for cider. 
October, December. 

Cash Sweet. 

American. Medium, round conical, light red ; flesh, white, coarse, sweet, dry. October, 
November. 

CuEESEBOEOxran Eitsset. 

Howard Eusset, I Tork Eusset, of some, 

Kingsbury Eusset, | Forever Pippin, of some. West. 

American. Large, conical, thin russet on gi-eenish yellow ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, dry, 
sub-acid. October, November. 

Cos, OE Caas. 

American. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. 
December to March. 

COENISH GiLLIFLOWEE. 

Cornish July Flower, | Pomme Eegelans, | Egg Top, ofsovie. 

Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek ; flesh, yellowish, acid. 
November to February. 

Connecticut Summee Sweet. 

American. Medium, roundish, yellow and red striped; flesh, yellowish, sweet, tough. 
August 



186 THE APPLE. 

Ckanbekby Pippin. 

American. Above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sub-acid, 
November, December. 

Donnblan's Seedling. 

American. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub- 
acid. September. 

DowNTON Pippin. 
Downton Golden Pippin, | Knight's Golden Pippin, ] Elton Pippin. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, yellowish, sharp acid. October, November. 

DxTMBLow's Seedling. 
Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple. 

Foreign. Medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots ; flesh, yellow, acid. No- 
vember to March. 

Dttmpling. 
Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana, \ Watson's Dumpling. 

Large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in sun : flesh, white, indiiferent. October, 
December. 

Dutch Codlin. 
Chalmer's Large. 

Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun ; flesh, white, sub-acid. Octo- 
ber, December. 

Eastek Pippin. 

Toung's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin, 

Claremont Pippin, j French Crab. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush ; flesh, greenish, inferior. Novem- 
ber to June. 

Egg Top. 

Eve, I Pound Top, 

Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some. West. 

Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red ; flesh, yellowish white, ten- 
der, inferior. November to February. 

ElLI8. 

From Conn. Small, roundish, gi-eenish yellow, brown cheek ; flesh, firm, juicy, pleasant ; 
a long keeper. April, May. 

Epsy. 

From Vermont. Handsome, productive, small, elongated conic, deep red, almost crimson ; 
flesh, whitish, sweet. December, January. 

Fall Cheese. 

Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. 

American. Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun ; flesh, crisp, 
often mealy. September to November. 

Fama GtrSTA. 
Foreign. Large, conical, pale green ; flesh, white, acid. October. 

Ferris. 

American. Medium, roundish, red, sub-acid ; new, but surpassed by many others. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Fennotjillet Eotige. 

Black Tom, | Bardin. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, dark red ; flesh, firm. November to January. 

FeNNOITILLET GrV-K. 

Pomme d'Anis, | Caraway Eusset. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow ; flesh, flrm, acid. 



SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 187 

Flower op Kent. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, flattened, dull ycHow and red ; flesh, greenish yellow, coarse, 
sub-acid. October, January, 

Gault's Bellflowek. 

American. Large, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, white coarse. October, December. 

Giant. 
American. Large, roundish, dull red striped ; flesh, greenish white, tender ; " good." 

Golden Apple. 

American. Large, oblate ; skin, golden yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; flesh, 
yellow, coarse, juicy, sub-acid flavor. October to December. 

Golden. 
American. Medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow ; flesh, yellowish, acid. July. 

Golden Eeinette. 

Aurora, I Kirke's Golden Eeinette, 

Yellow German Eeinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., <fec. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, gi'eenish yellow, a little red ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild sub-acid. 
October, January. 

Golden IIarvet. 

Brandy Apple, 

Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid. November to March. 

Golden Peaf.main. 

Buckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain, I Eed Eusset. 

Medium, roundish flattened, red, russet ; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub-acid. November, De 
cember. 

GOODTEAE. 

Goodyear's Seedling. 
American. New, medium, roundish, red ; flesh, juic}' ; only valuable as a keeper. 

GOVEKNOE. 

American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. October, January. 

Golden Pippin. 

English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c. | Eleven other names. 

Foreign. Small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings; stem, long, slender; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, sub-acid, sprightly. December to March. There 
is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the West, which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely 
distinct from above. 

Geand Sachem. 

Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red ; flesh, white, dry. September. 

Geeen Domine. 

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped with dull red ; flesh, whitish, 
firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. December, February. 

Grbthouse. 

Medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes ; flesh, firm and dry ; said to be 
flue for cider. Winter. 

Hannah. 

American. Medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red ; flesh, white, dry. October, November. 

Harvest Eed Streak. 

From Michigan. A local name ; probably an old variety ; small or medium, oblate angu- 
lar ; skin, whitish, striped and splashed. 

Hepper. 

Hepler, of some. 

American. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, dry. 



188 THE APPLE. 

Hewitt's Sweet. 

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed withi red ; flesh, whitish, sweet, tender, and pleasant. Octo- 
ber, JSovember. 

Heteeich. 

American. Medium, round, yellow ; flesh, whitish, acid. November, January. 

Holland Sweet. 
Fruit, medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red ; flesn, fl^rm, sweet. Januaiy to May. 

HOLLANDBUKGH. 

HoUandbury. 
Medium, roundish flattened, red on yellow ; flesh, white, sour. December, February. 

HOAKY MoKNINa. 

Dainty Apple, | Downy, | Sam Eawling's. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, red striped on yellow ; flesh, pinkish. October, December. 

HtTNGE. 

Hunger. 

Origin, uncertain. Popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. Fruit, large, roundish ; 
Bkin, green, with a blush ; flesh, soft, sub-acid, pleasant. September, October. 

Ikish Peach Apple. 
Early Crofton. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish conical, yellowish, streaked with red ; flesh, whitish, watery. 
September, October. 

Kane. 
Cane, | Cain. 

American. Medium, roundish, striped crimson ; flesh, yellowish ; beautiful to look at. Au- 
tumn. 

Kerry Pippin. 

Edmonton's Aromatic. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, yellow, stre.iked with red; flesh, firm, crisp. September, 
October. 

Kentish Fill Basket. 

Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady do Grey's. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush ; flesh, tender. October, 
January. 

Kenrick's Autumn. 

American. Large, roundish, yellowish green, striped red ; flesh, white, acid. September, 

KiLHAM Hill. 
American. Largo, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red ; flesh, dry. September. 

King of the Pippins. 

Hampshire Yellow. 

Often grown "West as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish oblate, yellow and red splashed ; flesh, 
white, slightly sweet, not agreeable. October, November. 

Kirke's Lord Nelson. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, red on pale yellow; flesh, firm, juicy, acid. October, December. 

Ladies' Blush. 
American. Medium, yellow, with red blush ; flesh, dry. 

Lady Finger. 
Sheep Nose. 
Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush ; flesh, firm, watery. November, December. 



SUPEKSEDED BY BETTEK SOKTS. 189 

Lane Sweet. 
Small, roundish flattened, yellow with red ; flesh, yellowish, dry. November. 

Lemon Pippin. 
Kirke's Lemon Pippin. 
Foreign. Medium, oval, pale gi-eenish yellow ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. October, January. 

Long Island Eitbbet. 
Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet ; flesh, greenish, dry. December, March. 

Loan's English Peabmain. 

Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet ; flesh, firm ; almost worthy culture. Septem- 
ber, October. 

Longville's Keenel. 
Sam's Crab. 

Foreign. Below medium, oval flattened, brownish red on yellow ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. 
August, September. 

Long John. 

American, Large, conical, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish white dry ; great keeper. 

Litcombe's Seedling. 

Foreign. Large, roundish conical, yeUow, spotted with red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm ; 
cooking. October, December. 

Luce's Early Joe. 

American. Small, round, bright red on yellow ; flesh, crisp, inferior. September. 

Lovett'b Sweet. 

American. Fruit, medium, roundish conic ; skin, yellow ; flesh, yellow, moderately juicy 
sweet. October to February. 

Meeeitt's Sweet. 

Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush ; flesh, compact, very sweet. Last 
of August. 

Methodist. 

From Connecticut. Medium size, oblong oval; skin, greenish, marbled and striped with 
red ; flesh, white, tender, mild sub-acid, not rich. November. 

Mank's Codlin. 

Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun ; cooking only. August. 

Maegil. 
White Margil. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red; flesh, white, tender. Early 
"Winter. 

Maeble Sweeting. 
Virginia Sweet, ( Mclntire's Sweeting. 

American. Medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow ; flesh, sweet, 
dry. November, February. 

Mat Seek no-Fttethek. 

Pilliken, | May Apple, | Lop-sided Pearmain. 

Outwardly like Pryor's Eed ; flesh, dry, coarse ; only valued as a keeper ; skin, thick. 

Mauck. 
Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, " good." 

Menageee. 
Menagerie. 
Foreign. Large, flat, pale yellow. September to January. 



190 THE APPLE. 

MoNSTEOirs Pippin. 

Gloria Mundi, I New Yort Gloria Mundl, I Baltimore Pippin, 

American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, I 

Very large, greenish yell»w, roundish ; flesh, ■white, acid. October, December. 

Mother Davies. 
Medium, round oblong, greenish yellow, little red ; flesh, crisp ; " good." October, November. 

Molasses. 
Priest's Sweet, | Butter, | Blue Sweet. 
American. Small, roundish, red, dry, sweet. October. 

MXTEPHT. 

Murphy's Ked, | Jack Murphy. 

American. Large, roundish oblong, pale, and dark red streaked ; flesh, greenish white ; 
' good." November, February, 

NOEFOLK BeAITFIN. 

Bead's Baker, | Catshead Beaufln. 
Foreign. Large, flat, dull red on greenish ; flesh, sub-acid, good drying. November to May. 

NoNsiroH. 

English Nonsuch. 

Foreign. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red; flesh, white. October, 
November. 

Old Field. 

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, 
vellowish, tender, mild sub-acid. January to April. 

Old English Codlin. 
English Codlin. 
Large, oblong conical, lemon yellow ; flesh, white, tender, cooking. July to November. 

Old Eoyal Kusset. 
Leather Coat Eusset. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, gray russet on green ; flesh, greenish white, sharp sub-acid. 
November, February. 

Old Nonpakeil. 
Non Pareille. 
Foreign. Medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown ; flesh, firm, crisp ; poor bearer. Decem- 
ber, January. 

OSLIN. 

Arbroath Pippin. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, pale yellowish ; flesh, firm, crisp, acid. August. 

Parson's Early. 

Americ.in. Medium or above, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. 
August, September. 

PlTTNEYITE. 

American. Medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, January. 

Press. 
Origin, Buck's Co., Pa. Bather large, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, striped and splashed 
with red ; flesh, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid. March. 

Prolific Sweet. 
From Connecticut. Koundish conic ; skin, greenish ; flesh, whitish, tender, sweet. Novem- 
ber to February. 



STJPEK8EDED BY BETTER SORTS. 191 



Pomme Eoye, of some, West, 
Big Eomanite, 
Peinock's Eed "Winter, 



Pennock. 

Large Eomanite, i Penick, 

Eed Pennock, Neisley's Winter. 

Prolific Beauty, | 



American. Large, roundisli conical, angular, dull red, little yellow ; flesh, coarse, dry rot. 
November to March. This is largely grown through the Southwest, but intelligent persons do 
not now plant it. 

Polly Bkight. 

Eesembles Maiden's Blush. Sharp acid. September, October. 

Pound. 
Large, roundish oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor. October, January. 

Pomme de Eose. 

Large, roundish flattened, red on yellow, small dots ; flesh, white, coarse, acid. December, 
February. 

Pbiestlet. 

Priestley's American, | Eed Cathead. 

Large, roundish oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green; flesh, greenish white, inferior. 
December to March. 

QcAKEK Pippin. 

American. Medium, greenish yellow, very acid. October. 

Eed and Geeen Sweet. 

Prince's Eed and Green Sweet, | Large Eed Sweeting, | Eed Bough. 

American. Very large, oblong conical, green and red striped ; flesh, sweet, poor. August, 
Septembei-. 

Eed Ingestkie. 

Foreign. Small, oblong ovate, yellow, marbled with red ; flesh, firm, sprightly. September. 
October. 

Eed Gilliflowek. 

Eed Seek-no-Further, | Harkness' New Favorite. 

American. Medium, oblong conical, fine red ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid. November to 
January. 

Eed Calville. 

Eed "Winter Calville, I Calville Eouge, 

Calville Eouge d'Hiver, \ Spice, of some. West. 

Foreign. Above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun ; flesh, tender, poor. 
November, February. 

Eed Bellflower. 

Eed Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur, 

Belle Fleur Eouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some. 

Foreign. Large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with red ; flesh, white, 
dry. November, January. 

Eed Stkeak. 

Herefordshire Eed Streak, | Scudamus Crab. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks ; flesh, yellow, dry, cider only. October, 
December. 

Etmek. 

Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, clear red, glossy ; flesh, white, sharp acid. 
October, December. 

EoSEAr D'AUTOMNE. 

Eoseau, incorrectly, of some. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek ; flesh, yellowiBh, 
crisp, acid. November to January. 



192 



THE APPLE. 



EoSEAtr. 
Fore^n, Large, dark red, irregular in size and form ; unprofitable. 

Eclb's Sxtmmek Sweeting. 
American. Medium, oblong, yellow, i^oor. August. 

SOAKLET NONPAKEIL. 

New Scarlet Nonpareil. 

Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green ; flesh, firm, acid. November to 
February. 

Shippen's Ettsset. 

Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow ; flesh, white, spongy, acid. January 
to March. 

SinPLEY Gkeen. 

American. Medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; cooking only. All "Winter. 

Skunk. 

Polecat. 

American. Large, fiat, dull dark red on yellow ; flesh, yellowish, dry. December, January. 

Spbagub. 

Size, small, oblong oval, slightly conic ; skin, yellow ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, sprightly, 
sub-acid. October. 

Steel's Sweet. 

Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit, medium, globular angular, yellowish, slight blush ; flesh, 
white, compact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March. 

Spring Gkove Codlin. 

Foreign. Medium, oblong rounded, greenish yellow ; flesh, gi-eenish, sub-acid ; cooking. 
August, November. 

Spkingee's Seedling, 

American. Small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red ; flesh, flrm, negative 
January to May. 

Striped Mohawk. 

Above medium, round, red striped on yellow ; flesh, dry, poor. Late Autumn. 

Sugar Loaf Pippin. 

Sugar Loaf Greening. 

Foreign. Large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun ; flesh, " good." 
August, September. 

Summer Golden Pippin. 
Foreign. Small, roundish oblong, yellow ; flesh, whitish, firm, sweet. August, September. 

Summer Eambour. 

Summer Eambo, | Eambour Franc, | Eambour d'Ete. 

Foreign. Above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish flattened, apt to bo 
mealy. August. 

Summer Eusset. 
American. Small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry. September. 

Sweet and Sour. 
Medium, roundish flattened, greenish ; only valued as a curiosity. From a diseased propa- 
gation. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 193 

STJKPPaSB. 

Foreign. Small, round, wMtisli yellow ; flesh, stained ■with red. November, December. 

Sweet Baldwin. 

American. Medium, roundish, deep red, striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. September, 
October, There are, we think, two apples gi'own under this name, as Thomas describes one 
as " nearly flrst-rate," and ripening " early "Winter." 

Takt Botjgh. 

Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten days later ; more 
acid. 



TuEKET Greening. 

From Connecticut. Fruit, fair, and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic; skin, 
green, with a dull blush, and many light dots; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, sub-acid, not rich. 
January, February. 

Titus Pippin. 

Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblong conic ; skin, light yellow ; flesh, tender, 
juicy, not high flavored. November, December. 

Tkanspaeent de Zueich. 
Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent. September. 

Thems Red Steeak. 
American. Medium, round, pale green, red stripes ; flesh, sour. Winter. (Hov. Mag.) 

Twenty Ounce Pippin. 

Large, roundish conical, brown red, very distinct fi'om Twenty Ounce, or Cayuga Bed 
Streak. 

Victuals and Dkink. 
Big Sweet, | Pompey. 
American. Large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry. October, January. 

ViCTOEIEUSE ReINETTE. 

Reinette Trioiriphante. 

Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. December, 
January. 

White Doctop.. 
Small, pyramidal, greenish white, sweet, dry. September, October. 

WniTE Calville. 

White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville, 

Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger. 

Foreign. Above medinm, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow; lli'sh, white, 
negative. November, February. 

White Asteachan. 

Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande. 

Foreign, Medium, roundish conical, white, faint streak of red; flesh, white, dry, poor. 
August. 



194 THE APPLE. 

Winter Chebse. 

American. Medium, greenish, with stripes of dull hrownish red in sun, mealy, poor. De- 
cember, January. 

Willis Sweet ? 

Large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red ; flesh, white, sweet, cooking. 
October, November. 

WoKMSLET Pippin. 
Knight's Codlin. 
Foreign, Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid. October, November. 

WiNTEP. Queen. 

Winter Queening. 

American. Medium, conical, crimson and pale red ; flesh, yellowish, sub-acid. December. 

Tellow Ingestkie. 
Foreign. Small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not valued. October. 

ToRKSHiKE Greening. 

Foreign. Large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red ; flesh, greenish 
white, acid. Winter. 

Zane. 

Zane Greening. 

American. Large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor. February to June. 

ZlEBEE. 

American, Small, roundish, yellow, striped red cheek; flesh, dry; "good." 



THE BLACKBERRY. 

Rubus Villosus. 

A "WELL known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is 
so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at- 
tention from cultivators. 

Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is a 
dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that more exertions have 
not been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants se- 
lected from the wild slate, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, 
have produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor. 

In 1845, Colonel Coit, of Cleveland, exhibited at one of the Cleve- 
land Horticultural Society's meetings, a plate of Blackberries grown 
from plants he had carefully selected from the woods. Many of the 
berries measured five inches in circumference. He stated that he 
had selected the plants when in fruit, transferred them to his garden 
in the Fall, and those on exhibition were a .-ample of the produce, 
having been increased in size fully one half, and much improved in 
flavor. 

Our fields throughout the Middle States contain many plants Avorthy 
cultivation. The " New Rochelle," or Lawton, the '• Newman," Crys- 
tal White, and others, are instances of what has been done by the 
use of a little attention to the subject. 

As a crop for profit, there is no question but that it will prove more 
valuable than any Raspberry yet known. 

Cultivation of the Blackberry. Prepare ground by digging or 
plowing very deep ; if not naturally rich, add plentifully of well 
rotted manures or leaf mold. Set the rows six feet apart, running 
north and south, and place one plant every four feet distant in these 
rows. 

AVhen planting, cut the plant back to a stem of not more than ten 
inches long. After having finished planting, run the plow north and 
south, throwing earth up to the plants and leaving the centre with an 
open furrow, that perfect drainage may ensue. 

The first season, permit but one shoot to grow from the parent ; this 
course will cause the shoot to be very strong and healthy. 

The second season, early in Spring, cut back the shoot of the pre- 
vious year's growth one half; permit but one other shoot to spring 
from the ground until after the fruit crop is ripened. After the fruit 
is gathered, any number of shoots maybe permit i<m1 to grow, pro- 



196 THE BLACKBEEKY. 

vided extra plants are wanted for forming new beds ; but if plants 
are not wanted for re-setting other beds, then more than two shoots 
should never be permitted to grow from one stool at a time. Keep 
the ground well stirred with plow or hoe from time to time, or bettei', 
cover the entire surface with three to four inches deep of leaves or 
chopped straw. 

Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries. 

There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the 
same botanical description. They are known under the common 
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black- 
berry, etc. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The 
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed 
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as well 
as a curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. As a dessert fruit, and 
for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often 
advised by physicians, on account of its healthful character. 

There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not 
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish-white. 

Of the varieties named and offered for sale by dealers, we select 
the following as most esteemed. 

Crystal White. 

Originated from seed, in Albion, 111. This is a new variety, and entirely 
dLstinct from the old wiiite blackberry, being free from spines. The canes 
are a bright, clear, light green ; vigorous, strong growers ; hardy and very 
productive. Fruit, very large^ oval roundish ; when fully ripe, a clear, 
rich white, juicy, tender, sweet, and high flavor. Ripens last July to 
middle of August. 

Dorchester. 

Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. ; nearly 
equal in size to New Rochellc, of a more elongated form, grains rather 
smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high-flavored 
fruit ; a vigorous grower. Fruit, large, oblong conic, sometimes measur- 
ing an inch and a quarter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries 
should be fully matured before they are gathered ; it bears carriage well. 
Ripens about the first of August. 

High Blackberry. 

Bush Blackberry, | Eubus Villosus. 
This is an erect growing blackberry, the stems tall, and more or less 
branching. The fruit is small, round, reddish-black, and good; seldom 
juicy or high-llavored. There is a variety cultivated with greenish white 
fruit, that is unworthy. Not the Crystal White. 

New Rochelle. 

Soacor's Mammotli, | Lawton. 
This variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, by the road-side in the town 
of New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, 
with strong spines which belong to the bramble ; is hardy and exceedingly 



THE CHEKKY. 197 

productive. Fruit, very large, oval, and when fully ripe, intensely black ; 
when mature, the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender with a sweet 
excellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The 
granules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other 
variety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in use five or six 
weeks. 

Newman's Thornless. 

A new variety discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster Co., N. Y. Pro- 
mises to be valuable ; growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle and Dor- 
chester, but produces abundantly of good-sized oval berries of excellent 
flavor; the canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others, 
which is an important consideration. We have too little personal know- 
ledge of it to speak decidedly of its merits. Ripens about the first of 
August. 



THE CHERRY. 

Cerasus Sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacecc of Botanists. 

The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of tlie 
United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re- 
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), a 
city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy 
by the Roman General, LucuUus, after he had vanquished Mithri- 
dates, in the year 69, B. C. 

In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the 
London Horticultui'al Society, stating the Cherry to be now grovvino- 
in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years ago. 

He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a 
Cherry of enormous size which grows along the northern coast of 
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng- 
land. It is cultivated in gardens always as a standard, and by a 
graft. The second variety is an amber-colored transparent Cherry. 
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia 
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sano-a- 
rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured 
in circumference five feet ; height to where the first branch issued, 
forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this immense 
tree loaded with fruit." 

Fi'om Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty- 
second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction 
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early 
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be confirmed 



198 THE CHERRY. 

by Plmy, who says : " Italy was so well stocked, that in less than 
twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain, 
beyond the Ocean." The poet Lydgate, who wrote in or about 1415, 
says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the streets of Lon- 
don, much as they are at the present day ; and in a curious poem, 
entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to them : 

" Hot pescodes one began to cry, 
Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse." 

From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced 
into this country, early after its first settlement. 

" Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in 
Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, A. D. ;" 
and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have been 
gradually increasing, until we have now described, in various works, 
upwards of one hundred and fifty. 

The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or- 
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of 
many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward 
pecuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been 
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of 
the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and 
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connecti- 
cut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street 
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar- 
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cheriy in Ger- 
many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of, and 
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our 
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan, to 
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says 
Mr. Loudon : " These avenues in Germany are planted by the de- 
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the trav- 
eler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment 
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, 
on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when 
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which 
it grows." 

In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren- 
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the 
robbing of orchards ; and possibly a law like that enacted in the ter- 
ritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, in 
case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the of- 
fence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for the 
damage sustained. This made every individual interested in pre- 
venting depredations on his neighbor's property. 



PROPAGATION. 1 99 

Propagation. The Cherry is propagated from seed — by budding — 
by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots. 

Bi/ Seed. The seed of the black Hazard is that generally used, 
and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties 
upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a 
dwarf habit. Seeds of the GrafRon or Yellow Spanish will occa- 
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while 
seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being 
no germ or seed bud within the stone. The seed should not be per- 
mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and washed 
clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in boxes, of 
say four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drainage, and 
then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, clear of di- 
rect sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and if possible 
fresh turf; and spaded or plowed in the Fall one foot deep. As soon 
as the frost is out in the Spring, rake down the ground level, mark 
out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow seed so that it will 
be about three inches apart, cover with the soil one inch, and add one 
inch of sand or leaf mold. 

By Budding. This is done as described on page 20 ; but in the 
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in 
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby 
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding 
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is 
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of 
the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cincin- 
nati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted the 
past Spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this sec- 
tion line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Occa- 
sionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes happens 
that a second growth is made about that time. 

By Grafting. This should be performed in all sections south of 
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week 
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where both 
stock and scion are equal in size ; Avhip or tongue grafting is best 
where the stock is not over half to three fourths inch diameter ; and 
cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is 
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is 
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the 
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work 
has been put off a little too late. 

By Roots. The root of the Mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of 
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about 
one inch under ground early in Spring, will often throw up strong 
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next 



200 THE CHEERY. 

best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to suckei 
than if from seed. 

Transplanting . When from the seed bed to the nursery row, it 
should be done in the Fall on dry soils, and early in Spring on soils 
not perfectly dry in Winter. They should be set in rows four feet 
apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one 
half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as 
the tap root, cut back to six inches. These, if the season is good, 
will be suitable for budding the same Summer. Orchard trees, and 
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's 
growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp 
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be 
about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of 
eight feet each way. 

Standard Trees. Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa- 
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and 
throughout the West and South not more than two feet. 

Dwarf Trees. Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke 
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases 
be woi'ked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best 
formed; and also, by means of pruning (see page 28), they should 
be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground. 

Soil and Situation. The soil best suited to most Cherries is that 
of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow and 
produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the Mazard or 
Sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only endure a 
few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where water stands 
most of the Winter. To this want of drainage, in great measure, is 
attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the prairie soils 
throughout Southern and Wedern States; and not until we manage 
to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can lue succeed perfectly ivith 
the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Dukes, Morellos, and Mahcdeb, 
are less open and spongy in texture, and therefore less impatient of 
water. They, however, do not flourish vigorously for any length of 
time unless drainage is effected. To this point in the culture of the 
Cherry we beg especially to call attention of our Western and Southern 
readers, assuring them, that tohatever of theory may have been advanced 
referable to climate, they will find drainage, or the want thereof rather, 
to be the primary cause of destruction. Situated at a point where 
the Cherry probably does as well as at any place in the United 
States, we have had occasion to notice the result of trees situated in 
what appeared suitable soil, but where, on examining, after having 
lost several trees, we found water to have stood a long time about 
the roots. 

Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States is rich 
in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to the 



CULTIVATION, ETC. 201 

Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact that most trees have their 
roots standing in stagnant cold Avater, induces tendency to disease 
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect 
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours 
together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur 
and finely bi'oken or ground bones be made, the ground-work to suc- 
cess will be performed. 

Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom, 
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and 
also render the tree more liable to second growth in the Fall, and thus 
unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout Winter. 
Northex'n exposures are recommended, but an eastern one we regard 
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly 
as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is, 
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none 
in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation 
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when planted 
on ground, sloping south, west, or north. When planting on either 
of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to the south- 
Avest, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position. 

Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth in Spring should be first 
turned away from the trees ; in about ten days it should again be 
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing 
season. In October it slfould be turned up toward the trees. The 
plants budded last season should be cut back to within six inches of 
the bud as soon as the same commences to .swell strongly. The 
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the 
stocks, and in June the stock should be cut with a slope downward 
close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to 
four feet, when some will throw out bi-anches two feet from the 
ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should be 
transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it has 
been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of culture 
toward keeping the ground clean, after August; it induces second 
growth, immature I'ipening of wood, and consequent injury in Winter. 
Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around in July, 
and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots. 

Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs 
little pruning except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another. 
This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close to 
the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow too 
rapidly, dig around a tree, of say four inches in diameter, a circular 
trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet deep, 
cutting off" with a sharp spade every root and fibre outside that space. 
And for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve inches through, add 
four inches distance of trench from tree. Often the top of the tree 
9* 



202 THE CHERRY. 

will also require pruning, so as to give it a round head, as of an acorn, 
based on the circle of the trench. 

The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the 
Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet if to be done, 
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming. 

Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by 
the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow Avith extreme vigor 
on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require not only to have 
their tops pruned, but also to be root-primed annually. 

If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut from 
a Sweet Cherry tree. We have examined the results of many cases 
where lai-ge branches were lopped in Spring for the purpose of chang- 
ing the tree to a different variety by grafting ; the result has almost 
invariably been death after two summers. When necessary to be 
done, the wound should be covered with grafting composition or 
gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrapped in straw or 
matting. Encasing the body during the winter and spring months 
with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; for the cause 
of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, although it does 
not always exhibit itself until July or August. The atmospheric 
blight, injuring young shoots, acts at once in Summer. 

Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio, 
are more or less destructive to the Cherry, but as they are described in 
other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, ac- 
cording to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but as they all centre 
in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only note on 
that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term the pri- 
mary cause of this disease, and if added to what we have said under 
heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect to 
check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree en- 
tirely free of the disease Ave are not prepared to say ; but if to it be 
added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nursery 
on ground well drained and not over stimulated by barn-yard ma- 
nures, we bflieve a change for the better will be the result. 

Uses. The w^ood of the Wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabinet 
makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the Sweet 
Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the tender- 
fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. The Sour 
Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much esteemed for 
culinary use, while the Mazard and Wild Virginian Cherries are 
used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German Kirschvmsser is 
made by distilling the liquor of the common black Mazard (in Avhich 
the stones are ground and broken and fermented with the pulp) ; and 
the delicious Ratijia cordial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit. 
Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor of Italy, is distilled from a 
small Mazard, with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and 



CLASSIFICATIOK-. 203 

kernels of the fruit are mixed. The gum of the Cherry is nearly 
identical with gum-arabic, and there are some marvelous stories told 
of its nutritive properties." 

As a substitute for raisins, the following method of preparing the 
Sour Cherries deserves especial attention. It is given us by Charles 
Carpenter, Esq., of Kelley's Island, Ohio, by whom it has been suc- 
cessfully practised : 

" Take the ripe cherries and pit them. Put a quantity in a por- 
celain kettle and let them just scald, which will separate a part of 
their juice from the pulp. Skim out the cherries on platters to dry. 
Put more cherries in the hot juice and scald until all are scalded. 
Partially dry them (one or two good days is sufficient) , and put them 
in jars, scattering a little sugar among them — say a quarter of a 
pound of sugar to a pound of the dried fruit. Thus prepared, they 
will keep for years, if protected from the moths. For all purposes 
of cooking they are as good, and by many preferred to raisins. 

" To the juice which is separated from them by the scalding, add 
a small quantity of sugar, and boil down a little, and it is better than 
boiled cider for all purposes for which boiled cider is used." 

Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the Cherry is 
best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but if intended 
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem 
attached, and when dry. 

Class ijication. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties 
of the Cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those 
hex-etofore made have seemed rather to perpetuate ei'ror than induce 
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lindley, 
in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions : one embracing 
varieties the fruit of which is round, acid, or sub-acid ; the other sweet, 
and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, makes 
four divisions or classes, viz. : Heart-shaped, Biggarreaus, Dukes, 
and Morellos ; and, in a measure, all other writers have adopted 
these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing — Dukes 
and Morellos — we shall continue, as they are not inapplicable, and 
the trees are distinct in growth. But the w-ord Bigarreau, being de- 
rived from Bigarree. originally meaning and intended to convey the 
idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not meaning (as 
it is generally used and understood by pomologists) Jinn-Jieshed, we 
can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again : there are vari- 
eties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and partially 
tender-fieshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the old classi- 
fication were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-shaped. 
There are also varieties where tlie characters, both of tree and fruit, 
of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and Bigarreau — 
are so closely commingled as to often perplex the amateur, and thus 
increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall therefore desig- 



204 THE CHEEET. 

nate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes heretofore 
known as Hearts and Bigarreaus — being rapid growing, lofty, and 
spreading trees — as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart may be 
taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by the trees 
having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, being up- 
right in gi-owth while young, but forming a low, spreading head, with 
wood less strong and somewhat darker colored than the Sweet Cher- 
ries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully ripe, rich 
sub-acid. 

The Morellos are less upright in growth than the Dukes. 
Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green ; 
fruit, acid. 

Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci- 
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's hands. 
They represent the Cherry cut in half, and are intended to show the 
foi'm of fruit in that way, and also exhibit the lines of tissue in 
the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in numerous 
specimens of the same variety. 



CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

American Heart. 

Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain. 
Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com- 
pressed, pale yellow and red ; jlesh., yellowish, watery towards the pit, 
juicy, sweet, second flavor j fit. medium ) stem^ long, moderately slender. 
Early in June. Productive. 

Arch Duke. 

Griotte de Portugal, I Lato Arch Duke, 
Portugal Duke, | Late Duke. 

An English variety, first described by Lindley. The May Duke, or Late 
Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more vigorous 
grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. Fruit, 
large, heart shape, compressed, dark shining red ; flesh, light red. slightly 
adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem.^ long, slender. Early in July. 
Desirable South and West. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



205 



Ambree de Cholsy, 
Cerise Doucette, 



Belle de Chjisy. 

Cerise a Noyau Tendre, 
Ambree a Gros Fruit, 



Cerise de la Palembre, 
Schone Von Cholsy. 



Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near Paris, 
France. The tree is of a Duke habit — thus far prov- 
ing hardy in nearly all locations. It bears regularly 
every year, but only moderate quantity. Its delicacy 
and exquisite peculiar flavor, render it one of the 
most desirable for the table, but unsuited to market 
purpose. 

Friiitj round, or slightly depressed ; skin^ thin, trans- 
lucent, showing the netted texture of flesh beneath ; 
of pale amber in the shade, mottled with red and yel- 
low where more exposed, and grown fully in the sun, 
becoming a bright cornelian red ; jiesh^ amber yellow, 
slightly tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in 
irregular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, sub- 
acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable flavor ■ pit^ 
small, round, a little pointed at apex • stalky often 
short, but varying. Last of June. 

Belle of Orleans. 
Belle de Orleans. 

From France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, valuable. Fruity 
medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear pale red covering 
about one half the surface ; fleshy tender, juicy, and delicious. Early in 
June. This proves one of the very best early Sweet Cherries. 





Black Hawk. 

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleveland, 
in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. The tree 
is of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much 
of the general character of Yellow Spanish ; flowers, 
above medium ; soil of origin, a gravelly loam. As 
a table fruit, its high flavor will always commend 
it ] while, as a market fruit, its size and productive 
habit of tree place it among the very best. 

Fruity large, heart shape, often obtuse, sides com- 
pressed, surface uneven ; color^ dark purplisli black, 
glossy ; jlesh. dark purple, half tender, almost firm, 
radiating lines irregular, without form, juicy, I'ich, 
sweet, fine flavor ; pii, medium size, uneven surface; 
stalk, varying, inserted in a broad cavity. From 
20th June to 1st July. We regard this as the best 
Black Cherry known. 



206 



THPJ CHEEEY. 



Bishop's Large, 
Frazer's Black Heart, 
Eonald's Heart, 
Circassian, 



Black Tartarian. 

Supei'b Circassian, 
Black Russian, 
Eonald's Black Heart, 
Frazer's Black Tartarian, 



Tartarian, 
Black Circassian, 
Eonald's Large Black Heart, 
Double Heart. 




This variety is supposed to have originated in 
Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia, and 
thence introduced into England, about 1794 or 1796, 
whence it found its way to this country, and in 1810 
was cultivated in Middletown. Ct., as Bishop's Large, 
and 1813 as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of 
peculiar, upright growth, unlike any other variety, 
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its vigorous 
habit, erect form, large foliage, and large sweet fruit, 
have rendered it perhaps the most popular variety in 
cultivation. The tree requires somewhat more 
pruning to thin it out than other varieties ; other- 
wise, as the trees grow old, they become too thick, 
and the fruit attains only medium size. 

Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, irregular 
uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, slight suture 
half round; flesh, liver color, juicy, sweet, half 
tender, separating freely from pit. mild, pleasant, not 
high flavor ; pit. below medium size ; stalk, sunk in 
a regular cavity. Last of June. 



Black Eagle. 

English ; raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong 
grower, unproductive while young. Fruit, above m.edium, borne in threes, 
obtuse heart shape, deep purple, almost black : flesh, reddish purple, half 
tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Early in July. 



Brant. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly loam. 
The tree is vigorous, with large foliage, and spread- 
ing, or rather round regular form ; flowers, large, 
and open irregularly, so that often a portion may 
be injured by late frosts, and others escape. 

Fruit, large, rounded, angular heart shape, sides 
slightly compressed ; color, reddish black ; flesh, dark 
purplish red, radiating lines whitish, partially indis- 
tinct, half tender, juicy, sweet, and rich ; pit, nearly 
smooth, slight depressions, round oval ; stem, medium, 
set in a cavity slightly angular. Early — say middle 
of June. 




MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



207 




Bklle Magnifique. 

Belle et Magnifique. 

First introduced into this country from France, 
by Gen. Dearborn. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, 
healhy, and vigorous. It is a moderate bearer, 
the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree until 
August, although much of it suitable for cooking 
last of June. As a fruit for culinary purposes, it 
is very desirable. 

Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of the 
largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, heart 
shape ; color^ clear rich red on pale yellow ; when 
fully exposed to the sun, mostly red ; flesh, yellow- 
ish, tender, sub-acid when fully ripe, sprightly. 
separates freely from the pit ; stem, planted in a 
deep yet open cavity, or basin, and varying from 
li to li inch in length. Middle June to August. 



Caroline. 



Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles 
Belle de Choisy ; in growth, healthy, hardy, vigor- 
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable 
as a dessert Cherry. 

Fruit, above medium, round oblong, one side com- 
pressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled with 
clear light red, and when fully exposed to the sun 
becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with pale 
red, or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, sweet, 
and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. Last of 
June. 



Carnation. 




Wax Cherry, 

Crown, 

Cerise de Portugal, 



Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre, 
Grosse Cerise Eouge Pale, 



Grottier Eouge Pale, 
Griotte de Villennes. 



A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely 
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, above 
medium, yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red, slightly 
marbled : flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than most of 
this class: ste7n, stout. Middle to last of July, but will hang a long time. 
Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a pi-ofuse bearer. Valuable 
Southwest on the prairies. 



208 



THE CHEEKY. 



Cleveland. 

Cleveland Bigarreau. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a gravelly loam soil. The tree is 
thrifty, with stout shoots, and of a rounded, spreading habit: large leaves; 
flowers, above medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far, it has proved 
healtliy wherever grown. 

Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a regular 
uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one side, near the 
stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, and occasionally 
blotched with carmine red ; flesh, pale yellowish white, almost firm, deepest 
in color next the pit, radiating lines indistinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, 
medium size ; stem, rather stout, medium length. About one week before 
Elton, or say 23rd to 25th June. Very productive. 

Coe's Transparent. 

Raised by Curtis Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, somewhat spread- 
ing, vigorous, healthy habit. Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regu- 
lar rounded form, often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale 
light amber yellow, with a bright, clear red, indistinctly mottled on two- 
thirds the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender, 
juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stein, rather short, 
a moderate depression. Middle to 25th June. 



Early Purple Guigne. 



German May Duke, 



Early Purple Griotte. 



The origin of this valuable variety we have 
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators received 
it from England, where it was figured and de- 
scribed by Mr. Thompson, in the London Hort. 
Society's Transactions. Western cultivators re- 
ceived it through a party of emigrants from Ger- 
many, under the name of German May Duke, by 
which it is much grown in Ohio. The trees are 
poor growers in the nursery, of a straggling, loose, 
irregular, somewhat pendent habit, but of healthy, 
hardy character, only moderately productive while 
young, but as they grow older become more pro- 
lific. Its earliness and delicious character, must 
always render it popular Miiere known. 

Fruit, medium to large, roundish heart-shaped, 
with an indenture at the point or apex ; color, 
when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, dark 
purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent : pit, 
medium ; size, roundish oval ; stem, long, slender, 
inserted in a shallow, narrow, basin. June. 




MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 



209 




Doctor. 



The Doctor. 



Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The tree is of 
healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, spreading, 
rounded in form, bearing even to excess of fruit, so 
much so, that unless well cultivated, the fruit becomes 
small. Original soil, gravelly loam. 

Fruity medium, roundish heart shape, with a suture 
extending all round ; colovj light yellow and red, the 
latter most prevailing ; fleshy white, tinged with pale 
yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, with a delicious flavor ; 
piij small ; stem, rather slender, in a round, regular 
basin. It ripens early in June, and will hang until 
July. 



Elton. 



Bigarreau-Coiilcur de chair, 
Flesh Colored Bigarreau, 
Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair, 
Gros Bigarreau Blanc, 
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc, 



Large Heai-t-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously, 

Bigarreau de Rocmont, 

Cceur de Pigeon, 

Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont, 

Guigne Gros Blanche, of some. 
Bigarreau Common, 
Belle Audigeoise. 



Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior quali- 
ties have made it a great traveller, and although 
often introduced to notice, under a new name, it is 
always worthy place. 

The trees grow vigorously, with a spreading, rather 
drooping habit ; leaves, with purplish foot stalks. 
First introduced to this country in 1823. 

Fruit, large, long heart shape, pointed ; color, 
beautiful light yellow ground, mottled and streaked 
with bright glossy red ; flesh, yellowish, radiating 
lines not bold, half tender, when fully ripe, nearly 
tender, juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high 
flavor ; pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a 
sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in a rather 
deep basin ; very productive. Last of June. 




210 



THE CHEEET. 



Downer's Late. 

Downer, | Downer's Late Eed. 

Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. 
The tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, 
hardy, and abundant bearer. Should be in all collec- 
tions. 

Fruit, medium size, round heart shape, slightly 
compressed on one side ; color, a bright, lively red, 
mottled with amber in the shade ; flesh, amber color, 
stained slightly with red near the pit. radiating lines 
slight; tender, sweet, and delicious when fully ripe. 
It is often gathered before fully ripe, Avhen it is a little 
bitter ; pit, above medium size, oblong rounded ; stein, 
medium, inserted in a narrow slight depression. From 
fourth to twelfth July. This variety suffers less than 
most varieties from warm wet weather. 




Delicate. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a grav- 
elly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy habit, 
spreading so as to form a round head. It is pro- 
ductive, and as a dessert cherry, its delicate, trans- 
lucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, high flavor, 
will always render it a favorite. When the Sweet 
Cherry can be grown it is far preferable to the Belle 
de Choisy. 

Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish 
flattened, with a slight suture one side ; color, rich 
amber yellow, overspread and mottled with light 
carmine red, while the flesh is so translucent that, 
held to the light, the tissue is distinctly traced, and 
red appears as though mingled throughout, when, 
on cutting it, the flesh is a whitish yellow, with 
distinct radiating lines ; tender, juicy, sweet, deli- 
cious, high flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval, with 
a broad ridge ; stem, medium, set in a deep, round 
About first July. The best of all for the amateur. 

Florence. 

Knevett's Late Bigarresin. 

From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spreading^, 
unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows old. 
Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, flattened at base, pale amber, mottled 
or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich, sweet, fine 
flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad basin. Middle 
July. 




depression. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



211 



Kentish, 
Virginian May, 
Common Bed, 



Early Richmond. 

Susses, I Montmorency a longue queue, 

Pie Cherry, Commune, 

Kentish Eed, | Muscat de Prague. 




An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, under the 
name we have adopted. It is probably the true 
Kentish ; but under that name it becomes so often 
confounded with the common Sour Pie- Cherry, of 
our country, that we have preferred to continue it 
here, under the name it is best known in this country. 
The tree belongs to the Morello class ; grows about 
twenty feet high, with a roundish spreading head ; 
very productive, ripening its fruit in May, but, in 
dry seasons, holding it until July. It is indispensa- 
ble to every garden : and for market, coming as it 
does so early, is very profitable. It is remarkable 
for the corolla remaining on the stalk, and for the 
tenacity with which the stone adheres thereto. 

Fruity of medium size, borne in pairs, round, bright 
red, becoming darker as it hangs on the tree a long 
time : fleshy of a reddish cast, juicy, very tender, 
sprightly, rich acid flavor : stem^ usually short, say, 
one and a quarter inch, set in deep, round, basin. 
Twenty-sixth May to first of July. 



Governor Wood. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named in 
honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of Ohio. 

The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, forming 
a rounded, regular head ; very productive while 
young; flowers large. 

Fruity of the largest size, roundish heart shape ; 
color^ rich, light yellow, mottled or marbled with a 
beautiful carmine flush ; grown fully exposed to the 
sun, it becomes a clear, rich red : suture, half round, 
followed on opposite side by a dark line ; flesh., light, 
pale yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu- 
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, rich, 
high flavor ; pz7, roundish ovate, considerably ribbed; 
stem., varying in length and size. Middle of June. 

In even small collections, this variety should al- 
ways have a place. 



Great Bigarreau. 

Large Prool 1 

Foreign. Its direct origin in obscurity ; first introduced to notice by thai 
eminent writer, A. J. Downing, when editing the Horticulturist^ in 1851. 
Trees, extremely vigorous, with large and long foliage, and producing 




212 



THE CHERRY. 



abundantly. When first preparing this ■work, we made it a synonym of 
" Large heart-shaped ;" we are now satisfied it is a distinct and a very de- 
sirable variety. 

Fruity very large, oblong heart shape ; beautiful deep red, becoming 
nearly black at maturity ; ste7n, rather short, and set in a deep cavity ; 
Jlesh, similar to Black Tartarian. Early July. 



Bigarreau, 
Tellow Spanish, 
Fellow's Seedling, 
West's White Heart, 
Hollandische Grosse, 



Graffion. 

White Bigarreau ? 
Amber or Imperial, 
Turkey Bigarre'au? 
Bigarreau Tardif, 
Prinzesin Kirsche, 



Bigarreau Eoyal, 
Italian Heart, 
Bigarreau Gros? 
Groote Princess, 
Cerise Ambree. 



The Grafiion, or Yellow Spanish, as it is generally known throughout 
the States, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency to 
decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The tree 
is of strong, spreading, healthy habit, and productive. 

Fruity large regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and 
mostly overspread in the sun with bright red ; flesh, 
yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, 
small, round, ovate • stem, stout, in an open basin. 
Early July. 

Joc-o-soT. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and named 
after a noble Sioux chief, who died at Cleveland, 
in 1844. Tree, thrifty, half spreading, or round- 
headed, and productive. 

Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-shape, 
slightly obtuse, and with a deep indentation at 
apex ; sides, compressed ; suture, broad, half round, 
followed with a dark line, and often a knob-like 
projection; surface, imeven : color, rich, glossy, 
dark liver-color, almost black ; flesh, with indistinct 
radiating lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with 
a rich, sweet flavor j pit, below medium size, regu- 
lar smooth ; stem, long, and of medium size. Near 
the last of June. 




HiLDKSHEIM. 



Hildesheim Bigarreau, 
Tardif de Hildesheim, 
Big.arreau Tardif de Hildesheim, 



Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau Blanc T.ardiff de Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau Noir Tardif. 



From Germany. Tree, upright, strong gro\\er, unproductive while 



youn 



Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and splashed 



MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 



213 



with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad ; suture, broad, half 
round, with hollow depression at apex; flesh, pale yellow, firm, sweet; pit, 
medium, surface marbled with red. Last of July to twentieth August. 
The true variety is rarely sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as 
coming just before peaches, and when there are few fruits in market. 



Kirtland's Mart. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, described 
and named by ourself, in compliment to the 
daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, healthy 
grower, upright, rounded in form, shoots strong, 
not rampant ; floivers, large and open, very proli- 
fic. The fruit is one of the most beautiful of all 
cherries, quite firm-fleshed, but, withal possessing 
delicacy and high flavor, that renders it one of 
the most desirable varieties, either for dessert or 
market purposes. 

Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, very regu- 
lar; color, light and dark rich red, deeply marbled 
and mottled on a yellow ground, grown fully in 
the sun is mostly a rich, dark glossy red ; flesh, 
with distinct irregular radiating lines, light yel- 
low, quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high 
flavored ; pit, medium, regular, rounded, with dis- 
tinct prominent lines or ridges, flesh adheres 
slightly to it ; stem, moderately stout, varying in 
length. Last of June and first of July. 





English. 



Kirtland's Mammoth. 

Ptaised by Prof. Kirtland, from a pit of the Yel- 
low Spanish, grown on a tree remote from other 
varieties. Its name is given from the extreme 
large size of the fruit, being one-eighth greater 
than any other variety. The tree is of strong, 
vigorous growth, with very large leaves and large 
flowers. It is, however, only moderately produc- 
tive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam. 

Fruit, of the very largest size, often three and 
a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart 
shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over- 
spread, and marbled with rich red ; flesh, with 
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed, 
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very fine 
high flavor; pit, roundish oval, regular, surface 
indented ; stem, generally short, moderately stout. 
Last of June. 



Knight's Early Black 
Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered 



214 



THE CHERRY. 



situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in 
size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. 

Fruity medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture, 
half round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming 
nearly black : fleshy parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit^ 
medium ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Last of June. 



Large Heart-Shaped. 



Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 
Bigarreau gros Couret, 
Bigarreau de Lyon, 
Guigne Noire luisante, erroneously, 
New Large Black Bigarreau, 



Bigarreau gros Monstreux, 
Gros Couret, 

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, 
Ward's Bigarreau. 




This variety, originally from France, we have 
received from different source.s, and fruited under 
most of the synonyms given. 

The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with 
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh, and 
large size of fruit, render it very desirable as a 
market variety : while its want of delicacy and 
flavor unfit it for grounds of those who grow only 
for private use. 

Fruit, very large, roundish heart shape, occa- 
sionally obtuse, dark shining red, becoming, when 
fully ripe, dark purplish black ■ surface, very un- 
even ; Jiesh, reddish purple, coarse tissue, with a 
distinct dark line one side next the pit, not very 
juicy and lacking in high flavor; pit, large, oval; 
stem, varying, inserted in a shallow depression. 
Fourth to tenth July. 



Logan. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; soil a gra- 
velly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower, some- 
what spreading, moderately i^roductive ; flowers, 
large, opening late, little liable to injury from 
frost. 

Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes re- 
gular heart shape, with a shallow indenture at 
apex; color, purplish black, when ripe; flesh, 
liver color, radiating lines, almost white, nearly 
firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor ; pit, above 
medium, oval : stem, varying in length, in a deep 
cavity. Middle to last of June. 




MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



215 



Manning's Mottled. 

Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Mr. Manningj Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very 
productive. Fruity large, roundish heart shape; suture, half round, 
distinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; 
fleshy yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, 
large, oval, lies in a hollow, separated on all sides but one from the flesh 
stem, in a broad hollow. Last of June. 



Early Duke, 
Large May Duke, 
Morris Duke, 
Morris' Early Duke, 
Bcnhain's Fine Early Duke, 



May Duke. 

Thompson's Duke, 
Portugal Duke, 
Buchanan's Early Duke, 
Millett's Late Heart Duke, 
Eoyal Hative, 



Cerise Guigne, 
Coularde, 
De Hollande, 
D'Espagne. 



From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, is one 
of the oldest sorts, succeeds admirably upon prairie soils and in the 
Southern States. With us it has proved a most unreliable sort, ripening 
very irregularly. 

The Holman's Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, are all 
so similar to May Duke, that one description will suit all. They are only 
sub-varieties, and the Late Duke probabl}^ obtained by propagating from 
late ripening branches of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape, 
red at first, becoming, when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; fleshy reddish, 
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Last of May to last of June. 



MONSTREAUX DE MeZEL. 

Bigarreau Gaubalis. 

From France. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive. Fruity large, 
oval, flattened on sides, obtuse at base, irregular surface, reddish purple or 
reddish black : flesh, firm, rather coarse, purplish, melting, sweet ; " very 
good :" pit, large, oval ; stem, varying. Early July. 



Napoleon Bigarreau, 
Bigarreau Lauermann, 
Bigarreau d'Hollande, 



Napoleon. 

Spotted Bigarreau, 
Lauermann's Kirsche, 
Clarke's Bigarreau, 



Armstrong's Bigarreau, 
Turkey Bigarreau ? 
Holland Bigarreau. 



From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower, productive. The best 
sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and. on account of its showy appearance, 
always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the tree 
before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong, bright 
delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over nearly 
two-thirds surface ; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy, and, 
unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter; pit, medium, oblong; stem, stout, set 
in a narrow basin. Last of June. 

Ohio Beauty. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and described by us in 1847, shortly 
after which the original tree was destroyed. We had, however, previously 
sent out buds and grafts, and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, 
obtuse heart shape, dark rich red on pale red ground, somewhat marbled: 



216 



THE CHEERY. 




flesh, white, tender, delicate, juicy, with a fihe flavoi-; fit^ small, oval ^ 
stalk, long) set in a deep, open basin. Middle 
of June. 

Osceola. 

Raised by Professor Kirtland, in 1842: soil, 
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading, regular form, 
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, opening 
rather late and in succession , a good, not exces- 
sive bearer. 

Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape, 
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color, 
dark purplish red, inclining to black;/ ^esA, 
liver color, fine tissue, so much so, that the 
radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy, 
rich, and sweet; pit, medium or small, ovate 
rounded ; stem, moderately stout, in a deep, 
regular cavity. Last of June and early July. 
One of the best for all collections. 

PONTIAC. 



Raised by Professor Kirtland, in 1842; soil, 
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form, slightly 
spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ; flowers, 
above medium size, opening in succession : regu- 
larly productive. 

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides com- 
pressed ; suture, half round, deep, distinct, fol- 
lowed by dark line ; slight depression at apex ; 
color, dark purplish red, approaching to black 
when fully ripe ; flesh, purplish red, radiating 
lines irregular, half tender, juicy, sweet, and 
agreeable ; pit, medium, smooth, parts freely 
from the flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, 
inserted in a broad, open cavity. Last of June. 
A very desirable variety, and profitable for 
market. 

POWHATTAN. 



Raised by Prof . Kirtland, in 1842 ; soil gravelly. 
Tree, vigorous, healthy, round-headed, pro- 
ductive, i -> L - " 

Fruit, medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on sides, 
surface Irregular ; color, liver-like, highly polished ; suture, half round ; 
flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, half tender, juicy, 
sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, round, elongated ; stem, 
medium. Late, 8th to 15th July. 

For profitable market purposes, this is one of the very best, the fruit 
ripening late^ and all being uniform and regular in size. 




MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



217 




Red Jacket. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original 
tree has always stood in ground uncultivated; yet 
its fruit from lateness of ripening, size and qualitj^, 
renders it most desirable, and especially for market 
culture, as it is very productive.. The tree forms a 
head similar to the Black Mazard, not quite as 
erect. 

Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart shape : 
color, fine, clear, light red, when grown in the sun, 
but of an amber color, overspread with pale red, and 
often a yellow russet patch, when grown in the 
shade ; Jlesh, with radiating lines distinct, half ten- 
der, juicy, of good, not high flavor ; gathered before 
ripe, it is a little bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather 
long and slender, set in an open, modera.tely deep 
basin. Middle of July. 



Reine Hortense. 



Lemercier of E. and B., 
Monstreuse de Bavay, 



Belle de Bavay, 
De 16 a la livre, 



Belle de Petit Brie. 



Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of Duke 
habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright, round head, and 
promises to be very hardy, and extremely desira- 
ble in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries 
do not succeed as well. It is moderately prolific, 
the fruit quite large, and ripening as it does, quite 
late in the season, combined with the habit of 
hanging long after ripe, and its rich, sprightly, 
sub-acid juice, must render it extremely popular, 
when it becomes fully known. 

Fruit, quite large, round elongated, sides com- 
pressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface ; suture, 
shallow, half round, followed by a marked line, 
terminating at base, in a knobby projection ; color, 
bright lively red, marbled and mottled on amber ; 
grown in the sun, it is mostly red ; fleshy pinkish 
yellow, with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular 
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, separating 
freely from the stone, often even exhibiting a hol- 
low, vacant space, between pit and flesh, high, 
sprightly, slightly acid flavor: jnt, rather large, 
oblong rounded ; sialic, two inches long, generally 
slender. Twelfth to twentieth July. 

10 




218 



THE CHEKRT. 




ROCKPORT. 
Eockport Bigarreau. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, strong, vigo- 
rous grov^^er, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the Black 
Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is 
one of the first of Prof. Kirtland' s seedlings that 
was described, and feeling interested in its success, 
in various parts of the States, we distributed it 
pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. It has 
now been fruited extensively, and every where proves 
among the largest and very best quality. The tree 
wants good culture, and its period of maturity is 
materially altered both by soil and culture, while its 
character appears unchanged. Valuable, either for 
private or market gardens. 

Fruity large, round obtuse, heart shape, surface 
generally slightly uneven, and always with a knobby 
or swollen projection on one side ; color, clear, bril- 
liant, deep red, shaded and mottled on a pale amber 
yellow, with occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellow- 
ish white, radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge 
around the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, deli- 
cious flavor ; pit, pval, regular and without ridges j 
stem, usually of medium length — one, to one and a 
half inches. 20th to the last of June. 

Shannon. 
This is a Morello, raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1829 ; first described in 
1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once governor of Ohio. The 
tree is very hardy, having been tested in many locations. 

Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction with 
stem, dark purplish red, when ripe; flesh, tender, reddish purple, juicy, 
acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open cavity. Middle 
of July. 

Tecumseh. 

. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a soil of gra.velly loam. The tree 
IS moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its blossoms late in the 
season. 

Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a broad, 
shallow suture ; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or dark liver- 
color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple, irregular, distinct 
radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but not high flavor: pit, 
medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; stem, varying, set in aii 
open, rather deep cavity. Middle to 20th July. Very valuable for a late 
market variety. 

Vail's August Duke. 

Raised by Henry Vail, Troy, N. Y. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate 
grower. Fruit, above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich 
bright red in the shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub- 
acid ; pit, oval ; stem, thick, where it joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow 
cavity. Middle to last of August. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 219 

Wendell's Mottled. 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright, thrifty 
gi'owth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly valuable 
during the few years it has been before the public. Fruity large, obtuse 
heart shape ; dark, purplish red ■ fleshy firm, juicy, well flavored • ptY, 
small ; stem^ set in a round, regular basin. First to middle of July. 



CLASS II. — Embraces varieties^ of ivhich many are new and untested^ and 
others suited to large orchards^ or certain localities. 

Adam's Crown. 

English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round heart 
shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Middle of June. 

Amber Gean. 
Gean Amber. 
Fruit, small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red ; flesh, white, juicy, 
sweet, often bitter or mazardy ; stem, long, slender. Early July. 

American Amber. 
Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey, | Bloodgood's New Honey. 
American. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, amber and bright red ; 
flesh, tender, juicy, variable ; pit, large ; stem, long, slender. Last June. 

Anne. 
From A. V. Bedford, Paris, Ky. Fruit, below medium, bright red, 
tender, juicy, sweet, excellent — good for amateurs. Early in June. 

Bauman's May. 
Bigarreau de Mai, | "Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. 
From France. Fruit, small, dark red, oval heart shape • flesh, purplish, 
tender, sweet. Last of May or early in June. 

Belle Agathe. 
Foreign. New. Medium, roundish oval, two shades red : flesh, firm, 
sweet ; very late, which is the only inducement to its culture.' 

Belle de Sceaux. 
Chatenay. 
A Morello. from France. Fruit, round, deep red ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, 
acid. June. Valuable only at the West. 

Belle Vezzouries. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium to large, light red, somewhat translucent, round- 
ish, sub-acid ; " good." 10th to 20th July. 



220 THE CHEERY. 

Black Heart. 

Early Black, | Guigne Grosse Noir, I Spanish Black Heart, 
Black Kussian, | Ansell's Fine Black, | Guinier a fruit Noir. 

An old variety, hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by 
many. Fruit, above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color ; flesh, 
almost tender, juicy, sweet. Last of June. 

Brandywine. 
Originated with J. R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Del. Tree, vigorous grower. 
Fruit, above medium, broad heart shape, brilliant crimson mottled ; flesh, 
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly. Last of June. 

Burr's Seedling. 

Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, productive. 
Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, clear bright red on pale yellow, half 
tender^ juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Middle to last of June. 

Buttner's Black Heart. 

Buttner's Herz Kirsclie, ] Sclnvarze Neue Herz Kirsclie. 
From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market, this pro- 
mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape, purplish black, when fully ripe ; 
flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor. Middle to last of 
July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower. 

Buttner's Yellow. 
Buttner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsclie, | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche. 
From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de- 
sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end, pale 
lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even, 
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, in 
an open, round, regular cavity. Middle to last July. 

Carmine Stripe. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading, very pro- 
ductive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, often an 
uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of carmine ; 
color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively carmine; flesh, 
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable : pit, small ; stem, varies. 
Last of June. 

Conestoga. 

This variety originated in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County, Penn- 
sylvania. Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the 
apex, dark purple ; stem, from an inch and three-quarters to two and a 
c[uarter long, slender, inserted in an open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ] 
flavor, sugary, and very pleasant ; quality, '• best." (W. D. B.) 

Christiana. 

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and resembling, in charac- 
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note 
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a 
bright, lively, red color, and sprightly sub-acid flavor. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 221 

Champagne. 

Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y, For large orchards, we 

think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to command price in market. 

Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, 

slightly angular; color, shades of lively red ; flesh, amber color, juicy, 

sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in a shallow cavity. Middle 

of June, but hangs well into July. ' 

Cumberland. 

Triomplie, of Cumberland, I Brenneman's May, I Cumberland Seedling. 
Monstrous May, | Sterefs May, | 

This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited 
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the 
other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its 
being a seedling or new variety. In the ad interim report of the Pennsyl- 
vana Hort. Society, it is thus described : '' Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some- 
times roundish, compressed at the sides, deep crimson, almost purple when 
fully ripe; suture, indistinct; stem, rather long, slender, inserted in a broad, 
open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish oval, compressed; 
flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone; flavor, fine ; quality, 
' best.' About the middle of June." 

China Bigarrkau. 

Chinese Heart. 
Raised by Wm. Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading. 
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming 
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy, and rich, but, unless 
perfectly ripe, slightly bitter; stem, long and slender; very productive. 

Davenport. 
Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black. 
Tree, tender. Fruit, medium, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, 
tender, juicy, sweet. Last of June. 

D'Esperin. 

Bigarreau D'Esperin. 
From Belgium. Hovey says the tree has a compact, spreading habit, of 
moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, de- 
pressed at ends, flattened on sides; suture, all round; color, clear, soft 
amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, pale amber, 
tender, juicy, excellent; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slender. Early in 
July. 

DowNiNG's Red Cheek. 
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, half 
spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white, 
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one-half the fruit ; flesh, 
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet ; stem, set in an even hollow of 
moderate depth. Middle to last June. 

Donna Maria. 
A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of 
medium size, dark red, tender, juicy, rich, acid ; valuable for cooking. 
Middle July. Promises valuable South and West. 



Sweedish, 

Sweedisli Bed Heart. 



222 THE CHEEKY. 

DOWNTON. 

English ; raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head, j 
moderately productive. 

Fruit, medium, globular flatteued, bright red on yellow; flesh, yellow- 
ish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, set 
in a deep cavity. Early m July or last of June. 

Duchess of Pallua. 

-A variety introduced from France, by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, 
and fruited for the first time in this country, in 1853. 

Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped, purplish black, juicy, half tender, 
sub-acid; stone, small, oblong ovate. 15th to 20th June. Promises to be 
a productive, valuable variety. 

Early White Heart. 

Arden's Heart, I Dredge's Early "White Heart, 

White Transparent, Amber Heart, 

Arden's Early White Heart, | Herefordshire White, 

An old variety, and generally known throughout the States. It is a 
variable and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufliciently early to com- 
pete with many new varieties. Fruit, medium, or a little below, heart 
shape, whitish yellow, often nearly covered with pale red ; flesh, half ten- 
der, juicy, sweet. Middle of June. The Early Red and Yellow of Man- 
ning is very similar. " Manning's Early White Heart," '■ Bowyer's Early 
Heart," and " River's Early Amber," are sub-varieties, varying but little 
from the original. 

Early May. 

Cerise Indulle, I May Cherry, 
Small May, | Precoce. 

A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red ; 
flesh, tender, juicy, acid. Much esteemed in many Southern and South- 
western sections because of its hardihood and productiveness. It should, 
however, give place to better sorts. 

Early Prolific. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited three years, 
during which we carefully noted the fruit. It then was lost by being re- 
moved ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. Downing, and it is 
from the character shown under his hands that we make our description. 
Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading. Fruit, medium to 
large, round obtuse heart shape, bright carmine red, mottled on light am- 
ber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct line, edged with yellow ; stem, 
varying both in size and length ; flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and delicious flavor ; A^ery productive. Middle of June. 

Elkhorn. 

Tradescant's Black Heart, I Bigarrean Noir Tardive, I Guigne Noir Tardive, 
Large Black Bigarreau, | Bigarreau Gros Noir, | Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel. 

This is, probably, an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made 
known in this country, and distributed under the name of Elkhorn, we 
have preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 



223 



Trees, very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, pro- 
ducing fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very 
highly cultivated, the fruit diminishes to nearly the size of the old Black 
Heart. Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before 
horticulturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better 
varieties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface, purplish black ; 
flesh, firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit. large ; stem, short. Middle of 
July. 

English Amber. 

This is. undoubtedly, an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to 
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous, strong 
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive. 

Fruit, medium size, rounaish heart shape, very regular, borne in threes ; 
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled with pale red ; flesh, whitish 
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet ; pit, medium : stem, 
long. Middle to last of June. 

Elizabeth. 

Ptaised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original 
soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific. 

Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich dark 
red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half ten- 
der, juicy, pleasantly sweet ; pit, ovate rounded ; stem, medium, set in a 
regular basin. Middle to last of June. 



I Favorite. 

Eliott's Favorite. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; gravelly soil. 
Tree, vigorous, lialf spreading, productive. 

Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ; 
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red 
cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans- 
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem, 
medium, inserted in an even basin. Last of June. 

This variety requires high cultivation, otherwise the 
fruit is small and the flavor only good ; but, under 
high cultivation, its sprightly high flavor is unsurpassed. 



GUIGNE NoiR LuiSANTE. 
Black Spanish, 
Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class. 
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular, 
moderate bearer. In 1823. it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black 
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size, 
heart shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender, 
juicy, rich, acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Middle to last of July. 




224 



THE CHEKEY. 




HOADLEY. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our- 
selfj in compliment to one of our best pomologists 
Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy 
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head 
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape 
light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale 
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet 
bronzed yellow • flesh, yellowish, tender, almost 
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit, 
medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a 
shallow basin. Twentieth to last of June. This 
promises to become one of the most valuable as a 
dessert cherry ; not quite as sweet as Coe's Transpa- 
rent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit of 
less size. 

HOVEY. 

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vig- 
orous, forming a pyramidal head. Fruit, large, ob- 
tuse heart shape, depressed point at apex; rich am- 
ber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, short ; flesh, 
pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to stone ; stone, 
small, oval, loth to last July. (Hov. Mag.) 

Jaurie de Prusse. 

Foreign. Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white; stem, 
long, slender ; flesh, tender, brisk, a little bitter before fully ripe. Middle 
July. May possibly be valuable West. 

Kennicott. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself 
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the 
West, J. A. Kennicott, M. D., of Northfield, 111. 
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, A'ery productive. 
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture, 
shallow, half-round ; color, amber yellow, mottled 
and much overspread with rich, bright, clear, glossy 
red, flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and 
sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu- 
lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding 
projections. Eighth to Sixteenth July. As a mar- 
ket fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of 
this variety will make it popular when known. 

Keokuk. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous 
grower, forming a largo tree. Fruit, large, heart 
shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, half tender, purple, rather coarse, defi- 
cient in flavor ; its chief value, a market variety ; pit, medium ; stem, 
stout. Early July. 




UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



225 




Imperial. 

Imperial Morello. 

A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree; very produc- 
tive. Very valuable throughout the Southwest. Fruit, rather above me- 
dium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, sides compressed ; dark pur- 
plish red when fully ripe; flesh, tender, juicy, rich acid; if gathered un- 
ripe, quite bitter ; pit, small, long, pointed. Very late, last of July to 
middle of August. 

Lady of the Lake. 

Originated by Chas. Pease. Medium or above, 
globular heart shape, compressed on sides ; no 
suture ; stem. 1 to H inch, in a very shallow cavity; 
pale, light clear yellow, overspread mostly, when 
grown in sun with rich, bright vermilion red, with 
few marblings of light yellow ; flesh, pale yellow, 
concentric radiating lines ; in sun, flesh lined with 
pink ; nearly tender, very juicy and sweet. 

Large Morello. 
Kirtland's Large Morello. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, very 
large and fine. Fruit, above medium, roundish, 
dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor; pit, small. Early July. One of 
the best for South and West. 

Late Bigarreau. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a gravelly 
soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, not rampant, 
forms a round, regular head; flowers, open, 
abundant, very productive. 

Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasionally a 
little angular, and with a deep, broad indenture 
at the apex ; color, a rich yellow ground, with a 
bright red cheek, frequently the red covers nearly 
the whole surface — occasionally, it is blotched or 
mottled ; suture, shallow, half round, marked 
with a line on opposite side ; flesh, with distinct 
radiating lines, yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, 
sweet, and of agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, 
regular ; stalk, one and a half inch long, in- 
serted in a broad, open depression. 4th to 12th 
July. 

LiNDLEY. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of 
Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape, 
surface uneven, dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red, 
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. First of July. 
10* 




226 THE CHEERY. 

Leather Stocking. 
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy, 
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often obtuse ; 
color, faint dull red, becoming, v\^hen fully ripe, rich reddish black ; flesh, 
very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, in an 
open, but deep basin. Middle to' last of July. As a variety to transport 
long distances to market, this will prove valuable. 

Louis Phillip. 

A variety of the Morello, from France. The tree makes a beautiful 
bush pyramid, bears profusely a medium-sized, roundish, dark red fruit ; 
flesh, red, juicy, tender, quite acid. Middle July. Valuable South and 
West. 

Madison. 

Madison Bigarreau. 

Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably 

productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh, 

half tender, juicy, sprightly, very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender. 

Last June. 

Mary. 

Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y , and noted in the Horticul- 
turist as similar to Christiana. 

Merveille de September. 

Tardive de Mons. 
The Marvel of September is a French cherry, marvelous only because it 
ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, 
small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet. 

Morello. 

Englisli Morello, I Large Morello, I Ronald's Large Morello. 
Dutch Morello, | Late Morello. | 

The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any rea- 
son for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello 
equaling, if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most 
writers. In growth, it varies from our common Morello only in the branches 
being more strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit, 
medium or above, round ; dark red or purplish black j flesh, purplish red, 
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Middle to last July. 

Mover's Honey Heart. 
Originated in Springfield, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree, strong grower, forming 
a round head ; productive. Fruit, large, heart shape : suture, half round : 
color, rich red ; stem, long ; flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, high flavor. 
Fifteenth to twentieth June, or just after Purple Guigne. 

Pierce's Late. 
Originated with Amos Pierce, and introduced by Hyde & Son, Newton 
Center, Mass. Tree, forms an upright round head. Fruit, medium, 
obtuse heart shape, dark red mottled on amber, ; stem, rather short and 
slender ; flesh, soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, '"delicious 3" pit, small. Last 
July. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 227 

Plumstone Morello. 

Fruit, large, roundish, deep red ; flesh, tender, juicy, agreeable acid. 
Last July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with 
Shannon. 

President. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, 
large, dark red, slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct ; flesh, 
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ] pit, medium ; stem, short, 
slender. Middle to last of June. 

Proudfoot. 

Proudfoot's Seedling. 

Ptaised by D, Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, round, 
spreading head ; moderately productive. This promises to become valuable 
on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even, on warm, 
sandy soil (and sheltered in a city garden), holding its fruit until the 20th 
July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, when fully ripe, 
dark, purplish red ■ flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy,, sweet ; pit. large ; stem, 
set in a shallow, open cavity. Fifteenth to last July. 

Richardson. 

Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point ; dark red, 
inclining to black ; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy, 
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps 
well on or oflT the tree. Good grow"er and bearer, rather upright, hardy 
in tree, and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R. 
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.) 

Roberts' Pled Heart. 
Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, 
productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber ground, 
nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct : flesh, white, 
juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored • pit, medium ; stem, long, slender. 
Last of June. 

Sparhawk's Honey. 

Sparaliawk's Honey. 

Fruit, below medium, roundish ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, 
tender, sweet, very productive. 10th to 15th July. A variety much es- 
teemed by a few persons ; but we think superseded by other and better 
sorts. 

Townsend. 

From W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N. Y. Fruit, large, obtuse heart 
shape, high shouldered, compressed ; suture, distinct, apex, depressed ; light 
amber mottled and shaded with carmine: stem, long, slender, set in a 
broad, deep, depression; flesh, almost tender, juicy, rich sprightly; pit, 
small. Last June. 

Walsh's Seedling. 

A seedling much resembling "Large Heart Shaped." It has been 
classed by Am. Pom. Society, as among those that '• promise well." 



228 THE CHEERY. 

Waterloo. 

We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip- 
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo- 
logical Congress. Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with 
Monstreuse de Mezel. This, we conclude, must be error, either in the 
variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in the description given by Mr. Down- 
ing. We copy the latter's description : " Fruit, large,obtuse heart shape ; 
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender ; flesh, 
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be- 
gining of July." 

Werder's Early Black. 

Werdersche Frulie Scliwarze Herzkirsche. 

Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark purp- 
lish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; 
pit, small : stem, medium. Middle of June. 

White Bigarreau. 

White Ox Heart, 1 Large White Bigarreau, [ Turkey Bigarreau. 
Ox Heart, | Harrison Heart, | 

Fruit, large, heart-shaped, yellowish with red in the sun ; flesh, almost 
firnr.. sweet, delicious ; poor bearer. Last of June. 



CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. 

Brown's Seedling. 
American. Fruit, medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender ; wanting in flavor. 

Black Mazakd. 

Hazard, I Common English, 

Wild English Cherry, | Black Honeyi 
Bristol Cherry 

This is the wild species of Europe, from which many of our sweet cherries have sprung. It 
is now found in nearly every village, or cultivated region of the States, and is valuable mainly 
for its seed, for growing stocks on which to bud. There are numerous varieties, as all are 
grown from seed; some are red, some black, and some nearly white — all more or less bitter. 
Fruit small, oval heart shape ; flesh, tender, juicy. Middle to last July. 

Black Bigarreait. 
Bigarreau Noir. 
Fruit, middle size, heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, firm, sweet, dry. July, 

Bleeding Heart. 

G-ascoigne's Heart, I Bed Heart, 

Herefordshire Heart, | Guigno Eouge Hative. 

Fruit, medium, long, pointed heart shape, dark red mottled ; flesh, half tender, sweetish. 
Last of June. 

Buttnee's October. 

Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nonvelle, 
Du Nord, I De Prusse. 

A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish ; of no value, except as hanging long on the 
tree. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 229 

BOEEATTON. 

Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, half tender, sweet, poor flaror. Middle July. 

Cerise db Xatiek, 
A Morello ; medium, dark red, round, acid. 

COKONB. 

Couronne, I Coroun, I Large Wild Black. 

Herefordshire Black, | Black Orleans, | 

Fruit, small, roundish heart shape, dull black ; flesh, tender, mazardy. Middle July. 

Coe'b Late Carnation. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, red, acid ; only for cooking. 

Cluster. 
Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse, | Boquet AmareUe. 
Fruit, small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. List of June. 

Chinese Dottble Flowering. 
Yung To, I Cerasus Serrulata, | Serrulated-leaved Cherry. 
A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental. 

CORWIN. 

A Morello. Medium size, roundish, red ; flesh, tender, acid ; pit, large. July. 

Clarke's Superb. 

Clarke's Bigarreau ? 

Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, bright red, with a dark maroon-colored stripe half 
round ; flesh, whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. Early July. 

De Spa. 
A Morello ; medium size, dark red, acid. 

Dwarf Double Flowering. 

Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. 

A variety of the Kentish, or Sour cherry, with semi-double flowers; a pretty ornamental 
shrub tree. 

Flemish. 

Montmorency, I Kentish, I Gros Gobet. 

Cerise a Courte Queue, | Montmorency a Gros Fruit, | 

Fruit, large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, 
sub-acid; stem, stout, short; fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. 

Gkidlet. 

Apple Cherry, | Maccarty. • 

American. Fruit, small, roundish; color, almost black; flesh, firm, purplish, moderately 
juicy. Early July. 

Honey. 

Large Honey, I Cream, I Meresier a Fruit Blanc. 

Late Honey, | Yellow Honey, | 

Little better than a Mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red ; flesh, tender, sweet ; 
pit large. Middle July. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar, and probably identical with 
this. 

Hyde's Red Heart. 

Hyde's Seedling. 

Fruit, meaium, heart shape, red on yellow ; flesh,'whitish, sweet, mazardy. Early July. 

Hyde's Late Black. 

Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, half tender, juicy, sweet. 
Early July. 



230 THE CHERKY. 



Kentish. 

Late Kentist, I Common Eed, I Kentisli Eed. 

Pie Cherry, | Common Sour Cherry, 1 

This is prohahly a seedling of this country, which is found everywhere that man has cleared 
the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had been among the household goods 
brought by first settlers, and that, wherever planted, it has grown, and by suckers, increased 
" seventy fold." It is hardy, and fruits abundantly; and many think it indispensable, but not 
after having grown and fruited the Early Eichmond. Fruit, medium size, round, lively red ; 
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. 

Knight's Late Black. 
Medium to large, roundish heart shape ; flesh, half tender, sweet, dry. Middle July. 

Ladt Southampton's Yellow. 

Lady Southampton's Duke, I Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, 
Yellow or Golden, | Spanish or Yellow. 

Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, firm, dry. Middle July. 

Large Dottble Flowering. 

A beautiful ornamental tree, with large, showy, -donble white flowers, like little roses, with- 
out fruit, and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation, on account of fruit. As an orna- 
mental tree, it is beautiful when in flower. 

LuNDiE Gean. 

Fruit, medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, harsh* 
July. 

Manning's Late Black. 
Manning's Late Black Heart. 

Fruit, medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, purple, half tender, sweet ; pit, 
large. Early July. 

Manning's Eaelt Black. 

Frnit, medium, heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, tender, sweet, good. Middle June, 

Ox Heaut. 

Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, | Yery Large Heart. 

Fruit, above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black ; flesh, red, half 
tender, sweet. Early July. 

OSTHEIM. 

Ostheimer Weichsel. 
A Morello. Fruit, below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. 

Prince's Duke. 

Like carnation, but poor bearei'. 

Pink Heart. 

A small Mazard, of pinkish red, oval ; stem, short. July. 

Bed BiGARREAir. 

Large Bed Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, | Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Kouge. 

Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape, irregular ; color, yellow or red, becoming dark red in 
sun ; flesh, yellowish, stained with red, flrm, sweet. Early July. Poor bearer. 

Kemington. 
Kemington White Heart, | Eemington Heart. 
Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, dry, bitter sweet. Middle of August. 

Eumsey's Late Mokello. 
This variety matures its fruit late ; but we have been unable to find qualities in it worthy of 
extensive, or oven moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and the tree a miserable grower. 
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, jaioy, acid. August. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 231 

Sweet Montmokenot. 
Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 

Fruit, medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled ; flesh, yellowisb, tender, 
sweet. Middle to last July. 

Tobacco-Leated. 
Four to the Pound. 
Fruit, small, round, red ; firm, dry flesh ; large pit. 

Transparent Guignb. 

Transparent Gean, | Transparent. 

Fruit, small, oyal heart shape, yellowish white, shaded with red ; flesh, translucent, tender, 
tnelting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. 

Virginian "Wild Cheery. 

This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for flavoring liquors, ' 
but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well known to need description, 
being the Cerasua serotina of Torrey and Grey ; while the Choke cherry, as it is commonly 
known, is the Cerasus Yirginiana. There are two varieties of G. serotina in the West that 
produce fruit three to four weeks. 

Virginia Mat Duke. 

A. variety of Mazard. 

White Tartarian. 

Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent, | Amber a Petit Fruit. 

Fruit, small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender, 
sweet. 

WEEPrNG, OR ALL SAINTS. 

Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive, 
Cerisier Pleurant, | Cerise de St Martin. 

Fruit, of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes it very desirable. 

Warren's Transparent. 
Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle July. (Cole.) 

Wilkinson. 
Fruit, medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. 

Wellington. 
Frnlt, medium size, obtuse heart shape, black ; almost firm fleshed. Early July. 



THE CUREANT. 

Rihes ruhrum, Lin. GrossularitB of Botanists. 

The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The 
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro- 
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has 
found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit-shrub planted 
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, 
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no 
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of 
the Kentish cherry. 

The Cherry currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, 
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex- 
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the Dutch 
horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from seed, and 
improving the cun*ant ; and not until the latter period of the life-time 
of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticulturists give it 
any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new kinds, varying, 
however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to be hardly worth 
retaining as distinct varieties. 

Propagation. Where the intention is to produce new and improved 
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce 
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. 
When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds 
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early 
in following Spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and 
covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in 
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and on approach of 
Winter have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mold scattered 
among the plants. 

The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in 
similar manner, and at the same time as directed under head of Goose- 
berries. 

Transplanting. This is best done in October, or early in Spring ; 
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as 
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. 
The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each 
way. 

Soil and Situation. The Currant will grow in almost any soil, 
producing fruit abundantly ; but it is only when grown in rich, deep 

232 



CULTURE, ETC. 233 

soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac- 
ters. We have grown the Cherry currant in a poor, gravelly soil, 
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same ; 
the first being only of medium size and indifferent character, while 
in the second they were large, as described, and possessing the 
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be 
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to 
give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit 
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants 
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July to 
September. 

Culture. The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard 
manure every Fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and 
during the fruit season the ground should be kept clean of weeds. 

Pruning. This should be pursued much as is described under 
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of them, 
should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old should 
be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the root are 
not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, it will be 
necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and as the best 
and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding year's growth, 
it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, compatible 
with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, when fairly 
grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyramidal shape, 
three to five feet high, and about two to three in diameter. 

The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa- 
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations, producing 
freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well supplied 
with food. 

Insects. The Currant Borer (^^geria iipuHformis) attacks the 
Currant, but is seldom met with in the West, or in gardens where 
the three years' old wood is regularly cut away, thereby giving 
vigor to the remainder of the plant. This insect is produced from a 
blue-black moth, appearing about the middle of June, and depositing 
its eggs near the lower buds ; these hatch, and the young borer en- 
ters the stem to the pith, which it devours. The best remedy is to 
cut off and burn all branches affected. 

The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to desti'oy the foliage of the 
Currant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We 
have not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the 
New York State Agricultural Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 
469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. 

Uses. Familiar to every one are the uses of the Currant ; green, 
it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in Winter, by gather- 
ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red; have 



234 THE CURRANT. 

them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and pack in 
sand in a cool cellar. 

Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by 
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. 
Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, 
numerous recipes for whfch are in all the Horticultural journals. 
The fruit of the Black currant, made into a jelly, is regarded by 
many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, etc. ; made into 
jam or dried, it is valuable for puddings, etc. 

Varieties. Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of cul- 
tivation. The Ribes ruhrum, or Common Red currant, is distinct 
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black currant. The 
Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul- 
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with 
prefix " large-fruited " any more deserving attention of fruit-growei's. 
The Ribes sanguineiim, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a 
pretty, ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. 
The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities 
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce 
new varieties. 



CLASS I. — Most generally esteemed. 

Black Naples. 

Black Grape, | Ogden's Black Grape. 

The largest fruited and most productive of the Black currant. Hardy in 
all sections of the States. 

Cherry. 

From Italy. In rich, deep, strong soiLs, and high culture, it is an abun- 
dant bearer of large, very acid fruit. In poor, thin, light soils, it is not 
desirable. 

Knight's Sweet Red. 

Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply colored and 
slightly less acid; resembling more the White Dutch in quality. 

Prince Albert. 

New. Plants, vigorous, large foliage, productive, ripens late, therefore 
valuable. Fruity large, resembling Victoria. 

PtED Dutch. 

Long Bunched Eed Dutch, I Large Bed Dutch, I Morgan's Eed. 

New Bed Dutch, | Eed Grape, ■iftct)/vcc<?y, | 

Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in the fruit 

being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. One of the 

best for general cultivation. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 235 

Victoria. 

May's Victoria, I Goliath, 

Eaby Castle, | Houghton Castle. 

Bunches very long. Fruit, red, somewhat larger than R,ed Dutch, and 
slightly more acid ; ripens later, and hangs a long time. Plants, vigorous, 
of a spreading habit. Its very large, long bunches make it the most desir- 
able of all currants for market culture. 



New White Dutch, 
White Crystal, 
Morgan's White, 



White Dutch. 

White Leghorn, 
Eeeve's White, 



Large White, 
White Clinton. 



Differing from the Red Dutch, in being of a yellowish white, and less 
acid, therefore preferred for table use. 

White Grape. 
Elver's White Grape. 
Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches more 
spreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable in small 
gardens. Productive. 



CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of ivhicli many are neiv and untested, and 
others suited only to large Orchards, or certain localities. 

American Black. 
Unproductive. 

Attractor. 

New, from France. Fruit, very large, white ; vigorous and productive. 

Black English. 
Common Black. 
Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive. 

Common Red — Common White. 
Well known old sorts, not requisite to describe. 

Champagne. 
Pale red, or flesh color, very acid. 

Fertille D" Angers. 

France, new. Bunches, long, large ; fruit, red, said to be valuable. 

GoNDOuiN Red. 

From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be further 
tested, but not largely planted. There is also a white variety. 

GoNDouiN White. 

Fruit, large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other sort ; 
branches, rather long, strong growth, productive. 



236 THE CURRANT. 

Knight's Early Red. 
Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it. 

Knight's Large Red. 

Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch. 

La Caucasse. 

A new variety ; vigorous, upright shoots ; bunches, very long, often seven 
inches, with berries two inches in circumference, sprightly, mild acid, pro- 
mises valuable. 

La Versaillaise. 

New French currant, very large, with long bunches ; next in size to 
Cherry currant, deep red, very productive. 

La Hative. 

A new early Red currant from France, not yet fruited here. Said to be 
excellent. 

Missouri. 

Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson. 
Valuable only as ornamental; fruit, large, bluish black; flavor, requiring 
a peculiar taste to admire it. 

Missouri Large Fruited. 

Missouri Eatable. 

Similar to the foregoing. 

Palnau. 

Fertile Currant of Palnau. 

From Tours, in France. It is considered of great excellence, flowering 
early, and producing abundance of fruit, less acid than others of the reds. 

Red Grape. 

Fruit, large; bunches long, clear red. more acid than Red Dutch; pro- 
ductive. Not upright in growth. 

Red Provens. 

Similar to, if not identical with, Red Dutch. 

Short Bunched Red. 

Very similar to Red Dutch, except bunches shorter, and fruit not as 
large. 

Striped Fruited. 

Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white 
and red. 

Transparent. 
Blanc Transparent. 

A new French currant. Fruit, very large, yellowish white, similar to 
White Dutch ; very productive. 



THE GOOSEBERKY. ^ 237 

White Pearl. 

A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as having 
bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of pearl; raised 
near Brussels. 

White Antwerp. 

Fruitj large, sweet; productive. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Ribes Grossularia — Grossulacece of Botanists. 

The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle 
portions of our country, but with few exceptions its fruit is prickly 
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where 
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun- 
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free of 
prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all been in- 
troduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed having 
been rai'ely attempted in this country, owing to the low price at which 
the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost certainty 
of success of importations made in the Autumn. 

The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en- 
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed there 
as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, has been 
the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry Shows 
were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been custom- 
ary to issue annually a Goosebekry Book, in which all new vari- 
eties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts of 
size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ; 
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and 
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds. 

Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections 
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed 
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western prairies 
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec- 
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew, to the destruction 
of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the attention 
of some one to make experiments, by raising from seed of our best 
varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of which, it 
might safely be expected, would be plants vigorous and comparatively 
free from disease as our natives. 



.238 THE GOOSEBERKT. 

Propagation. Seed should be sown in rich Icam, covered half an 
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is only- 
advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The most 
general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be made 
of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in Septem- 
ber, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the wood 
ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with all buds 
on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut square an 
even, immediately undei-neath the bud. Plant perpendicularly i: 
soil two fe€t deep, composed of loam and sand, and exposed only it. 
the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, fill up two inches, 
and tread very firm and compact, the remaining four inches fill in 
loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow-flowering or Missouri 
currant, has been practiced, and is said to prevent mildew. 

Transplanting. This is best done in early October, at which time 
the bushes transplanted (if it has not been previously done) should 
be pruned back to within three buds of this year's growth. The dis- 
tance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three feet 
each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole ground 
with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or new-mown 
grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or six years, as 
young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones. 

Soil and Situation. The soil should be two feet deep, well en- 
riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy, 
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and 
away from under shade of trees ; but where it can be done, shaded 
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge. 

Culture. Where mulching is practiced, the ground dug up once 
early in Spring and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and 
soot from chimneys or stove-pipes, will be all required, save the pull- 
ing of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course of 
Summer. 

Pruning. This, in training the Gooseberry, like the Dwarf Pear, 
consists much in the " pinching-in" process, i. e., by means of thumb 
and finger, stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches 
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for success 
of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and pull- 
ing most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early September, 
the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such shoots cut 
out as have been neglected to be stopped in or rubbed off, and are 
tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free circulation of air. 
All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators prune in Febru- 
ai-y ; we prefer the Fall. The following simple process of training 
or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good success : — In a row, 
the first bush has the branches of the year's growth cut back one 
third ; the second bush has every branch cut back to two, close to the 



VARIETIES. 239 

stem; the third, trimmed same as first; fourth, same as second, and 
so on alternately. The next year this course is reversed, and No. 
one takes place of No. two. This supplies fresh wood, and some 
think the increased vigor given to the plant in only fruiting every 
other year, has a tendency to prevent mildew. 

Mildew. This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, attach- 
ing itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appearance 
of scurf It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmosphere 
and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the plant. 
The remedies are : mulching the ground three or four inches deep, 
with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep the 
roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt is, by 
some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in creating 
moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in Spring, and after the 
fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap-suds, or such as come from 
the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive. 

Uses. In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies, 
tarts, &c., and is often bottled for Avinter use. This is done by fill- 
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft 
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, 
corking and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks 
downward. 

Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice which, after 
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re- 
sembling champagne. 

The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and coming immediately 
after cherries, when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market. 



VARIETIES. 

Varieties. As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry 
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them vary- 
ing only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We have 
therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well tested 
in this country. 

Bright Venus. (Taylor's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit, whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy ; flavor, 
"best;" hangs a long time. 

Bunker Hill. (Capper's.) 

Branches spreading; fruit, yellow, large, roundish, smooth; flavor very- 
good. 



240 THE GOOSEBEREY. 

Champagne. 

Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundish oblong, hairy : very good ; ex- 
tremely productive. 

Crown Bob. (McUing's.) 

Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy ; flavor, " best." 

DucKWiNG. (Buerdsill's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit, yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very good ; 
ripens late. 

Early Sulphur. 

Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy; flavor, "best;" 
ripens very early. 

Green Walnut. 

Branches spreading ; fruit, green, medium size, obovate, smooth ; flavor, 
" best." 

Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.) 

Branches erect ] fruit, green, small, obovate, smooth ; flavor, " best ;" hangs 
late. 

Heart of Oak. (Massey's.) 

Branches drooping; fruit, green, very large, oblong, smooth ; flavor, '"best." 

Houghton's Seedling. 

Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit, pale red, oval, medium size, 
flavor, " good ;" productive. This is claimed an American seedling, and 
thus far has proved entirely free from mildew. Especially fine for cooking. 

Ironmonger. 

Branches spreading ; fruit, red, small, roundish, hairy ; flavor, very good ; 
productive. 

Jolly Angler. (Collier's.) 
Branches erect ; fruit, green, large, oblong; flavor " best." 

Keen's Seedling. 

Branches drooping ; fruit, red, medium, oblong, hairy ; flavor, " best ;" 
early and productive. 

Laurel. (Parkinson's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit, green, large, obovate ; flavor, '• best." 

Pale Red. 

Branches erect, slender ; fruit, pale red, medium, oval, flavor very good; 
very productive. We received this variety from England, in 1847, and 
have fruited it yearly since. We have grown it in good and poor soil, 



YAEIETIES. 241 

with and without cultivation, and have never had it mildew; while for 
productiveness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two 
hundred fruit. 

Red Warrington. 

Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, roundish oblong, hairy : flavor, " best.'' 
Roaring Lion. 

Branches drooping; fruit, red, large, oblong, smooth; flavor, ,'-best;" hangs 
late, 

Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.) 

Branches erect; fruit, white, large, obovate, downy; flavor, "best." 

Whitesmith. (Woodward's.) 

Branches erect ; fruit, white, large, roundish oblong, downy ; flavor, 
" best." 

White Honey. 

Branches erect ; fruit, white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth ; flavor, 
"best." 

11 



THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 

Vitis labrusca, L. — Vitacem of Botanists. 

Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape, 
in its wild state, is found gi'owing. Of these, classes are divided, the 
vitin labrusca, being our common Fox grape, and from which we are 
yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental seed- 
lings ; while the Frost grape (vitis cordifolia) , may, perchance, have 
been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and almost 
equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign grape, they have 
become the companions of our advanced civilization, until almost 
every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit thereof. 
They have made our country already known as a wine-producing 
country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign varieties, and 
are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temperance to the 
character of our people. Records of immense vines are made, as 
growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on streams of 
waters ; yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem them all 
surpassed by a vine of Catawba grape which we saw last year grow- 
ing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted out but 
two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in length, with 
a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and had produced 
that year over 200 lbs. of fruit. 

The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abounding 
in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house had 
its escape near the roots. 

We may also remark that upon this island we have seen grapes, 
more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine- 
yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the bouquet and aroma so 
much esteemed by connoisseurs. 

Vineyards. The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of 
France, have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the 
latter country naving been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons, 
annually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required. 

" The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his- 
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus, 
however, discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it 
as a beverage, until his edict was abolished. The general culture 
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess that it became 
necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one time 

242 



VINKYAEDS. 243 

women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever, under 
the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the age of 
thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among relations of kiss- 
ing women wlien they met, was to ascertain by their breath if they 
had been drinking wine. 

" Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved 
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of his 
vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterses. 

" The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the 
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the 
Latins to Saturn ; and the G'reeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of 
a deity for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix. 

" It is said by Pliny that Bacchus was the first who ever wore a 
crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the vine 
and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The 
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of 
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed- 
ding, changed the water into wine. 

" At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of 
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century 
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions 
of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the mountains 
of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and Italy 
cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. Those 
most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, are the 
Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the champagne 
wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally celebrated as 
wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly esteemed for their 
prolific bearing, and regular crops. 

" The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table 
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac, and 
other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine ; 
and among the blessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat, 
bai'ley, and vine." 

Although we have record of wine being made from a native grape 
in Florida, as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken of in 
the United States until those established at Vevay and New Har- 
mony, Ind., Lexington, Ivy., &c , about 1812, the originals of which 
are now mostly destroyed. 

Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where 
wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substitutes 
ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain and 
exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of the 
pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the mines of denizens of 
the " Rhine of America," ^. e., the borders of the Ohio river, above 
and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten thousand 



244 ,; :j THE GRAPE. 

acres are occupied Avith vines, mostly of the Catawba grape, the pro- 
duce of which is made mostly into, what is there termed, " dry wine," 
much resembling the better class wines of the Rhine. The culture of 
the vine and manufacture of wines, is only now in its infancy ; and 
ten years, we doubt not, will incrt'ase ten-fold the prest'nt amount. 
Large establishments for the manufacture are now existing at Cincinnati 
and St. Louis. At the latter .place the manufacture of the " Still 
Catawba," into sparkling champagne, is conducted by the Missouri 
Wine Compan}^ upon a large scale, and upon the most intelligent 
principles. 

Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards in 
our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to health. 
Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says: "During an extensive practice in the 
medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I have frequently 
found it important to employ wine and other diffusive stimulants as 
medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far as any one in excluding 
strong drinks from the daily use of people in health, I must express my 
satisfaction at finding we can produce, in our own country, a pure, 
healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal purposes, and far superior to 
the poisonous foreign compounds, that often find their way to the 
bedsides of the sick, under the names of ' Lisbon,' ' Madeira,' &c., &c." 

Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of foreign 
vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and at 
this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be 
planted to any considerable extent. 

Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio and Missouri rivers have 
thus far taken the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, 
there is no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success 
may be had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found through- 
out the entire West, where, by application of manures suited to the 
wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal success would 
be had. Georgia and North Carolina have lately produced large 
crops of the Catawba. 

The whole extent of Vfestern prairies, rich in all the constituents 
of the grape vine (if we except potash, and, possibly, in sections, the 
phosphates), are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards, 
and at no greater outlay of expense for constituents toward success- 
ful culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which 
have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the 
soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food, 
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied. 

North of latitude 42°, however, it may be doubted whether saccha- 
rine sufiicient can be obtained from the most valuable wine gi-apes 
yet known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther 
South ; but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly 
written on, would more than occupy the number of pages intended 



PEOPAGATION. 245 

for this entire book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to 
such instructions as will enable the inexperienced to make the first 
start correctly, premising that once interested and engaged in the 
subject, disposition will be found freely to avail himself of all Avorks 
yet issued devoted to the subject. 

Propagation. By Seed. This course is only pursued where in- 
tended to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of pre- 
mium are circulated in the journals of the day for the production 
of a hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertil- 
izing some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis lah/iisca, 
or vice versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of 
success ; the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich 
vegetable mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the 
size without ameliorating their character. 

jBy Cuttings. These are taken from the strongest vines of the 
last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, 
according as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where pos- 
sible, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred. 
These being made in the Fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away 
in bundles m a cool cellar until Spring ; when, as soon as the ground 
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water, for four 
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are then 
planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the form 
of a half circle, as represented by figure, which shows the cutting as 
it appears in about one month from plant- 
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud 
is covered nearly an inch : in clayey soils, or 
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud 
should be jeiist even with the soil. The rows, 
in nursery, should be three feet apart, and 
the plants one foot distant each in the row. 
This is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine. 
The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and 
left light and loose at top. 

By Grafting. The best season to perform this operation is when 
the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abund- 
ant, and at same time watery, and gx-afts do not succeed well. Whip 
grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of 
size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the 
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been 
kept in a cool, yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it 
is best done, is at or near the ground ; and, after insertion, earth up 
a small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun, 
&c. If the operation be performed further up on the stalk, wrapping 
the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must 
be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other 




246 THE GEAPE. 

» 

perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only 
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines 
are almost always better than the patching up of old, neglected plants, 
which have never been " cared for " either in branch or root. 

Transplanting and distances. In taking up the vines at one year's 
growth from the cutting (which is best), care should be taken to 
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo- 
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the 
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep ; 
the hole broad ; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they 
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with 
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two 
buds are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if 
making a vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the 
Catawba or Isabella, should be four by eight feet ; the Schuylkill 
and Herbemont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three 
and a half by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, 
while the former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. These ex- 
tents are for vineyard culture. Our native grapes, however, all do 
better and produce most when permitted to make long growths upon 
high, extended trellises. Some vines trained in this way have pro- 
duced nearly thirty bushels in a season. 

Cost per acre of Vineyard. The estimated cost of trenching, fur- 
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far 
from two hundred dollars ; and at the expiration of three years it 
may be estimated to yield, annually, about 200 gallons of wine, at a 
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c., of about 
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a 
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon), as the net 
profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be 
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity, 
seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we, therefore, 
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex- 
pectation. 

Positio7i and Soil. R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital 
treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained 
the vine, has the following on this point : 

" A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east- 
ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom- 
mended the north, on account of safety from late Spring frosts, but 
it will scarcely afibrd sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet 
seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject 
to the 'rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a 
level one. 

" The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam, 
with a porous sub-soil, not retentive of moisture ; if mixed with 



PKUNING AND TRAINING. 247 

some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a 
sandy soil with a gravelly sub-stratum, as in this the grapes are less 
subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich — lacking in saccha- 
rine matter — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the 
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the 
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on 
the vines, if swelled prematurely in Autumn, are sometimes killed 
by the frosts of a severe Winter. 

" Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet claj^, is to be avoided, as also 
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within 
one hundred feet of the vineyard." 

Preparing the Ground. " In Autumn, or early "Winter, dig or 
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the 
spade ; this is far better than ploughing; turn the top soil under, 

" Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul- 
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose 
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up 
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave 
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100 
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size. 
This will do for gentle declivities, but steep ones must be terraced 
or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as 
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the 
hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running 
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away 
the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill." 

Cidtivation of the ground. The first two years the grounds should 
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two-pronged 
instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the Spring, but the 
best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the 
earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not 
be stirred ; this especially through the Western prairie country. 

Pruning and Training. Tact and judgment are necessaiy to per- 
form this portion of vineyard work, and none but general instructions 
can be given. Buchanan says : " In the Spring, cut the young vine 
down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for greater 
safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake, six or seven feet long, 
firmly to each plant ; locust or cedar is preferred, but oak or black 
walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or coated with coal- 
tar, will, it is said, last neai'ly as long. Keep the young vine tied 
neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick off all suckers, and 
let but one stalk or cane grow, 

" The second Spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, 
or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off" laterals, 
tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant 
where failures have occurred. The third year the vines will produce 



248 



THE GEAPE. 



a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off 
laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as 

soon as the fall of the leaf 
in Autumn, but anj'^ time 
when the frost is not in the 
wood will answer. " Prun- 
ing thefoui-ik year requires 
good judgment, as the 
standard stem or stalk has 
to be established." " Se- 
lect the best shoot or 
cane of last year, and cut 
it down to six or eight 
joints, and fasten it to the 
adjoining stake in a hor- 
izontal position, or bend 
it over in the form of a 
hook or bow, and tie it to 
its own stake. The ties 
should be of willow. This 
is the bearing wood. The 
other cane, cut down to a 
spur of two or three eyes, 
to make bearing wood for 
the next season. 

" ' Give the shoot the 
first tie on the stake, nine 
inches from the ground, 
and the second, nine inches 
above it ; then bow it over 
to the neighboring stake in 
a horizontal position, and 
give it the third tie to the 
stake, at that top of the 
vine.' 

" In the succeeding, and 
all subsequent years, cut 
away the old bearing wood, 
and form the new bow, or 
arch, from the best branch 
of the new wood of the 
last year, leaving a spur as 
before, to produce bearing 
wood for the coming year, 
thus keeping the old stalk of the vine down to within eighteen to 




SUMMER PEUNING, 249 

twenty-four inches from the ground. The vine is then always within 
reach and control." 

The practice of many vine dressers in Missouri, is a medium 
course, between severe or close pruning, and long straggling cuhure. 
Mr. Geo. Husman, of Herman, has written a capital work on this 
subject, to which we invite all who desire to grow the Grape exten- 
sively. We give on previous page cuts descriptive of manner now 
regarded best for training. 

Summer Pruning — " Consists in removing suckers, and pinching 
off all lateral shoots, leaving but two stalks or canes to be trained 
for bearing wood the ensuing year, and pinching off the ends of the 
bearing branches, about the time of blossoming, some two or three 
joints beyond, or above the last blossom bunch ; pull no leaves off 
the bearing branches, and but very few from any other. As the 
vines grow, tie them neatly to the stakes, with rye straw (some use 
grass), and when they reach the top, train them from one stake to 
the other, until the fruit has nearly matured ; the green ends may 
then be broken off. If this is done too early, there is danger of forc- 
ing out the fruit-bearing buds for the next year, and of injuring the 
grapes in ripening. 

Some cultivators are averse to removing any lateral branches from 
the fruit-bearing wood, merely pinching off their ends. Others adopt 
close pruning, in Summer, and even taking off some of the leaves of 
the bearing branches. Both these extremes are wrong. The ex- 
perience of the writer is in favor of removing such lateral shoots as 
appear unnecessary to the growth or ripening of the fruit — to pinch 
off the ends of the bearing branches two, three, or four joints beyond 
the upper bunch of grapes — according to the number it bears — to 
take off all laterals from the bearing wood intended for the ensuing 
year; and not to break off the ends of these branches at all (as has 
heretofore been done about the time the grapes began to color). The 
leaves are the lungs of the plant, and while it is necessary to remove 
suckers and laterals, to throw strength into the fruit and the bearing 
branches for next year, a liberal supply of leaves should be left for 
the maturity of both." 

Grapes are often injured in the Summer by cutting off too much 
young wood. Shoots not intended to grow, should be stopped by 
pinching off the ends ; but, if by neglect, they have been permitted 
to grow long, stop all, or nearly all, their ends, and let remain the 
part that has matured leaves. 

It is well in the Winter pruning, to leave plenty of wood, and if 
too much fruit sets for the vine to mature, thin it out when smaU. 

Trellises made by setting posts, well braced, at either end of the 
row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from 
post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin- 
nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally, as 
represented in the accompanying figure : 
11* 



250 



THE GRAPE. 




For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be 
well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted 
to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists 
in training the old, or main stem, and j'early cutting back the late- 
rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should 
be taken, however, not to cut back, and preserve the same side 
branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be- 
come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots 
should be yearly selected of the strongest growth, and cut back to 
the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut 
away. 

Manures. The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common 
wild grape vine is as follows : 

Wood. Bark. 

Potash 20.84 1.77 

Soda 2.06 9.27 

Chlorine 0.02 0.40 

Sulphuric acid 0.23 trace 

Phosphate of lime 15.40 5.04 

Phosphate of peroxide of iron 1.20 5.04 

Carbonic acid _ 34.83 32.22 

Lime 17.33 39.32 

Magnesia 4.40 0.80 

Silex 2 80 14.00 

Soluble silica 0.00 30.00 

Coal and ors^anic matter 2.20 1.70 



100.21 



100.86 



From this, any one moderately conversant with the components of 
soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the 
refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum (plaster of Paris), 
and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family, with 
animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most advisable, 
aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust. 

Insects and Diseases. The aphis and slug, described fully in 
" Harris's Ti'eatise,'' appear in the months of May and June. They are 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 251 

easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water. The grape vine 
flea-beetle {Haltica Ghalybed), a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle, 
about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the 
buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we 
believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Science, 
and is also noticed in " Harris's Treatise." The eggs are deposited 
early, and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which preys upon 
the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this state by 
syringing with tobacco-water, or sifting lime over the vines when wet 
with dew. 

uEgeria Polistiformis, or, Grape-vine Borer. The roots of cul- 
tivated grape vines, especially in the Southern States, are often so 
much injured by this borer, as to prevent the ripening of the fruit, 
and occasionally to cause death of the vine. " They are found about 
the vines and on the wing, from the middle of June to the middle of 
September, during which time they couple and lay their eggs, near 
the roots of the vines, and the whitish grubs hatched therefrom will 
be found boring into the bark and wood of the roots during Summer. 
The Avinged insects are dark brown, tinged with tawny orange, vary- 
ing from six to nine-tenths of an inch long. When fully grown these 
grubs measure from one inch to one inch and three-quarters in 
length. They undergo their transformations in oblong oval pods, 
formed of a gummy kind of silk, covered with fragments of wood, bark, 
and dirt, which will be found within, or adjacent to the injured roots. 
The insects take the chrysalis form at various times during the Sum- 
mer. The rings of the chrysalis are surrounded with minute teeth, 
which assist the insect in coming forth from its pod or cocoon when 
about to be changed to a moth." 

Eight-spotted Sphinx, or Alypia Octomaculata. There are two 
insects, occasionally found on the grape vine, which, in their cater- 
pillar state, closely i-esemble each other in form, size, color, and habits. 
One of these is the beautiful Eudryas ; the other is the Sphinx, or 
Alypia, above named. This Alypia, though common, and occasionally 
so numerous as to be quite hurtful to the vine in some parts of the 
United States, is very rare in New England. These caterpillars are 
white, passing into blue, transversely banded with narrow black lines, 
with a broader orange-colored band, dotted with black, on the middle 
of each ring. The head and feet are also orange, dotted with black. 
The black dots on the body produce a few short whitish hairs. They 
are found eating the leaves of the vine in the latter part of June and 
beginning of July. Full grown specimens measured one inch and a 
quarter, or more, in length. Before the 16th of July they leave the 
vines, and conceal themselves in a loose web upon the surface of the 
ground, and soon take the chrysalis form. Some are transformed to 
moths in August ; others remain in the chrysalis state through the 
Winter, and come forth winged in May and June. The winged in- 



252 THE GRAPE. 

sects are black, Avitli two large yellow spots on each of the fore wings, 
and two white ones on the hind wings. Their shanks are clothed with 
orange colored hairs. Their wings expand from one inch to one inch 
and a half. 

The Eose-bug {melolontha) occasionally attacks the vines in great 
numbers, eating oif the upper surface of the leaf, and causing the 
vinous fibres left to look like a sieve. They are best destroyed by 
spreading a cloth underneath, and shaking the vines in the cool of 
evening or near sun-set. They will fall, and may then be burned. 
A few dollars expended in this way, we have known to have saved 
the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent their presence to any 
extent another season". The curculio sometimes attacks the grape, 
but thus far we have never heard of any serious injury to the crop. 

Mildew, or American Blight, is easily checked by free sprinkling 
of powdered sulphur over the vines and earth when wet with dew. 
Or, take one peck lime, one pound sulphur, pour hot Avater to slake 
the lime, mix, add three gallons water, when clear draw off. Syringe, 
when disease first appears, with half pint of above to three gallons 
of water. It is a fungus, attacking the plant when not in perfect 
health. The rot, so much deprecated by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, 
we regard as attributable to want of perfect and free drainage. Many 
soils in which all the elements of health to the vine are existent, are 
at the same time so saturated with water that chemical action is 
checked, and the soil being in a dormant condition, the plant must of 
necessity become diseased. Some, we notice, consider it attributable 
to too late and clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to 
late growth, and formation of new leaves to exhaustion of what is 
required for perfection of those already formed, the theory is good, 
so far as it goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the consti- 
tuents to perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in 
soils well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only 
cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth. 

Uses — Mode of Keeping. Universally esteemed Avlien well ripen- 
ed, as a dessert fruit, the Grape is also highly valued by many phy 
sicians, as in its free use tending to health and the prevention of 
rheumatic affections of the human system. For culinary use, and for 
making of preserves, they ai-e sought for, both in a green and ripened 
state. Carefully gathered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on 
the floor of a cool, dry room, tiien spread out for one or two days, 
and packed in shallow boxes, with layers of cotton-batting at bottom 
and intermediate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, 
they may be placed in a cool room and kept fresh throughout most 
of the Winter. The following method has been practiced success- 
fully by an extensive grape-grower, Charles Carpenter, Esq., of 
Kelley's Island : 

" In putting down grapes for Winter use, several requisites are ne- 
cessary for success, viz. : The fruit must be fully i-ipe, well supplied 



WINE-HOUSE. 



253 



with saccharine matter, very carefully handled, and a cool, dry room 
or cellar to keep them in. They should also either be sealed up so 
as entirely to exclude the air, or have just air or ventilation enough 
to prevent moulding. A little shriveling does not injure thera so 
much as mould. But few varieties of grapes contain sufficient sugar 
to keep them through the Winter. The Catawba does when well 
matured, and is one of the best for the purpose. 

" They will keep good four or five months in either of the follow- 
ing ways, if the conditions previously stated are complied with : 

" In a dry day, take a broad basket into the vineyard, gather some 
of the diy fallen grape leaves, rubbing them in the hands to break 
them up some, and put a layer of them on the bottom of the basket. 
Then commence gathering the grapes, selecting the best ; examine 
each bunch, carefully cutting out the unripe, decayed, and broktyi 
berries, witii a pair of grape scissors ; do not pick them off with the 
fingers, for by so doing you will start some good berries from the stem, 
causing them to rot and injure others. When trimmed, lay each 
cluster in the basket until one layer is complete, then a layer of 
broken leaves, alternately, until the basket is full, finishing with the 
leaves. More than ten or twelve inches in depth of fruit should 
never be packed, on account of the weight breaking those at the bot- 
tom. It is much better to put them into the basket at the time they 
are picked, to save another handling ; as every time they are handled, 
some are broken and injured." 

Last, though not least, is the making of wine. To do this success- 
fully requires practice, and a knowledge that can not be taught by 
any description that can be written. Seasons and maturity of the 
fruit affect verj^ materially the quality of the wine, even when made 
by those experienced therein. The following sketch of the details, 
with cuts illustrative of plan of a wine-house and press, we extract 
from the " Western Horticultural Review : " 



"3= 








254 



THE GEAPE. 



A. — Door opening to the vineyard, by which the grapes are brought 
into the wine-house. 

B. — Back door of wine-house. 
C. — Front door of wine-house. 

D. — Opening, through which the stems are thrown from the ma- 
chine. 

M — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to 
being stemmed. 

F. — Stemming and crushing apparatus. 
G. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels. 
JI. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels. 
L. — Door opening into the basement. 

Signs of Ripeness of Grapes. The stem of the grape should be 
of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and 
transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems. 
The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and sticky. 
Do not cut the grapes early in the morning, with the dew on, nor 
during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain. 

Gathering. The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets 
containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of 
wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps, 
or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer. 

Picking. This consists in removing by hand all green, shriveled 
or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and pressed 
separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest grapes 
are carried thence to the stemming apparatus, where they undergo 
another operation. 

Stemming. Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it is 
done in F (of the ground plan), by means of the apparatus of which 
a cut is appended. This practice is now abandoned as useless and 
injurious to the Avine. 

The grapes are thrown on 
the wire sieve M, which is 
open enough to allow the ber- 
ries to pass, but retains the 
stems ; a little plank, P, is held 
in an inclined position, to which 
a backward and forward move- 
ment is given, so as to force 
the berries through the sieve, 
and remove out of the way all 
the stems as they are stript. 

Mashing. After passing 
through the stemming process, 
the grapes fall into a wooden 
mill, consisting of two roller? 




VAEIETIES. 



255 



ridged obliquely, to one of whicli is attached a set of screws, by 
whicli their distance from each other may be graduated to the proper 
degree ; it being desirable that every grape should be crushed, but 
that the seed should not be broken, [Simple wooden rollers are 
equally good. — Ed.'\ 

The. rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in R E, 
a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows tvvo men, one 
stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers, the 
grape (being entirely separa- 
ted from the stem, and thor- 
oughly mashed) passes into 
the press, when the first opera- 
tion of separating the juice is 
performed. The wine passes 
from the bed of the press by 
means of a conductor, into the 
basement, from whence it is 
conveyed into casl<s containing 
260 gallons each ; these, though 
by no means so large a size as 
used by some wine manufac- 
turers, are of very convenient 
capacity for ordinary crops. 
The first fermentation takes 
place immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine be- 
comes perfectly clear, or what is technically termed " fine ;" a second 
fermentation takes place in the Spring, about the period of the bloom- 
ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least 
one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use just 
previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety, 
if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place. 




BmRmaEcluj- 



VARIETIES. 

Over one hundred varieties of our native grapes have been noticed 
by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy of 
cultivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our 
descriptions to those most known and meritorious. 

CLASS I. Varieties most generally esteemed. 
Catawba. 



Eed Muncy, 
Lebanon Seedling, 



Catawba Tokay, 
Singleton, 



Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said to 
have found this variety in the Summer of 1821, growing wild in Buncombe 



266 THE GEAPE. 

Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river. We have 
found this to ripen equally as well, and as far North, as the Isabella, 
when correctly pruned, and grown in dry or well-drained soil. It is 
esteemed both for dessert and wine use. In growth and foliage, it 
resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color, shorter jointed, 
and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is a white downy spot. 

Bunches^ medium size, shouldered ; berries^ nearly round, large, pale 
red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and covered with a 
lilac bloom 5 fleshy slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich aromatic, 
musky flavor. 

Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour and un- 
palatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not equal to Isabella. 

Delaware. 
Heath. 

This variety was introduced to notice by A. Thompson, Esq., of Dela- 
ware, Ohio, in 1852. In our first edition of this work, we made it iden- 
tical with Traminer, a foreign variety, which it closely resembles. At the 
time of its introduction, Mr. Thompson made the following statement 
respecting its origin : 

" It was brought to our country from New Jersey about ten years ago 
by Mr. Jacob MofTard, who procured it from the garden of a French gentle- 
man named Paul H. Provast, residing in Kingsmood Township, Hunterdon 
Co., N. J. Mr. P. came to this country about fifty years ago, and this 
variety, with otiiers, was sent him, some twenty years since, by a brother 
residing in Italy. 

" In our region it is perfectly hardy, free from mildew or rot, a pro- 
digious a bearer, never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood, and 
comes to maturity two or three weeks earlier than the Isabella, and a month 
sooner than the Catawba. 

'• The berries are uniform in size and quality, it being almost impossible 
to find one that is imperfect, wholly free from pulp, and of rich and 
pleasant flavor." 

Another history of its introduction is, that in 1831 an old vintager fled 
from Italy to this country, and settled in New Jersey ; that he brought 
with him roots and cuttings of grapes ; that when he died, some few years 
since, he had two roots of this variety ; that Heath and Waflbrd, two con- 
nections of his, dug up these two plants, and brought them to Delaware 
Co., Ohio. After a time, they bore fruit, which, when taken into the town 
of Delaware for sale, attracted attention, and soon created a demand for 
the vines. 

It is also regarded by some as a seedling of this country • but, come from 
whence it may, it is certainly the most desirable hardy table grape now 
known. 

Bunches, medium, compact ; berries, small or medium, round clear pale 
red, delicate, thin skin, tender, juicy, sweet, delicious ; very productive j 
not valuable for wine. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 267 

Diana. 

" This," sa^'s Mr. Downing, "is a seedling from the Catawba, grown by 
Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller size than its parent, 
but has the character of maturing its fruit two weeks earlier. It is yet but 
little known, and, although stated to have surpassed its parent, when grown 
at Mobile, at Cincinnati it has not equaled the Catawba. 

Bunches^ below medium size, compact ; berries^ round, delicate pale red ; 
fleshy juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resembling Catawba in 
flavor. Valuable as a table grape. 

Isabella. 

This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South 
Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., and 
there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and named it 
after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then (1816) owned the garden. On the 
authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several years previous at Nor- 
wich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and claimed to have been 
brought from one of the French West India Islands. Other authority places 
it as a common variety of Spain, and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who 
cultivated and sold it as " Laspeyre Grape." in 1810. Geo. Hoadley. Esq., 
states that in 1824 it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was 
said to have been brought thirty years previous, from South Carolina or 
Georgia. 

We incline to belief of its being a native, its hardihood, habit, and 
character all tending that way ; but, come from whence it may, its vigorous 
habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite. 

As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches^ large, rather loose, 
shouldered ; berries^ oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly black, 
covered with a blue black bloom ; fleshy tender, with some pulp, which 
lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aroma. 



CLASS II. Embraces varieties r>iany of which are new and untested^ and 
others suited only to certain localities. 

Ada. 

Raised by Dr. Valk, Flushing, L. I. Bunches, large, compact, dark, 
almost black berries, sweet, vinous. 

Bland. 

Bland's Virginia, I Powell, 

Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Ked. 

Found on the Eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of 
value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is by 
many discarded, from its habit of only bearing moderately. As a table 
grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best, the objection to it 
being, that it drops its leaves before ripening. 



2f8 THE GRAPE. 

Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth, propagated by layers ; bunches, 
long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicles ; skin, pale red, thin; 
flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleasant delicate flavor. 
Late in ripening, and valuable for packing away for Winter use. 

Brinckle. 

Eaabe's No. 1. 

First fruited in 1850. Bunch, large, rather compact, sometimes 

shouldered ; berry, five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; flesh, 

solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality, " best." 

(Ad.'int. Rep.) 

Canadian Chief. 
From Canada, and claimed to be a native, but so strongly marked w^ith 
foreign characteristics that we think it will not prove to be an acquisition 
for general cultivation. 

Bunches, very large and shouldered, and the vine very productive, and 
will probably do better in Canada than in a warmer latitude. (Downing.) 

Canby's August. 
Raised by William Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware, Ripe eight or 
ten days before Isabella. 

Bunch, four to five inches long, and over two inches broad, very com- 
pact ; berry, medium size, roundish, inclining to oval, nearly black, thickly 
covered with bloom ; flesh, tender, juicy, not pulpy, or but very little, 
sweet and pleasant. 

Carter. 

Newly introduced ; origin uncertain. Berries, round, large, deep reddish 
black; ripens before Isabella, and said to be superior. 

Cassady. 
An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf and dark purplish 
wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shoul- 
dered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an inch in diameter ; form,, 
round ; color, greenish white, with occasionally a faint salmon tint, and 
thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, 
pleasant; quality, "very good." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Child's Seedling. 
A very large, fine grape, grown in Utica, N. Y., by Mr. Childs. It is 
doubtless of foreign origin, but has succeeded with him without glass, 
although latterly grown under it. We presume its foreign characteristics 
will not fit it for open culture. (Downing.) 

Clara. 

Eaabe's No. 4. 

Bunch, medium, not compact ; berry, medium, round, green, faintly 

tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavor, 

rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited the present season 

for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Clinton. 
Worthington. 
This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, but we 
have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that so closely 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 259 

resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under this name, as to 
make us doubt its coming from the origin stated. 

It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to border 
planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding four feet high, 
in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is, that it ripens some ten days 
or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, therefore, suited to higher or more 
Northern latitudes. 

Foliage, small; wood, short jointed. Bunches, medium or small, not 
shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin blue bloom, 
pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive. 

Columbia. 
This grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlu.m on his farm at 
■ Georgetown, D. C. A vigprous grower, productive. 

Bunch, small, compact ; berry, small, black, with a thin bloom, with 
very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but pleasant 
and vinous, scarcely, if at all, foxy. Ripe last of September. 

Concord. 
This fine, hardy native grape was raised from seed by E. W. Bull, Con- 
cord, Mass. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and exceedingly productive. 
Bunch, rather compact, large shouldered ; berries, large, globular, almost 
black, thickly covered with bloom ; skin, rather thick, with more of the 
native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it resembles, but does 
not quite equal in quality; fleshy moderately juicy, rather buttery, very 
sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its pulp. It is more 
hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days earlier, consequently, it 
is a very valuable variety. Promises valuable for Ohio. 

Devereux. 
Bunches, of medium size, compact ; berries, rather small, purple, very 
juicy and sweet ; good table grape, and makes a good wine ; not liable to 
rot. Latter part of July. (Berckmans' Col.) 

Elsinburgh. 
Elsinboro, | Elsinborougli, | Smart's Elingburgh. 

The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion among 
horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all previous writers, 
we choose to continue it. The variety is said to have come from a village 
in Salem Co.. N. J. It is a nice little grape, suited for the dessert, and for 
growing on trellises in gardens. A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a 
little before or with Isabella. 

Wood, slender, long jointed; leaves five lobed. Bunches, medium, loose, 
shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered with blue 
bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best." 

Emily. 
Eaabe's No. 2. 
Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, below 
medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diameter, round, pale 
red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, saccharine and deli- 
cious ; quality, " best" for an out-door grape. Fruited in 1850 for the first 
time. 



260 THE GRAPE. 

Garrigues. 

Raised by Edward Gai-rigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. A vigorous 
grower, hardy and productive, very much resembles Isabella, and no doubt 
a seedling of it. Bunch, large, loose, shouldered ] berries, large, oval, dark 
purple, covered with a thick bloom ; flesh, with little toughness in its pulp, 
juicy, sweetj and rich. P^ipe eight or ten days before Isabella. 

Graham. 

An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 1845, 
and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium size, shouldered, 
not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered 
with a blue bloom, contains little or 3io pulp, and abounds in a saccharine 
juice of agreeable flavor ; quality, " best."' The lea.f indicates its native 
parentage. It is probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsin- 
borough, both of which were in bearing in the garden where it originated. 
(Ad. Int. P.ept.) 

Hall's Grape. 

A seedling raised by David Hall, of Urbana. Berries, of medium size, 
dark color, larger and better flavor than Clinton, but not equal to Isabella. 
Said to be earlier and hardier than Catawba or Isabella. 

Hartford Prolific. 

A variety of the Fox Grape, from West Hartford, Ct. For early 
maturity and escaping of frosts, it is valuable, as it always bears, but its 
foxy character is not agreeable, when the Delaware or Catawba can 
be had. 

Bunches, medium, loose j berries, round; skin, black; sweet, with con- 
siderable pulp. Ripens ten days or two weeks before Isabella. 

Herbemont. 

Herbemonfs Madeira, | Warren, | "Warrenton. 

The origin of this is yet in doubt, some claiming it same as Lenoir, and 

a native — others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy character and 

resemblance in foliage to the P^iver grapes, however, seems rather to favor 

its being a seedling of our States. 

Only moderately vigorous. Wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, red or 
brownish. Bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, round ; 
skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, sweet, excel- 
lent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine like Spanish 
Manzanella. 

Hudson. 

Originated in the gardens of Mr. Calkins, Hudson, N. Y. Growth similar 
to Isabella, and said to be two or three weeks earlier. Bunch and berry 
much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so rich. 

Lmitation Hamburg. 

Union Village, ] Shaker Grape. 
A native variety. Fruit, large, dark purple, or as large, skin as thin, 
pulp as soft and juicy, but of inferior aroma and flavor, to the Black Ham- 
burg. Origin, supposed among the Shakers, at Union Village, Ohio. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 261 

Lenoir. 

Sumpter ? ] Clarence f 
Subject, in clay soila, to mildew and rot. Bunches, large, compact, 
sometimes shouldered ; berries, small, black, sweet, agreeable. Earlier 
than Herbemont, and by many considered superior. 

Logan. 
A new variety of a dark or black grape ; hardy, and said very fine. We 
have not seen it. 

Louisa. 

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. Vine, hardy, vigorous growth. Bunch, medium, 
rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry, round, oval, blackish, with 
blue bloom ; resembles Isabella, and said to ripen a few days earlier. 

Marion. 
A seedling raised at Bethlehem, Pa., many years since, but not until 
recently much noticed. It is said to resemble (we -have never seen it) the 
Isabella in many respects, but is more uniform in ripening, and of a more 
delicate character. Vines, healthy ; wood, firm, short jointed; good bearer. 
Bunches, large, regular, seldom shouldered; berries, above or medium, 
inclining to oval, dark purplish black, with blue bloom ; juice, abundant; 
pulp, thin; promising to be one of the most valuable. 

Missouri. 

Missouri Seedling. 

Said to be a native of Missouri ; it is of slow growth, short jointed, and, 
like the Clinton, suited to border cxilture in gardens. From it a wine is 
made resembling Maderia. 

Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed. Bunches, below medium, loose ; berries, 
small, round ; skin, tliin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, tender, 
little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." 

Norton's Virginia. 
Norton's Seedling. 

A native seedling produced by a cross between the Bland and Miller's 
Burgundy, by Dr. N. Norton, of Richmond, Virginia. It is a most produc- 
tive grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops (especially at 
the South, where many kinds rot), in all seasons. It has been confounded 
by some with Ohio grape, from which it is quite distinct, more pulpy, and 
less agreeable for the dessert, though a much better wine grape. 

Bunches, long, sometimes eight or nine inches, occasionally shouldered, 
somewhat compact; berries, small, round; skin, thin, dark purple; flesh, 
pulpy, with a brisk, rather rough flavor. Shoots strong and hardy. 

Northern Muscadine. 

Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon. Columbia County, N. Y. 
Bunches small, short, compact ; berry, large, round, chocolate or brownish 
red ; skin, thick, with a pungency and odor common to the wild fox grape, 
and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The berries fall from the 
bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks before Isabella. (Down- 
ing-) 



262 THE GEAPE. 

Ohio. 

Longwoi'th's Ohio, j Segar Box. 

The original of the vines now known under this name were some cut- 
tings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq., Cincin- 
nati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in doubt. North 
of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wiierever planted should have long 
range on a trellis. Only valued f'or table use. 

Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly black, blue 
bloom ; flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the amateur. 

Pauline. 

The finest Southern native grape. Bunches, large, shouldered, compact; 
berries, medium, brownish crimson, very sweet; skin, thin; no pulp. 
(Berkman's Cat.) 

Raabe. 

Eaabe's No. 3. 

Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, round, 
dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with scarcely any 
pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Catawba aroma; quality, 
" best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Rebecca. 

Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, Hudson, N. Y. The vines are 
hardy, and it promises to be one of the most valuable ; leaves deeply lobed, 
coarsely and sharply serrated ; upper surface light green, under surface 
with thin whitish down. Bunches, medium size, very compact, not shoul- 
kered ; berries, medium, obovate, greenish white, becoming jjale amber at 
maturity, and covered with a thin white bloom ; flesh, melting, juicy, free 
from pulp, musky aroma ; seeds, small, two to four in each berry. 

SCUPPERNONG. 

Fox Grape, of the SoutJi^ I American Muscadine, of the South, 
Bull or Bullet, " | Eoanoke, •' 

A distinct Southern species, vitus vulpina, too tender for the North, 
highly esteemed throughout the entire Southern States, where it is much 
grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from Virginia to 
Florida. 

Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glossy on 
both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The White and Black 
varieties diflier only in the color of fruit, the White being light green, and 
the Black, dark red, with tendrils of vine corresponding with color of fruit. 

Bunches, small, loose; berries, round, large; skin, ihich; flesh, pvilpy, 
juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. 

Schuylkill. 

Schuylkill Muscadel, I Maderia, of Torh, Pa., I Clifton's Constantia, 

Alexander, Muscadine, Tasker's Grape, 

Spring Mill Constantia, | Cape Grape, | "Winne. 

From the banks of the Scliuykill. Pa. Us value is only as wine grape, 
and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it extensively distri- 
buted North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves are much more 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 263 

downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the bunches being not shoul- 
dered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. 

Berries, often large, roundish oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, firm . 
pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. 

Minor's Seedling, ShurtlefF's Seedling, Northern Muscadine, Charter 
Oak, Mammoth, and some others are cultivated in localities, but their good 
qualities seem destined to remain in circumscribed limits ; not having yet 
been seen, when cultivated away from their first friends, inclines us to say 
they are simply varieties of the Fox Grape. 

Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Sherman, Chillieothe Seedling, 
and Lee's, are all sub- varieties, and not equal to the original Isabella. 

Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling. Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, 
are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equaling it. The " Mammoth 
Catawba '' is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses the original 
only in size. 

Taft. 

Originated with W. P. Taft, Cleveland, O. Bunches, medium, short, 
compact, variety shouldered ; berries, above medium, globular compressed, 
light green in shade, marblings of chocolate red in sun ; flesh, slightly 
pulpy, juicy, sweet, a little musky; skin, tough, thick, with somewhat of 
the pungency belonging to the common Fox Grape j vines very hardy; fruit 
ripens two weeks before Isabella. 

To-Kalon. 
s 

Ptaised by Dr. Spofford, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. This fine grape has 
been but little disseminated in consequence of the general supposition that 
it was very much like, if not identical with, the Catawba, from which it 
is entirely distinct in wood, foliage, and every characteristic of the fruit. 
It is a vigorous grower, foliage very large, abundant, and much less rough 
than Catawba or Isabella, and the alse of the leaves overlap each other 
different from any other with which we are acquainted. 

Bunches large and shouldered ; berries varying in form from oval to 
oblate, very dark in color and profusely covered with bloom. Its fruit, 
when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, and luscious, without foxiness in its 
aroma, or any toughness or acidity in its pulp. It is perfectly hardy, and 
with good treatment in deep, rich, pervious soil, it is an early and abun- 
'dant bearer; with indifi^erent treatment it is a poor bearer. It ripens a 
little earlier than Isabella. (Downing.) 

York Madeira. 

From York Co., Pa. Excellent when fully ripe ; extremely productive, 
hardy: canes, rather slender, short jointed ; resembles Miller's Burgundy 
in size of berry, shape, and compactness of bunch. Excellent when fully 
ripe ; of a peculiar flavor. (Downing.) 



THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 



Vitis vinifera, L. — Vitacece of Botanists. 

From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been 
held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for 
the making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and 
plenty. " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fer- 
tility of the vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its intro- 
duction and entire history up to this date, would occupy more room 
than the limits of our present work will admit : we shall therefore 
content ourself by saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera 
came from Persia ; that it was probably cultivated in Britain not 
many years after the commencement of the Christian era ; that the 
varieties native of Britain and America, are quite distinct ; that those 
native of Britain are not edible, while those of our own land embrace 
a number of edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, 
so far as tried north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, 
few or no varieties withstanding the extremes of our climate, with- 
out protection. Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported 
large numbers of foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to 
wine. The experiment tailed, as have those of Longworth, and others 
since. 

Of the longevity of the vine, records are made, giving it existence 
from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and 
stems six feet ai'ound, or sufficien.t to afford the cutting out of planks 
fifteen inches broad. 

Propagation. The same practices as noted under head of American 
Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in propa- 
gating esteemed varieties of the foreign 
grapes is by eyes, as represented in ad- 
joining figure. This is done by select- 
ing a strong bud and cutting it ofi^ from 
the remainder of the branch, at about 
two inches above and below, and plant- 
ing it in a pot covered about half an inch 
deep with light loamy soil, then plung- 
ing the pot in a hot-bed. By this means 
every bud on a shoot can be formed into 
a plant. 

Out-door Culture. In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, 
&c., such varieties as the Black Prince, Traminer, and Royal Mus- 

264 




VINE BOEDEKS, 265 

cadine, may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in 
the month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other 
mulch, and raising them again to their position in ApriL Free sup- 
ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten 
their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* 

Cold-Houses. By this term is meant an inclosed structure of wood 
or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These structures, 
as made at the East, and by a few wealthy men at the West, and 
represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen- 
sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the 
West. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at 
the West has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve 
as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four-inch scant- 
ling against the building, nailing boards to it, and filling in between 
with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four 
inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of 
say fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in 
same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces 
six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging shutters. 
Now, the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be made in 
same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from back to 
front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and at the 
highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for swinging- 
shutters of say two feet square ; these opened, will give ventilation, 
in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a joiner will 
be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, and fit in 
rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of width of 
house ; stiles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars one inch 
wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper stile or head 
piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; the rafters 
should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty two inches wide, 
or sufficient for five lights wide of six-inch glass. When the location 
of such houses is not in a very cold climate, or where the thermometer 
rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled oil and varnished 
will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in the end, not be 
as cheap, as its durability will only be about two years. Those 
who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to purchase " Allen's 
Treatise on the Grape." 

Vine Borders. Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as 
well as forcing-houses, more has been written and published than 
one person could read at the rate of ten hours a day, in one entire 
month. Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while 

th _ 

White oweei- n aier, wnicn never niuaewea. lliis garden was sixty or seventy rotts irom tna 
harbor (or salt water). The prevalent winds were from the harbor, in Summer, and in 
storms the shrubbery not unfrequently covered with spray. 

12 



266 THE GKAPE. 

others prefei' inside. If sandy ground, no care will be required to 
form a drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth 
three feet deep, form a drain in centre at bottom, leading away from 
the house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or 
woods, and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quan- 
tities, or perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one-tenth in 
quantity each of gypsum (plaster of Paris), and ground bones, and 
one-sixth of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the 
border. Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's 
shop, street scrapings, leather parings, old rags, bones, &c., are all 
used and all good, but the above named materials, with liberal water- 
ing with soap-suds, and occasional sprinkling with sulphur (which 
will be necessary at times to check mildew) will give good growth of 
vine and fruit. 

Planting and Training. The vines, being obtained from the nur- 
sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well wet, 
and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or bot- 
tom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; now 
plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the stem 
immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each plant 
stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow train to a wire 
fastened at top each of front and back wall, so as to be six inches 
below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for cold houses, and 
is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the Fall, after the 
first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on each side of 
the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season about fifteen 
inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, the side 
shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as the 
lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each bud 
puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and the 
one at the base is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed out. 
The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom one is 
pinched out. The fruit-bearing spur is stopped three or four joints 
above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also stopped, 
when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now trained as 
shown in the following figure. 

" a is the bearing shoot, and h the one not to be 

fruited till next year ; at next pruning (or what is still 

-7^ better, two or three weeks previous), a is cut clean cut 

\- to the base of h, and, when the leaves fall, h is cut back 

^^^\ to three eyes, as a was last season, and so on from year 

L^Jj- to year." Every Fall, at approach of cold weather, take 
^a down the vines, lay them on the border, inside, and cover 
with tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside 
same depth with barn-yard manure. 

Routine of Cidtiire. The following brief instructions, from A. J. 



^ 



THE FOREIGN GEAPE. 267 

Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold-house : " In a vinery 
without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com- 
mence swelling their buds in the Spring, they should be carefully 
washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the 
wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four 
times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when 
the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning ; and 
every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. 
During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit- 
is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus- 
pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, 
than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of 
the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour 
of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- 
perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes 
a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing 
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of 
temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist 
and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent 
with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great 
object of culture in a vinery of this kind. 

Insects. The aphis or " vine-frettei^" is destroyed by fumigating, 
i. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely 
afterward. If red spiders are troublesome, syi'inge the vines at 
evening, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. 

VARIETIES. 

Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and 
confuse the practical man, and our own esperience with foreign 
grapes not having been sufficient to enable us frdly to decide on 
which to recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted 
worthy of general cultivation by the American Pomological Society. 

Black Hamburgh. 



Valentino's, | Salisbury Violet, 

Purple Hamburgh, Gibraltar, 

Browu Hamburgh, I Frankendale. 



"Warner's Black Hamburgh, 
Bed Hamburgh, 
Dutch Hamburgh, 
Hampton Oourt' Vine, 

This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In sheltered 
locations, out of doors in cities south as far as Cincinnati, it does well with 
protection in Winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, large, shouldered on 
toth sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclining to oval, brownish purple, 
becoming purplish black when fully ripe; of sugary rich flavor. 

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar. Fruit, larger, bloom very 
thick ; Jiesh, firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Hamburgh. 

* A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is stated to produce an- 
nually over one ton weight of fruit. 



268 



THE GRAPE. 



Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value. Bunches, not as 
large ; berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a synonym 
of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly-improved sub-variety. 



Alicant, 

Black Valentia, 

Boston, 

Pocock's Damascus, 



Black Prince. 

Steward's Black Prince, 
Black Spanish, 
Black Portugal, 



Sir A. Pytche's Black, 
Cambridge Botanic Garden, 
Black Lisbon. 



• This often succeeds well with Winter protection out doors, while in the 
house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully ripe. A. pro- 
fuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries, large, thinly set, 
oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue bloom ; flavor, sweet, 
excellent; "very good." 

Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. 



Black Frontignan. 



Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees, 
Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, 
Purple Frontignan, 



Purple Constantia, 
Muscat Moir de Jura. 



Muscat Noir, 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire, 

Black Prontignac, 

This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A good 

bearer. Bunches, long; berries, medium size, round, black; 5/:m, thin ; 

flavor, musky rich. 

Black Cluster. 



Black Morillon, 
True Burgundy, 
Small Black Cluster, 



Early Black, 
Pineau, 



Black Burgundy, 
Black Orleans. 



This variety is hardy, and succeeds out doors. It is valued in France 
for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It has been pretty 
extensively disseminated throughout the West, which is our main reason 
for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but those given are all which 
we have ever heard applied to it in this country. Bunches, small com- 
pact ; berries, medium size, roundish oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" 
distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by ab.sence of down on the leaf. 



Early Black July. 



De St. Jean, 
August Traube, 
Jacob's Straube. 



July Grape, [ Burgunder, 

Madeleine Noir, Madeleine, 

Morillon Hatif, | Eaisin Precoce, 

The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, is its 

chief merit. Foliage, small light green ; bunches, small, compact ; berries, 

small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and of indifferent flavor ; 

" good." 

Grizzly Frontignan. 

Grizzly Frontignac, 1 Ecd Constantia, 
Muscat Eouge, | Muscat Gris, 

«&e,, &c., in all tbirteen Synonyms. 

Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of '' best " 
quality, is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrow, slight shoulders ; 
berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick bloom, juicy, rich, musky, 
high flavor. 



THE FOREIGN" GEAPE. 



269 



Royal Muscadine. 



Chasselas de Fontainebleau, 
G-olden Cliasselas, 
Chasselas Dore, 
D'Ai'bois, 



Amlena, 
Chasselas, 
White Chasselas, 
Chasselas Blanc, 



Eaisin d'Champagne, 
Amber Muscadine, 
Early White Teneriffe. 



This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Water 
(often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger growth. Grown 
out of doors, it requires not only Winter protection, but also to be well 
supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it cracks and mildews. 

Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleaii are 
distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Muscadine, he also 
says, only varies from this in ripening a few days earlier. 

Bunches, large, long, shouldered ; berries, above medium, round, greenish 
white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich delicious flavor. 
Middle to last of September. 



Muscat of Alexandria. 



White Muscat of Alexandria, 

Jerusalem Muscat, 

Malaga, 

White Muscat of Lunel, 



Lunel, 

Frontniac of Alexandria, 
Muscat d' Alexandria, 
White Muscat, 



Tottenham Park Muscat, 
Passe-longue Musque, 
Passe Musque. 



Adapted only to house culture, and, even then, benefitted by artificial 
heat. This isprobably the " Malaga " Grape brought to this country in jars 
and sold by confectioners. 

Bunches, very large, loose, irregular ; berries., large, oval, pale amber, 
thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often seedless. A 
strong grower. 

The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling its 
parent. 

Traminer. 



Eed Traminer, 
Fromentin Eouge, 
Kother Traminer, 
Pother Klevner, 
Tokayer, 
Kleinbranner, 



Rothclauser, 

Eanfoliga, 

Grls Eouge, 

Fromentean, 

Decimanner, 

Eothedel, 



Eothfranken, 
St. Clauser, 
Marzimmer, 
Pan Folak, 
Eothe Eeifler. 



Hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or rot, a productive bearer, 
and never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood. Allen says of it, 
" a much-esteemed wine Grape on the river Maine." It is described in 
the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every 
garden. 

Bunches, medium size, compact ; herries, roundish oval, middle size, uni- 
form, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich and pleasant 
flavor. R.ipens ten days before Isabella. 



White Frontniac, 
Nepeans Constantia, 
Eaisin de Frontignan, 
Mosohata Bianca, 



White Frontignan. 

I Moscatel Commun, 
White Constantia, 
I Muscat Blanc, 



Muscat Blanc de Jura, 
Moscado Bianco, 
Muscateller. 



An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, middle size, 
rather long, rarely shouldered : berries, middle size, round rather closely 
set; skin, thin, dull white or greenish yellow, thin white bloom , flesh, deli- 
cate, sugary, rich musky flavor 



NECTARINES. 

The Nectai'ine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the 
Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seeds return ; record 
is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec- 
tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling- 
ness of belief; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem- 
ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit. 

Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at 
the North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here it is inferior 
to the Peach, possessing a flavor partaking of the peculiar flavor and 
taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from 
the peach, we speak the genei-al view ; closely examined, the wood 
may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or 
closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in 
same manner and time as the Peach, and their after culture is the 
same. 

The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable 
to attack from curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are 
adopted for prevention ; Ave, therefore, refer the reader to the article 
under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis- 
tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine, as in the 
Peach, and used accordingly. 

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

Boston. 
Lewis, I Perkins' Seedling. 

American. Claimed to have originated from a peach-stone. It is pro- 
bably one of tlie very best Nectarines, and well adapted to all sections of 
our country. 

Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, sometimes eight inches 
round, roundish oval; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, shaded oif 
by a mottling; of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, with a pleasant, 
peculiar flavor ; sto7ie, small, pointed. Free-stone. First September. 

Down TON. 

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; 
skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting, rich, 
high flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. 

270 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 271 



Early Violet. 

Violet Hativo, I Hampton Court, 

Petite Violet Hatire, | Large Scarlet, 

Early Brugnon, I New Scarlet, 

Brugnon red at Stone, | Aromatic, 



Brugnon Hatif, 
Violet Musk, 
Violet red at Stone, 
Lord Selsey's Elruge 



Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Eh'uge, from which 
it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone. 

Flowers^ small ; glands^ reniform ; fruity large, roundish, narrowed at 
apex; suture^ shallow; skin^ yellowish green in shade, dark purplish red, 
mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; fleshy whitish, red at stone, melting, 
juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish brown. Free-stone. 
Last of August. 

Elruge. 

Common Elruge, I Anderson's, I Oatland's, 
Claremont, | Temple, ] Spring Grove. 

Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first character 
wherever correctly grown. 

Flowers, small ; glands^ reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, 
distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or blood red, dotted 
with brown specks in sun ; flesh, greenish, slightly stained with pale red at 
stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval, rough. Free-stone. Early Sep- 
tember. 



CLASS IL Embraces varieties, many of which are new and untested, others 
suited only to certain localities. 

Barker. 

Foreign. " Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large obovate, dark 
red next sun, pale yellowish green, where shaded ; flesh, fine, yellowish 
white, rayed w-ith bright red at the stone ; stone, large ; kernel, bitter. Free- 
stone. August." New, not yet fruited in this country. 

Duke of Tellier's. 

Due du Tellier's, I DudeTello, I Du Tilly's. 

Du Tilliers, | Duke de Tilley, | 

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, round- 
ish oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh, greenish white, red at 
stone, second rate flavor. Free-stone. Last August. 

Early Newington. 

Early Black Newington, I New Early Newington, I Early Black. 
Lucombe's Black, | Lucombe's Seedling, | 

Foreign. Flowers, large, glandless. Fruit, large, roundish ovate, point 
at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh, greenish 
white, red at stone. Cling-stone. Early September. Valued South. 

French Yellow. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh, yel- 
low, juicy, rich. Cling-stone. September. (W. R. P.) 



272 THE NECTAEINE. 

Hardwicke. 

Hardwicke Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling. 

Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, roundish oval, 
pale green, violet red cheek : flesh, pale green, little marked with red at 
stone, juicy. Free-stone. Last August. 

Hunt's Tawny. 

Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny. 

Foreign. Flowers, small, glandless ; fruit, below medium, roundish 
ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks : flesh, orange, 
juicy. Free-stone. Middle August. 

Large Early Violet. 

Violette Grosse. 
Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored. 
Neate's White. 

New "White, I Flanders, I Large Wliite. 

Cowdray White, | Emerton's New "White, | 

Foreign. Flowers, large : glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, round, 
white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early 
September. 

Oldenburg. 

English. New ; not yet fruited in this country. It is described as of " me- 
dium size, ovate form, dark red on pale yellow ; flesh, separating freely 
from the stone, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous." 

Orange. 

Pitmaston's Orange, | William's Orange, | William's Seedling. 

Foreign. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ovate, 
acute point at aj)ex. orange yellow, with dark brownish red cheek ; flesh, 
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Fi'ee-stone. Last August. Valued 
South. 

Red Roman. 

Old Koman, I Brugnon Violet Musqufee, 
, Koman, | Brugnon Musquee. 

Foreign. An old variety, which proves best adapted to our northern 
sections. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform : fruit, above medium, roundish, 
greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks ; flesh, firm, 
greenish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Early 
September. 

Stanwicke. 

First fruited in this country by Caleb Cope, Esq., Phila. From its high 
praise in England, Avhere it originated, and the fact of our clear, sunny 
clime adding to the richness and sugary character of both Peach and Nec- 
tarine, as compared with England, we are led to suppose this will prove 
the very best Nectarine extant. 

It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the 
journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round- 



SUPEESEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 273 

ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pale greenish white, shaded into 
deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and 
without the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor ; stone, middle size, 
ovate, a prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color, kernel, 
sweet. 



CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. 

Bkoomfield. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundisli ; dull yellow, red clieok ; flesh, yellow, 
pleasant ; second rate. Cling-stone. Middle September. 

Faikciiild's. 

Faircliild's Early. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, roimd ; yellowisli green, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, 
dry, poor. Free-stone. Early August. 

Golden. 

Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, red in sun ; flesh, 
orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Cling-stone. Early September. 

MURKEY. 

Murry, | Black Murry. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red cheek ; flesh 
greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Free-stone. Last August. 

Newington. 

Scarlet Newington, I Smith's Newington, [ Rough Eoman, 
Scarlet, French Newington, Anderson's Bound. 

Old Newington, | Sion Hill, | 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, firm, juicy 
deep red at stone. Cling-stone. Middle September. 

Pkince's Golden. 

American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger, and a week later, otherwise, of second 
quality, and resembling the Golden. 

PETERBOHOrGH. 

Late Green, [ Vermash, | Genoa, or Genoese. 

Foreign. Under the last synonym, it nas, of late, been disseminated as new. Glands, reni- 
form ; fruit, small, roundish, green, with dull red in sun ; flesh, greenish white. Free-stone. 
Early October. 

Sweet Yellow. 

Janue Lisse, | Late Yellow. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, yellow, with dull red cheek in sun ; flesh, yellow, 
dry. Free-stone. October. 



12* 



THE PEACH. 

Persica vulgaris, Dec. — Rosacece of Botanists. 

Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned in 
Jewish history, it is doubtful Avhether the Peach is, as generally 
understood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, 
introduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was cul- 
tivated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this 
country, and, with the exception of portions of the Northern New 
England States and Northern New York, it is now cultivated in every 
settled portion of our States. History clothes the Peach with delete- 
rious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it was supposed the King of 
Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with 
whom he was then at war. In portions of China, Spain, Italy, and 
the South of France, as well as our own country, the peach is grown 
without aid of glass, or artificial heat, or by means of walls, etc. ; we 
have, therefore, looked to receive some variety from abroad that 
would surpass our American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been 
introduced. 

The wood of the peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than 
that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe 
changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter dura- 
tion. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not to 
admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in unfavor- 
able soils the peach decays in four to ten years, in favorable ones it 
continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, and, with the 
addition of being annually correctly and freely pruned, may be made 
to produce regularly for near one hundred years. Of this we speak 
more at length under the head of Soil. 

Propagation. By Seed. The seed of the peach, if carefully 
planted in the Autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing Spring, 
and, in good soil, make a growth, the first year, of three to four feet; 
but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones from 
late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them about 
four inches thick, on some light, sandy knoll, and cover with about 
four inches earth. In Spring, when the frost is fully out of the 
ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones Avill be found to have 
mostly cracked and the germ just started ; they should then be care- 
fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the 
row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not cracked 

274 



BY BUDDING. 275 

by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by placing on a 
wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this will not 
injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by striking 
the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be planted 
same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure to 
grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already 
started, and, therefore, the rows in culture would often have trees 
unfitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from 
the last-named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the 
first yeai*. 

It is well to know that most of the yellow-fleshed peaches have a 
tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the innu- 
merable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, and 
that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superior." 
If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by selecting 
seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yellow, 
Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a collection 
would be obtained preserving, in a great measure, the characters, 
qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, may the 
periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, hastened or 
retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen on each par- 
ticular tree. 

The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong 
tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability so 
to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower, of some 
other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; hence, 
in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of kinds 
valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the tree from 
which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, or certainly 
distant two hundred rods from any other peach tree. 

Those who have not the dry sandy knoll wheron to place the pits, 
to prepare them for fhe ensuing Spring, may place them in a moist 
cellar until nearly the close of Winter ; then take them out, soak 
them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and 
cover two or three inches of sawdust or leaf mold over them ; thus 
exposing them to action of frost until the season for planting. 

By Budding. The seed sown as above will, early in the month 
of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to 
four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possible ; 
and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — not 
the limbs pruned oif, leaving bare stems — but the growth of every 
limb, should be shortened or cut back one- half ; this is to prevent 
injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break the 
tree just at the insertion of the bud. 

Some bud upon the Plum stock for the purpose of dwarfing the 
tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The exaci- 



276 ■" ^ THE PEACH. 

time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of 
country, but tlie watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period 
when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is 
generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea- 
son, on the peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum." 

Budding the jDcach may also be performed in the month of June, 
on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as 
that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a 
young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back to 
one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode. 

By Grafting. This is rarely performed at the North, but may be 
made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing 
in warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be 
used around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot 
from the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about 
one half, and the lower limbs cut in to about two buds each — the 
graft inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied 
with soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When 
the graft has' made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, 
and the lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultiva- 
tors in the Southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when 
the stocks are small it is a good way ; but the cleft-grafting mode is 
then best. 

Transplanting. In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard, 
the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a 
pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of 
the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should 
only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or 
bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off. to within one foot of 
the crown. 

Distances apart. On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each way 
is sulRcient for the Peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees require 
from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full-grown, to enable 
them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun. 

Soil and Situation. The soil whereon to make plantations of the 
Peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances 
of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland, 
Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed vai'ieties, viz. : Yellow 
Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Monisania, will be found ex- 
tremely useful to eveiy planter, as it is eas)' to get an analysis made 
of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par- 
ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his 



SOIL AND srruATioisr. 277 

trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds 
above-named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried 
(whereby they lost about 44 per cent of water), carefully burned 
with a moderate heat, yielded as follows : 

Charcoal and Sand 3.180 

Silica 1 .480 

Perphosphate of Iron 2.174 

Potash 12.545 

Soda 2.000 

Sulphate of Lime 2.258 

Lime 23.951 

Pho.sphate of Lime 21.699 

Magnesia 7.052 

Peroxide of Manganese .800 

Chloride of Sodium 699 

Carbonic Acid 33.350 

111.188 
Loss in Analysis 3.81 2 



115.000 



These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the 
Pear in amount of phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so 
generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The 
most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen, are growing on the 
borders of the Ohio river, on what is termed limestone soil, and 
where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the 
prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a 
forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air, 
while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and 
at the same time devoid of others I'equisite to the perfection of healthy 
wood. Lime and bone-dust, we judge, will be found especially 
beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of enduring the 
great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this appli- 
cation be added the practice of shortening-in during the month of 
September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we believe 
the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme 
changes of climate. 

The duration of the Peach tree Ave consider greatly dependent 
upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro- 
portions of food toward forming perfect wood. Tiie doctrine of ex- 
cretions of vegetables is one which we are yet inclined to support, 
having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the 
soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon 
the same plot. 

A rank, luxuriant tree, witli shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un- 



278 THE PEACH. 

ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un 
drained, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in 
truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human 
frame, exciting only to destroy. 

The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high 
ground, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera- 
ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in Fall of 
year, and later period of blooming in Spring. If the trees are low- 
branched and well shortened-in, supplied with requisite inoi'ganic ele- 
ments in the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north, will 
only affect the time of ripening the fruit ; that to the south maturing 
about one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situa- 
tions, surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often fur- 
nish fruits when adjacent valleys fail; and this is especially true where 
the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during Winter, the 
southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce 
peaches, when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in 
the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance 
of Avhich we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only 
thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or 
more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what 
would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one was 
injured. 

The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the Winter is of rare 
occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm 
weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," previously 
noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they are 
capable of withstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, unless 
immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being in an 
immature, unhealthy state. 

Season to Transplant. Throughout the Northern and Western 
States it is best to transplant the Peach in the Spring. South or 
Southwest, Fall or mid-winter may be best ; but from remarks of 
many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the last 
of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe changes 
in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground should 
always be planted in the Fall. 

Cultivation. The ground about peach trees should always be kept 
clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an orchard 
with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich prairie or 
limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped without in- 
jury ; but on tiie sandy, light soil, no crop except the white turnip 
should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under by a 
very shallow plowing, of say two inches deep. On rich, deep prairie 
soils, it is best not to stir the ground after mid-summer. 



PEUNIN©, ETC. 



279 



Pruning. The fruit being borne only on wood of the 
preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning is 
to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular 
and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P. 
Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor- 
rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together 
with a cut illustrative of buds, on which G, D, E, are 
fruit buds, F, G, H, leaf buds, /, double buds, C, triple 
buds : the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre 
one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be 
seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood 
buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one 
or more wood buds. 

Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds 
on it would produce fruit, one, two, or three of the wood 
buds at the top would make new shoots ; these would 
necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the number 
of fruit below them. At the end of the season there 
would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a 
young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the 
interior or lower parts of trees become so soon degax'- 
nished. 

But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half, 
the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the 
fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that 
large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining ; 
young vigorou's shoots are produced from the lower buds 
to bear next year, and take 
the place of those which have 
already borne. In this way re- 
gular uniform crops of large 
and fine fruit are obtained, and 
a constant succession of young 
shoots is kept up. 

To form the head, of a stand- 
ard Peach tree. We will sup- 
pose it the intention to form a porm of a low standard peach 

standard tree, with a trunk two tree, with a stem two feet high, 

„ . , . , , - and a round, open head. 

teet in height, and a round, 



open, and symmetrical head, 
like figure. We take a yearling tree and cut it back to within two 
feet and a half of the ground in the Spring. Below this cut a cer- 
tain number of shoots will be produced, from which three will be 
selected to form the main branches or frame-work of the head. All 
the others are rubbed off when two or three inches long or sooner. 
At the end of the season we have a tree with three branches. 




280 THE PEACH. 

The second year these three branches are cut back full one half 
their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch, 
and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced 
below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering 
with the growth of the leading branches. In the Fall of the year 
we have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots 
below on the older wood. 

The tJdrd year each of these six branches is shortened one-half, in 
order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches 
on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether 
fruit branches or not, should be cut back one-half, or as far as may 
be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and make 
shoots to bear next year. 

The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three 
years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned, 
do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The 
main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances 
throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their 
sides the full benefit of the sun and air. 

An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by 
summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot 
start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to 
injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their 
character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy. 
Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots, 
and these should, every Spring, be shortened-in one half or more, to 
produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut 
out. 

With the advice above, as w^ell as of most writers, to shorten back 
or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; believing, 
rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it will en- 
able the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and fit it to 
endure changes of temperature during Winter, 

Diseases and Insects iiijurious. 2 he Curl of the Leaf . The first 
developed leaves, in the Spring, often become diseased with a spongy 
and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on 
the upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. 
" This occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap 
requires a corresponding action in those important organs. A second 
growth is soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its 
wonted force and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the 
recuperative powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice, 
restore a growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the 
vitality, and induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf 
is produced by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis 
persica" fully described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects. 



DISEASES AND INSECTS. 281 

A mixtui'e of tobacco water and strong soap-suds, applied with a 
syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one-third grown, will be 
found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced 
by sudden change of weather, a number of warm days that cause 
the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ; 
the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal 
the curl. Soaping tlie limbs of the trees early in Spring, or wasli- 
ing them with a solution of sulphur and potash, it is said, will pre- 
vent the curl. 

The TellowH. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known 
throughout the West ; neither have v/e ever observed it, to any ex- 
tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured 
from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from 
their first start. That it may be perpetuated by inoculation, or 
sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore 
behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures 
his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether 
any distinct disease occurs, to which this name applicable. Perhaps 
it is only a collection of symptoms. arising from causes acting either 
individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, though 
the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a specific and 
contagious disease." Depredations of the uEgeria exitiosa, Aphis 
persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct prun- 
ing appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto. Prof. 
Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and extent of 
these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious impression, 
acting constantly upon successive generations of either animal or 
vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary entailment 
that may be propagated in the form of a predisposition to disease, 
or disease itself. The converse is equally true in producing health 
or physical development." 

These several causes have been exerting their influence on the 
Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and 
health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated 
and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary 
causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny. 

The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the 
preventive is judicious cultivation. 

Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at- 
tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties, 
termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the 
tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of 
nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at 
the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul- 
phur is by some advised. 

The Peach-v}orm, or Borer {JEgeria exitiosa), was known as early 



282 



THE PEACH. 





as before the commencement of the present century, and has been 
repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably dif- 
ferent that some natural- 
ists have almost hesitated 
in arranging them. " The 
insect, in its perfect state, 
is a slender, dark blue, 
four-winged moth, some- 
what like a wasp. It 
commences depositing its 
eggs in the soft and ten- 
der bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but 
at different times from June to October. The egg hatches, and be- 
comes a small white borer, 
or grub (fig. a), which even- 
tually grows to three-fourths ..^rflf'lvli^^^^^^''^ >f^';^ai* 
of an inch long, penetrates 
and devours the bark and 
sap-wood, and, after passing 
the Winter in the tree, it en- 
folds itself in a cocoon (fig. b)^ under, or upon the bark, and emerges 
again in a perfect or winged form, in June, and commences deposit- 
ing its eggs for another generation." 

Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection against 
this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the careful cul- 
tivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, and again in 
September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose location is easily 
discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, of gummy mat- 
ter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper than heaping 
up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc. 

Gathering. If for immediate use the Peach should not be gathered 
until fullyripe, butif intended for market, it is necessary often to gather 
while yet firm. 

Characters and Classification. The general outward characters 
of many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to 
other means than exhibited in the fruit, in order to identify varieties. 
This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult, 
owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The 
distinction of free-stones and cling-stones (melters and pavies of the 
English) is the most natural and well understood ; next, the distinc- 
tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the 
indentations, or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated, 
and coarsely serrated ; and, lastly, the distinction by means of the 
flowers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a 
short period, and, therefore, is not used, except by the careful ama- 
teur pomologist, or correct nurseryman. 



USES. 



283 




The accompanying figures are illustrative : 

Figure 1, the ser- 
rated without glands ; 
figure 2, coarsely ser- 
rated, and with glo- 
bose glands ; figure 3, 
creneate and with reni- 
form or kidney-shaped 
glands. "The form of 
the glands," observes 
Lindley, " as well as 
their jjosition, is per- 
fectly distinct ; they ai'e 
fully developed in the 
month of May, and con- 
tinue to the last permanent in their character, and are not afi^ected 
by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, 
on the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more, on "the tips or points of the 
serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the 
foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed within the 
serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of the 
serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a branch of 
vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose 
varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen that glands are not 
discernible on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from 
weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which 
do produce them." Lindley, as well as most writers since, have I'en- 
dered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, founded mainly on 
the structure of the leaves, but we have preferred in this fruit, as 
well as others, to embody the distinction in the text descriptive of a 
vai'iety, and confine ourself to the practical every-day wanted divi- 
sion of " best," " very good," and " good." The word " Melocoton," 
only meaning " peach," we have dropped, and only use it in connec- 
tion with the synonyms. 

Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as 
not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or 
preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to 
make the following descriptions. In most parts of the country where 
peaches are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent 
to market in very large quantities. The drying is performed on a 
small scale, in spent ovens ; on a large scale, in a small drying house 
heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These 
drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips 
sufiiciently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled 
with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, 
the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with 



284 THE PEAcia. 

the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house 
will complete the drying, and the drawei's are then ready for a second 
filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, and 
dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous preparation, 
of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in boiling 
water before halving them. 

Preserving the fresh fruit. Thomas describes the process as fol- 
lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin — 
about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in 
diameter. "Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they 
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no 
more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, the 
tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them about the 
size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are then to be 
set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, until the tem- 
perature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. The way in 
which this is to be ascertained, is to put a drop of water on the pin 
hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes from 
the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that of the 
water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be wiped off, 
and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The boiling 
water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as possi- 
ble, so as not cov^er them. If the operation has been properly con- 
ducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cooling has 
taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external pressure of 
the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit is subjected 
does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the canisters should 
be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water is to be kept 
boiling, must of course have a level bottom ; and every one Avho is 
disposed to try the experiment can devise one for himself." 



VARIETIES. 

The varieties of the Peach have, within a few years been largely 
increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we 
have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, and 
that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. Many 
varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, and often 
perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for increasing 
the numbers unless some evident superiority is found either in fruit 
or tree. 

The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety, 
mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern 
Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while 
at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 285 



CLASS I. Varieties most generally esteemed. 



Tellow Alberge, 
Alberge Juane, 
Purple Alberge, 
Eed Alberge, 



Alberge. 

Golden Mignonne, 
French Eareripe, 
Pecbe Jaune, 
Gold-Fleshed, 



Yellow Eareripe, of some. 
Hardy Galande, 
Golden Eareripe. 



Foreign. Flowers^ small: glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, 
yellow, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Middle 
August. Valued highly for market purposes. 

Bergen's Yellow. 
American. It much resembles yellow Ra.reripe. but ripens about ten 
days later ; a moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; 
fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, rather more than 
half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red cheek ; flesh, yellow, melt- 
ing, and of luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early September. 

Brevoort. 
Brevoort's Morris, | Brevoort's Seedling Melter. 
American. A moderate but regular bearer. Floioers, small ; glands, 
reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad, distinct suture, 
deep at apex ; skin, dingy white, with a bright red cheek ; flesh, firm, 
slightly red at stone, sweet and highly-flavored. Free-stone. Early 
September. 

Crawford's Early. 
Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford. 
American. As a market fruit, one of the most deservingly popular of 
the yellow-fleshed varieties; productive. Floivers, small ; glands, globose; 
yrwii, large, oblong, oval sometimes roundish, point at apex prominent; 
suture, shallow ; slci^i, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and, 
when ripened in warm sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times, 
slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Last of August to 10th of September. 

Crawford's Late. 

Crawford's Late Melocoton, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton, 
Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 

American. One of the most valuable yellow-fleshed late varieties, 
deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, with dark 
red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and, like the fore- 
going, depends on warm sunny weather to make it sweet. Free-stone. 
Last of September and first of October. 

Cooledge's Favorite. 
Cooledge's Early Bed Eareripe 
American. Tree, very hardy and productive. Floioers, small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one side : suture, at 
apex only; skin, whitQ, with a bright red cheek, often mottled; flesh, 
melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. Free-stone. Twentieth to last 
of August. 



286 THE PEACH. 

Columbia. 

Indian Peacli, | Mulatto, | Italian Peach. 

American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a purplish cast, 
moderate regular bearer. Floivers. small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, 
rovmdish, with a shallow suture half round : skin, singularly marked and 
striped with dark red ; Jiesh, yellow, often exhibiting a red streak next the 
skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. Free-stone. More grown than any 
variety at the South. Middle to last of September. 

Early Newington. 

Early Newington Preestone, | Newington, | Smith's Newington. 

Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree, 
hardy, moderately productive. Flowers, small; g/a?ic/A-, reniform; fruit, 
large, roundish, one half always largest ; suture, distinct; skin, yellowish 
white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; flesh, white, red 
at the stone, to which many particles adhere (if not fully ripe, it has the 
habit of a cling), juicy, rich, vinous flavor. Twentieth to last of August. 

Early Tillotson. 

American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is liable to 
mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while young, nor are 
they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, however, give it place 
for market purposes. For small gardens, where only three or four days are 
little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers, small ; leaves, 
glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, nearly white, dotted 
with red, and becoming dark red in the sun ; flesh, whitish, red at the stone, 
to which the flesh partially adheres, juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, 
variable, we having fruited it as early as 29th July, and, again, not until 
10th of August, but always, however, a few days before Early York : and 
we only note this here in order to show that no certain dates will answer 
from year to year in any fruit. 

Early York. 
Serrate Early York, ] True Early York. 

Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, owing to 
the same name having been applied to seedlings in New Jersey. Tree, 
hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, one of the very best. 
Flowers, large : haves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, medium, roundish 
oval ; suture, slight ; s?cin, with pale red dotted on greenish white in the 
shade, and becoming dark red where exposed to the sun; flesh, greenish 
white, tender, melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. Free-stone. Middle 
of August. 

George the Fourth. 

American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer. Floivers, 
small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium : suture, broad and deep, 
making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish white, dotted with 
bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; flesh, pale red at the stone, 
melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August, 



MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 287 



Grosse Mignonne. 

Early May, 

Early Vineyard, 

Vineuse, 

Niel's Early Puple, 

Johnson's Early Purple, 

Superb Eoyal, 

Eoyal Sovereign, 



Eonald's Seedling Galande, 

Pourpree Hative, 

Belle Beaute, 

Pourpree de Normandie, 

Vineuse de Fromentin, 

Mignonne, 

Early Purple. 



Eoyal Kensington, 
Grimwood's Eoyal George, 
" New Eoyal George, 
Large French Mignonne, 
French Mignonne, 
Swiss Mignonne, 
Purple Avant, 
Early Purple Avant, 

Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne, or Large Favorite, was a favorite 
peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed, 
although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultivated. 
The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has small 
flowers. 

FloiverSj large ; glands^ globose ; fruity large, roundish, apex depressed, 
with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull, greenish yellow, mottled with red, 
and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, marked with red 
at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vinous flavor; stone, small, very 
rough. Free-stone. About 20th August to 1st September. 

Heath Cling-stone. 
White Heath, | Fine Heath, [ Eed Heath. 

American. This variety is extremely valuable in the Middle and 
Southern and Western States. Li the Northern States it does not always 
ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper same as 
oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. It often repro- 
duces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath partakes of no new 
qualities over many other of its seedlings. The trees are very hardy, often 
producing on our Western soils when all others fail. Esteemed all South 
and West. 

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, oblong, narrowing to both 
ends, with a swollen point at apex: suture, onQ side, distinct; skin, downy, 
cream-colored white, a tinge of red in the sun; flesh, greenish white, 
adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, lucious flavor. Cling-stone. 
October. ^ 

Hyslop's Cling-stone. 

American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all Northern 
localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, however small. 
From not finding it noticed in any work since Kenrick's issue, we had sup- 
posed it probably a synonym, but have been unable so to detect it. Trees 
are hardy, vigorous, and productive. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; 
fruit, large, oblong roundish ; sJcin, white, with a deep, rich red cheek ; 
flesh, very juicy, melting, rich, and luscious. Cling-stone. Early in 
October. 

Jaques Rareripe. 
Jaquish, | Jaques Eareripe. 

American. A very desirable market variety, good flavor, and very cer- 
tain bearer. 

Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, distinct suture ; 
skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, 
juicyj rich, slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Middle of September. 



288 THE PEACH. 

Large Early York, or New York PuAReripe. 

Livingston's In ew fork Eareripe, I Haine's Early Eed, 
Honest John, ' | Early YorJj of New Jersey. 

American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we are 
aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but, after having grown 
and examined the trees under the several names, we confess ourselves 
unable to distinguish any material difference, certainly not sufficient to 
make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, vigorous, healthy, moderate, 
but good bearers. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, 
roundish ; skin, whitish, with marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich 
red cheek where exposed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, 
very juicy, rich, mild, excellent flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. 



Late Admirable. 



Eoyale, 
La Eoyale, 
Peehe Eoyale, 
Bourdine, 



Boudin, 
Narbonne, 
Teton de Venus, 
Erencli Bourdine, 



Judd's Melting, 
Motteux's, 
Pourpree Tardive. 



Foreign. An old variety, the trees of wliich have proved successful 
wherever grown. Moderate regular bearer. Floivers, small ; glands, 
globose : fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, bold, apparently 
making two halves of the fruit, a swollen point at apex ; skin, yellowish 
green, with a cheek of two shades of red, mingled, or marbled; flesh, 
greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone. 
About 20th September. 

Lemon C ling-stone. 

Kennedy' Carolina, I Largest Lemon, 

Kennedy's Lemon Cling-stone, Pine Apple Cling-stone, 

Long Yellow Pine Apple, | Yellow Pine Apple. 

American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm climate 
and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but the uniform 
hardihood and pi-oductiveness of the tree, together with the fine appear- 
ance of the fruit, making it verv desirable for marketing purposes, has 
induced us to retain it. Floivers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, 
oblong, with a projecting point at apex like unto a lemon : ski7i, fine 
yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, becoming sometimes, in certain 
locations South, almost a crimson red; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red 
at stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid acid flavor. Cling-stone. 
Middle to last of September. The "Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub- 
variety, ripening a few days later. 

Morris White. 



Morris "White Eareripe, 
White Eareripe, 
Luscious White Eareripe, 



Lady Ann Steward, 
White Malacaton, 
Cole's White Malacaton, 



Free-stone Heath, 
Morris White Free-stone, 
Philadelphia Free-stone. 



American. This variety is most suited to the Southern and Southwestern 
Stales, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the North, it is one 
of the most valuable for preserving in brand5^ and always commands a 
high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate bearer. Floivers, small ; 
glands, reniform , fruit, large, oval ; suture, moderate, swollen point small ; 
skin, downy, greenish white, becoming a creamy white when fully ripe, 
rarely a purplish tinged cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, 
sweet and rich. Free-stone. Middle of September. 



MOST GliNEKALLY ESTEEMED. 289 



Malta. 



Peche Malte, I Italian, 

Malte de Normandie, | Belle de Paris. 

Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort having 
globose glands, which is most generally known. The true Malta is a deli- 
cious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for marketing. Flowers, 
large ; leaves^ serrated, without glands ; fruit, above medium, roundish 
flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one side ; skm, pale, dvill green, 
marked on the sunny side with broken spots and blotches of dull purple : 
fiesh^ greenish, with a little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting, 
rich, vinous, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. 

Morris Red Rareripe. 
Eed Eareripe, | Largo Red Eareripe. 
American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and also with 
Grosse Mignon, from both of which it is distinct. The large Early York of 
New Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is qtiite different. It is univer- 
sally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive. Flowers^ small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly depressed at apex ; suture, well 
marked ; skin, greenish white, with a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish 
white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Free-stone. 
Last of August. 

NiVETTE. 

White Eareripe, 1 Veloute Tardive, 
Nivette Veloute, | Dorsetshire. 

Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably throughout 

all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well South. Trees, 

upright, healthy growth, regular bearers. Floivers, small ; glands, globose : 

fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, point of apex 

slightly depressed : skin, yellowish green, and, when exposed to sun, a 

bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at 

the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Early 

in September. 

OlDMIXON C1.ING-STONE. 
Baltimore Eose, 
American. Of the Cling-stone peaches we think this and Hyslop's the 
best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, and one side of 
fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon or swollen point ; skin^ 
yellowish white, with red more or less dotted, and becoming bright red 
cheek where exposed fully to sun; flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and 
excellent flavor. Cling-stone. Early in September. 

Oldmixon Free-stone. 

Oldmixon Clear-stone. 

American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Oldmixon, 

which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety meriting 

place everywhere, as it always produces a crop, appearing to withstand late 

Spring frosts better than many others, and for market, its ripening just at a 

period when most other varieties are out, makes it extremely desirable. 

Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one 

side swollen ; suture, apparent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish 

13 



290 THE PEACJf 

white and pale green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a 
deep red cheek in the sun; fiesh^ white, tinged with red at stone, rich, 
sweet, vinous, excellent flavor. Fifth to fifteenth September. 

Phesident. 

American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; a val- 
uable market fruit. Flowers^ small ; glands^ globose ; fruit, large, or above 
medium, roundish oval ■. suture-, shallow ; skin^ downy, pale yellowish green, 
with a red cheek; j^esA, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich, high 
flavor ; stone., rough, and unless fully ripe the flesh adheres slightly to it. 
Free-stone. Middle of September. 

Prince's Red R,areripe. 

Late Eed Eareripe. 
American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish appear- 
ance, distinguishing it from all other varieties. Floivers^ small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed sutiire and sunken 
point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled and marbled with 
red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-colored specks ; flesh, white, 
deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early 
in September. 

Red Cheek. 

Eed Cheek Melocoton, Malagatune, Lady Gallatin, 

Hogg's Melocoton, Malacatune, Yellow Malagatune. 

Yellow Melocoton, 

American. Floivers, small ; glands, globose. The parent of most of the 

recently-introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval, swollen 

point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, a 

little sub-acid. Free-stone. Early September. 

Red Rareripe. 

Large Eed Eareripe, I Douglas, 

Early Eed Eareripe, | Burgess' Beauty. 

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; //-ui^, large, round; suture, 

broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; flesh, 

whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last August. 

Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our rareripes 

have been produced. 

ROSEBANK. 

American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, healthy, 
moderate, but regular bearers ; leaf, serrated without glands. Fruit, above 
medium, round, compressed at the apex : suture, deep, extending somewhat 
more than halfway round ; skin, whitish yellow, with a red cheek, where 
fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes almost purple ; flesh, thick, whit- 
ish yellow, very little red about the stone, juic}^, rich, excellent flavor. 
Free-stone. Middle of September. 

Sturtevant. 

Originated by E. T. Sturtevant, of Cleveland, 0., in 1826. Although an 
old peach, its originator has never brought it forward, and hence it is as 
yet little known. It is unquestionably the best yellow-fleshed peach in 
existence. Fruit, medium size or above, roundish, compressed ; shallow, 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 291 

broad suture, half round, followed by a dark line ; skin^ very downy, rich 
yellow, mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in sun ; stem, set in a 
deep oval-shaped cavity ; jiesh., yellow, red at stone, and the lines of red 
running into its flesh nearly one-half its thickness ; sione^ very small, 
roundish compressed. Free-stone. Last August, first September. 

Van Zandt's Superb. 
"Waxen Eareripe. 
American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly desira- 
ble in small gardens for dessert use. Floivers. small ; glands^ globose, 
obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; suture., distinct, but 
not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and marbled with clear red, 
cheek red, dotted with carmine ; ^es/i, whitish, tinged with red at the 
stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Early in September. 

Walter's Early. 

American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. Trees, 
healthy and productive. Flowers, small ; glands^ globose : fruit, above 
medium, globular flattened ; skin^ white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh, 
whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Free-stone. 
Last of August. 

Ward's Free-stone. 

Ward's Late Free, | "Ward's Free. 
American. We have examined this variety for several years, and were 
we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesitatingly select this. 
The Weld's Free-stone spoken of by Mr. Manning, in the second volume 
of the Horticulturist, we strongly suspect to be this variety. It is a variety 
highly successful among orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have 
seen, equally valuable at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too 

rapid growth. Flowers, small ; glands^ ; fruit., above medium, 

roundish ; skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek, where exposed to the 
sun ; flesh., nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous, 
and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor • for late preserving, it is 
invaluable. Free-stone. Early October. 

Washington. 

■Washington Eareripe, | Washington Eed Free-stone. 

American. Flowers, small • glands., globose ; fruit, large, broad, de- 
pressed : suture., broad, deep, nearly round ; skin., yellowish white, with 
crimson cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Free 
stone, but often adheres slightly. Middle September. 

Weld's Free-stone. 
American. Floivers., small ; glands, reniform ; fruit., large, roundisl 
oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to Middle October. (Man 
ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's. 
Free-stone. 

White Imperial. 

American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our country, 
being hardy and vigorous, and a regular moderate bearer. South, the trees 



292 THE PEACH. 

grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems to do equally well ii 
sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will probably sooner require some 
specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; glands, globose; fruit, large or above 
medium, roundish, broad, depressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well 
marked, and the fruit often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged 
or marbled with light purplish red towards the sun ; ^^cs/j, nearly white^, 
melting, juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of Au- 
gust. 

White Ci.ing-stone. 

Large White Cling-«tone, I Now York White Cling-stono, 
WiUiamson's New York, | Selbey's Cling. 

American. We think the Oldmixon preferable, and this variety suited 
to large orchards. 

Flowers, small ; glands, globose , fruit, large, round, small swollen point 
at apex : suture, shallow; sZ-m, yellowish white, little covered or dotted 
with red, where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, juicy, sweet, 
high flavor. Early September. 

Yellow Rareripe. 

Yellow Eed Eareripe, ] Marie Antoinette, 
Large Yellow Eareiipe, | French Eareripe. 

American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal among 
yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivatoi's should, however, be careful of the cor- 
rectness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and often known imder 
name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently grown for this variety. Floivers, 
small : glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending 
rather more than half round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yel- 
low, dotted somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks ; 
flesh, deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first- 
rate flavor. Free-stone. 20th to last August. 



CLASS M. Embraces many neio varieties, and others suited only to certain 
localities or very large orchards. 

Allen. 
American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Free-stone. 
Middle September. (Cole.) 

ASTOR. 

American. Glands, globose : fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red 
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August. 

Atwater. 
American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical. 

Austin's Late Red. 

A large fruit ; juicy and excellent. Its late maturity makes it a valua- 
ble variety for preserves. Latter part of October. 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 293 

Bachelder. 

American. Large, round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy. 
Free- stone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Bagby's Large. 

The tree has a peculiar, slender growth, with drooping branches. Fruit, 
oblong, white, juicy, and well flavored. Is one of the best peaches for dry- 
ing. Middle of August. 

Baldwin's Late. 

American. Fruit, large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point at top ; 
skin, greenish white, slight red cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting. Free-stone. 
Originated South, where it ripens last of October, and can be kept two or 
three weeks. 

Barrington. 
Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausley's. 
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and 
red ; flesh, tinged red at stone. Free-stone. September. 

Barnard. 
Early Barnard, | Yellow Barnard. 
American. Much resembles Alberge. 

Baugh. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, terminated with 
a small point ; skin, pale yellow, slight blush towards the sun ;. flesh, yel- 
lowish, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Free-stone. Originated at the 
South, where it ripens first October. 

Briggs. 

American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek; flesh, white, red at 
stone ; sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) 

Belle de Beaucaire. 

Beauty of Beaucaire. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, medium, greenish yel- 
low, red cheek ; suture, well marked, juicy. Free-stone. August. Ripens 
in July at South, where it is esteemed. 

Bellegarde. 



Early Eoyal George, 
Bed Magdalen, 
Frencli Koyal George, 
Smooth-leaved Eoyal George, 



Violette Hative, I Eonald's Mignonne, 

Violette Hative Grosse, | Large Violet, 
Brentford Mignonne, | Early Galande. 



Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a 
point : suture, shallow, yellowish green, red cheek : flesh, little red at 
stone, juicy. Free-stone. Early September. 

Blanton Cling. 

American. Glands, reniform : fruit, large, resembles Lemon cling, ex- 
cept that it matures somewhat later, and is more juicy. August. 



294 THE PEACH. 

Blood Cling-stone. 
Claret Cling-stone, | Blood Cling. 
American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving. Flowers, small ; 
glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round • suture, dis- 
tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red throughout, 
firm, juicy. Last September. 

The old French Blood Cling-stone is a smaller fruit than the above, and 
also has large flowers. The Blood Free-stone is a variety of above, medium 
size, glandless leaves, and less valuable. 

Bordeaux Cmng. 
American. Fruit, large, oblong oval, one-sided ; color, lemon yellow, 
red cheek; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, melting, excellent. Early 
August. 

Cable's Late. 
Cable's Late Melocoton. 
American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford 
Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Free-stone. 

Cambridge Belle. 

Hovey's Cambridge Belle. • 
American. Large, roundish, wliite with a blush, red cheek, juicy; 
" good." Free-stone. Early September. (Hovey.) 

Carmine. 
American. Glands, reniform ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, oblong, red- 
dish ; flesh, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. August. 

Carpenter's White. 
Raised by Wm. S. Carpenter, upper part of New York City. Tree, vig- 
orous and productive ; leaves, very large, serrulate, with globose glands. 
Fruit, very large and round ; skin, white, with a slight shade of green : 
flesh, white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and of excellent flavor ; sepa- 
rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October, and promises to 
be a valuable late market variety. 

Chinese Peach. 
Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach, | Peen To. 
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long, 
yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; pale yellow, red at stone, to 
which it adheres ; juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama- 
teur's garden. September; July, at the South. 

Chinese Cling. 
Reniform glands. Flowers, small; fruit, large, globular; sides, com- 
pressed ; suture, quite shallow ; skin, creamy white, shaded and marbled 
with fine red ; flesh, white, red at the stone (which is adherent), very 
juicy, melting, with a rich, excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle 
of September: at the South, from the middle of July to first of August. 
Tree, vigorous and productive. Imported from China. (Downing.) 

Clarke. 
American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at 
Btonc, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.) 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 295 

Clinton. 

American. Only suited for marketing. Flowers, large; glands, glo- 
bose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Free- 
stone. Last of August. 

Cole's Early Red. 
American. Productive. Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, medium, 
roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Free-stone. 
Last August. 

Columbus June. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, 
flattened ; suture, shallow ; skin, pale, yellowish white, rich red cheek ; 
flesh, slightly red at stone, melting, juicy, high flavor. Free-stone. Oi'igi- 
nated South, where it ripens in June. 

DoNAHOo Cling. 
From Mr. Donahoo, Clark county, Ga. Glands, reniform ; fruit, very 
large, roundish ; suture, quite deep on one side, and visible entirely around 
the fruit ; apex, depressed ; skin, creamy white, beautifully dotted and 
tinged with red in the sun ; flesh, white to the stone, exceedingly juicy, 
excelling the Heath cling in tenderness of texture, and equally rich and 
luscious, and a most desirable variety. Ripens from 10th to 20th Septem- 
ber. (Ga. Pom. S. Report.) 

Double Montagne. 
Double Mountain, ] Montagne, | Montauban. 

Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first cla.ss. Flowers, large ; leaves, 
glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades 
of red, when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Free- 
stone. Last of August. 

Druid Hill. 

American. Glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red 
in the sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, inferior to Ward's Free-stone. 
Free-stone. September. 

Early Chelmsford. 
Mammoth. 

Leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, clear round, deep on 
one side ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek : flesh, white, very melting 
and juicy; of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Free-stone. Twen- 
tieth to last of August. Hardy, vigoi'ous, and productive ; one of the best, 
handsomest, and largest of early peaches. (Cole.) It also succeeds well 
at the South, and is one of their most profitable market varieties. 

Eastburn. 
Eastburn's Cboice. 
American. Large, roundish ; pale yellow, with red on the sunny-side ; 
flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last of 
September. 

Edward's Late Wpiite. 

From Dr. Baldwin, Montgomery, Alabama. Fruit, large, roundish, de- 
pressed at the summit J suture, distinct; point at the apex, small, and 



296 THE PEACH. 

slightly sunken ; skin, moderately downy, white, with a beautiful waxen 

red cheek J flesh, white, red at the stone, slightly adherent; sweet, juicy, 
and of excellent flavor. Ripe first of October, and continues all the 
month. (Wm. N. White. MS.) 

Eliza. 

American. Originated at Philadelphia. Glands, reniform : fruit, large, 
round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek • 
flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Last of September. (W. D. B., 
in Pomologist.) 

Elmira. 
American. This variety originated in Mississippi, by M. W. Phillips, 
Esq. We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a 
Cling-stone, ripening a few days earlier than early Tillotson, and being very 
desirable in that section. 

Favorite. 
Favorite Bed. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with 
much red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September. 

Flewellen Cling. 
Fruit, large, globular, depressed at the apex ; skin, downy, yellowish 
white, mostly overspread with shades of red ; dark, dull purplish red in 
the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes ; flesh, yellowish 
white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, sweet, and 
hiah flavored: a desirable early cling. First of August. (Wm. N. 
White, MS.) 

Fox's Seedling. 

American. Glands, globose : fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Free- 
stone. September. 

Fulkerson. 
Fulkerson's Early. 

American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were 
sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, 
0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy 
and productive when Yellow Rareripe. Tillotson, and other varieties fail. 
Fruit, medium, obtuse rounded, sides irregular, unequal; suture, half 
round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with 
red at the pit, juicy, rich sweet and high flavored : stone, small, angular, 
flattened. Free-stone. 20th August. 

Galarde. 
Hardy Galarde. 
Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, 
L. L, who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below 
medium ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on oppo- 
site, red and yellow marbled; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apri- 
cot flavor. Free-stone. Last August. 

Gorgas. 
American. Native of Philadelphia; originated with Benjamin Gulliss, 
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves, serrate j fruit, large, roundish, with 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 297 

a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and blotched 
with red on the exposed side ; cavity, wide, rather deep : stone, free ; flesh, 
whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor, saccharine and exceed- 
ingly luscious ] quality, " best." Free-stone. Middle to end of Sep- 
tember. 

Green Catherine. 
Doctor Cooper. 

Probably foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, 
pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, juicy ; very 
fine South, inferior at the North. Free-stone. First to middle September. 

Green Rareripe. 
American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. We have not seen it. 
Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Free-stone. Middle 
September. 

Griswold. 

Large, round, greenish white, slightly tinged with red ; very juicy and 
high flavored. Middle of September. 

Hale. 

Hale's Melocoton. 

American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base; suture, slight, yellow; 
flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) 

Barker's Seedling. 
American. Glands, globose; flowers, small; fruit, large, roundish, red- 
dish mostly ; flesh, yellowish, sweet, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem- 
ber. 

Hartshorn. 

American. Large, roundish, oval, yellow, deep blush; flesh, coarse; 
keeps long. Cling-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Hastings. 
American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium, 
round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek, 
juicy, delicious. Free-stone. Early September. (Manning.) 

Hatch. 
American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel- 
low, blush in sun : flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Free-stone. Early 
September. (Cole.) 

Hative de Ferrieres. 
New. Early French variety. Medium, round, a little one-sided, white, 
nearly covered with red, juicy, melting, rich vinous flavor. July. 

Henry Clay. 

American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., by 
whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep pur- 
ple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white; flesh, grayish white, 
tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pine-apple ; small 
stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at the 
North. 

13* 



298 - -THE PEACH. 

Hill's Chili. 
Fruit, medium, roundish elongated, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yel- 
low, juicy, sweet, slight sub-acid ; productive. 

HOFFNER. 
Hoflfner's Seedling. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish, 
with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. Free-stone. August. 

Honey Peach. 
A new Seedling peach, originated by H. Lyons. Esq., of Columbia, S. 
C. Fruit, large, oblong, coming to a sharp recurved point ; the color of the 
skin is of a yellowish white ground, mottled with red and crimson ; flesh, 
very fine, tender, juicy, of a peculiar delicious honeyed sweetness, white, 
with a few red veins roimd the stone. The stone has the same peculiar 
sharp recurved point as the fruit. Tree, a thrifty grower, and productive • 
the foliage is small, resembling a wild seedling. It is undoubtedly one of 
the finest peaches, and its earliness will make it the standard market 
variety. It commences ripening at the South about June 25, and lasts 
until July 15th. (Berckmans' Col.) 

Horton's Delicious. 
Fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point very 
small, and within the depression; suture, shallow; skin, moderately 
downy, of a rich, creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun ; flesh, white 
to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath cling; quality, '-best." 
From first to middle of October. (Ga. Pom. S. Rept.) 

Hubbard's Early. 
Medium, white, with a little red; flesh, juicy, very fair. July to 
August. 

Imperial — (Middlcton's). 

American. Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish; 
yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, sweet. Free-stone. September 
fifteenth. 

Imperial — (Pettit's.) 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish 
oval, yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet, sub-acid. 
Free-stone. Middle September. 

Incomparable. 

Pavie AJmirable, | Late Admirable Cling. 

Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; flow- 
ers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little on 
one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, red at 
stone, juicy. C ling-stone. Late September. 
Jackson Cling. 

Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin. Athens, Ga. Fruit, large, oblong, with 
a very large, swollen point; skin, rich, dark yellow, covered with dark 
red in the sun ; flesh, rather firm, orange-yellow, and dark red at the 
stone: juicy sprightly, rich, and delicious; quality, "best." Last of 
August. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



299 



• Jones' Early. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, 
with pale red in sun j flesh, yellowish white, red ai stone, juicy. Free- 
stone, Middle August. (Hovey.) 

Jones' Large Early. 
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture, 
deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at 
stone. Free-stone. Middle August. (Hovey.) 

Jose Sweet. 
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, 
broad; suture, deep; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla- 
vor. Free-stone. Last September. 

Kenrick's Heath. 
Heath. Free-stone, | Heath Free. 
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, lai-ge, oblong, 
swollen point at apex ; suture, slight ; greenish white, purplish red cheek; 
flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September. 

La Grange. 
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little 
red in sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same 
time ripening. Free-stone. September. 

Lady Parham, 
Large, round, yellowish white, downy ; flesh, pale red at the stone, re- 
sembles Baldwin's October. Of Southern origin. 

Lincoln. 
American. Glands, globose: fruit, large, roundish; broad suture; 
downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) 

Madeira. 

Hill's Madeira, | Madeira Free-stone. 
American. A variety now little known, and, we think, never much out 
of Southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not deep ; 
yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, and, in warm 
seasons, sugary and delicious. Free-stone. Early September. 

Madeleine of Courson. 

Madeleine de Courson, 1 True Red Magdalen, 1 Madeleine Eouge, 
Eed Magdalen, | French Magdalen, | Eouge Paysanne. 

Foreign. Glandless : fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red 

cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. 

Malden. 

Early Maiden. 

American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated by 

James Dougall, Esq., of C. W. Fruit, medium, roundish compressed, one 

side enlarged ; suture, distinct ; skin, white, with reddish blush cheek ; 

flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last August. 



300 THE PEACH. 

Merriam. 
American. Glands, globose : large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, 
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last September. (Cole.) 

Moore's Favorite. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ; 
flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) 

Moore's June. 
Below medium, globular ; suture, shallow ; cavity, deep ; skin, yel- 
lowish, nearly covered in the shade with red dots and marblings, and deep 
red in the sun ; flesh, white, marbled with red from the skin to the stone 
in the darker colored ones, but red only at the stone where grown in the 
shade, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored, and good; flowers, small : glands, 
reniforra. Free-stone. Origin, Athens, Ga. Last of June and first of July. 
(William N. White, MS.) 

Molden's White. 

Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake ; a fine white peach, valu- 
able for its lateness. 

Fruit, large, oblong ; suture, on one side, distinct, one side usually a 
little larger than the other ; skin, creamy white, rarely with a tinge of red; 
flesh, white to the stone, juicy, sweet, melting, and excellent. Separates 
from the stone. Ripe last of September, and first of October. 

Monstrous Clingstone. 

Pavie de Pompone, I Pavie de Pomponne Grosse, 1 Pavie Camu 
Monstrous Pompone, Pavie Monstreux, Gros Melocoton, 

Monstrous Pavie, | Pavie Eouge de Pompone, | Gros Persique Bouge, 

Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of 
very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell 
readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish oval, 
swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, yellowish 
white, with red mostly overspreading it; flesh, firm, yellowish white, deep 
red at stone, juicy. Cling-stone. Last October. 

Montgomery's Late. 
Glands, reniform; flowers, large ; fruit, large, round, depressed at apex ; 
suture, shallow, but distinct ; skin, downy, yellowish white, dotted with 
red, and having a dull red cheek : flesh, pale white, red at the stone, very 
juicy, melting, and of very fine flavor. Separates from the stone. A hardy 
and desirable kind. Rapens the first of September, and continues nearly all 
the month. (Wm. N. White, MS.) 

Morhisania. 
Morrisania Pound, | Iloflfman's Pound, | Morrison's Pound. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red 
cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. 

Mrs. Poinsett. 
American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, 
globular; suture, distinct, regular ; skin, brownish yellow, veined withred; 
flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially cling-stone. First September. 



TTNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. SOI 

Newman. 
American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush ; flesh, white, 
juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Noblesse. 
"Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite, | Lord Montague's Noblesse. 
Foreign. The " Double iVlontague" is said by some to be identical with 
this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double Mon- 
tague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are. as yet, unwilling 
to place them as identical, although their identity is not improbable. 
Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, 
pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to sun ; flesh, 
greenish white, melting, juicy. Free-stone. Last of August. 

Nonpareil. 

Scott's Nonpai-eil. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oblong, yellow, with 
red cheek, much like Crawford's Late. Free-stone. September. 

Old Newinqton. 
Newington Cling, | Newington, | Large Newington 
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red 
cheek; flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone, juicy, September. 

Orange Cling-stone- 

American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless : fruit, large, round ; 
suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally dark red cheek; flesh, yel- 
low, firm, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Middle September. 

Orchard Queen. 

Eeine des Vergers. 

Foreign. Comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree, vigorous ; 
new shoots, reddish ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, oval, depressed at 
apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun : flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, 
melting, vinous. Free-stone. September. 

Owen. 
Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Eareripe. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish : suture, distinct ; 
yellow, purplish red in sun : flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free- 
stone. Middle September. 

Paragon. 

Prince's Paragon. 

American. Flowers, large; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish oval, 
yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point 
at apex ; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Free-stone. Middle 
September. 

Poinsett. 

American : originated in South Carolina. Glandless ; fruit, large, 
roundish oval, ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. September. 



302 THE PEACH. 

Poole's Yellow. 
Poole's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Free-stone. 
American. Glaiids, reniform : fruit, large, roundish ] suture, half round ; 
deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Free- 
stone. Last of September. 

President Church. 

Pbaised by the Rev. A. Church, President of the Franklin College, Ga. 
Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, 
often a mere line, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed • 
skin, pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark red 
in the sun ; flesh, white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of 
delicious flavor. Middle September. 

Prince's Climax. 
Originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, Long Island ; very pro- 
ductive. Fruit, large, oval ; skin, yellow, with crimson cheek, and two- 
thirds mottled with crimson ; flesh, yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine-apple 
flavor : adheres to the stone. Ptipens the middle and end of September. 
(Wm. R. Prince's MS.) 

Prince's Excelsior. 

Originated with William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Fruit, very 
large, round ; suture, slight, a mere line, ending in a flattened depression 
at top. where there is a slight cavity, and a little abortive mamelon : skin, 
a most splendid pure bright orange color ; flesh, golden yellow to the stone, 
very rich, luscious, aromatic, apricot, or exquisite orange flavor, sweet and 
rich ; separates freely from the stone. Ripens middle of October ; well 
suited to the South. (W. R. Prince's MS.) (Downing.) 

Prince John. 

Large, oblong, orange yellow, very juicy and delicious; resembles the 
Crawford's. Ripens latter part of July. 

Reeves' Favorite. 
American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands, 
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow, 
juicy, sometimes a little acid. Free-stone. Early September. 

Rodman's Red. 
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; frviit. large, oblong, 
mostly red in suu; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. Last of Sep- 
tember. 

Scott's Magnate. 
A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands, reniform : fruit, very 
large, round, depressed ; skin, pale yellow, with a dark red cheek ; flesh, 
white, luscious, and well flavored. Ripens early in September. (Down- 
ing-) 

Scott's Nectar. 

Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands, globose 
fruit, large, round, somewhat depressed ; color, red, shaded on pale yellow 
ground, and bright red next the sun ; flesh, white, very sweet, and of the 
highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Downing.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 303 

Stetson's Seedling. 
American. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, roundish ; su- 
ture, indistinct ; skin, greenish -white, marbled, and shaded with crimson 
in the sun ; flesh, white, pink at the stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich, 
and luscious. Free-stone. Ripens from' middle to last of September' 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Shanghai. 

From North of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated ; glands, reni- 
form : fruit, large, roundish : pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ; 
flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres. 
(Jour. L. H. Society.) 

Sites' Old Zack. 

A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, above 
medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separating 
freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September. 

Skinner's Superb. 

A free-stone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early 
in August, and is regarded as " very good." 

Smith's Favorite. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel- 
low, red in sun • flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle Septem- 
ber. 

Smock Free. 

Smock, I Saint George, 

American. Valuable market sort. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, 
compressed sides ] orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at 
stone, juicy, rich. Free-stone. Last September. 

Snow. 

American. Only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm soils. 
Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; 
skin, thin, clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem- 
ber. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a light 
green. 

Stephenson Cling. 

From Thomas Stephenson, Clark county, Ga. Fruit, large, roundish ; 
suture, distinct ; skin, very downy, of a creamy tint, shaded with flesh- 
color — the tint deepening in the sun to a dark, dull, purpli.sh red, where 
fully exposed ; flesh, white, somewhat tinged with red, and deep red at the 
stone ; flesh, very tender, melting, juicy, delicious, vinous flavor. One of 
the best. September 12th. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.) 

Strawberry. 

Eose. 

American. Glands, reniform : fruit, below medium, surface mostly red j 
flesh, whitish ; too small. Free-stone. August. 



304 THE PEACH. 

Stump the World. 

Fruit, very large, roundish, a little oblong ; skin, creamy white, with a 
bright red cheek: suture, shallow, rather more than half round: flesh, 
white, juicy, and high flavored • very productive. A fine market variety, 

SUSQUEHANNAH. 
Griffith's Melocoton. 
American. Glands, reniform; flowers, small ; fruit, large, oblong round- 
ish : yellowish red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet, delicious. Free-stone. Mid- 
dle September. 

Tarbell. 

American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ; 
yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Tippecanoe. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; 
yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Cling-stone. Middle 
to last of September. 

There is also a Free-stone variety under this name, which originated in 
Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor 
have we seen the fruit. 

Troth's Early Red. 

American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose : fruit, medium, roundish, 
bright red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet. A new variety ; very productive, 
and valued highly as an early market sort ripening about time of early 
Fillotron. 

Tuft's Early. 

American. Glands, globose ■ large, roundish ; yellowish white, red 
cheek ] flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Fi"ee-stone. Last of Au- 
gust. 

Tuft's Rareripe. 

American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ," flesh, 
yellow, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) 

Walburton. 

Walbui'ton Admirable. 

Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, above medium, roundish 
oblong ; greenish white, with red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, melting, 
and separating freely from the stone. Late September. 

Washington Cling-stone. 

American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South, 
not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, medium, round- 
ish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun : juicy, 
tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September. 



SrPEESEDED BY EETTEE SOETS. 305 



CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. 

Acton Scott. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, pale white, often 
bitter. August. 

Anne. 

Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early August. 

Admirable. 

Early Admirable, | L' Admirable, | Belle de Vitry. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. 
August. 

Almond. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. September, 

Belle de Vituy. 

Admirable Tardive, | Bellis. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, flrm, red at stone. 
Last September. 

Beatjtt of Saltsbukt. 

Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, juicy. Froe-stone. 
September. 

Baltimoke Beauty. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek. Free-stone. 
August. 

Bullaed's Clingstone. 

American. Large, round, white, with red cheek, juicy, flne. September. (Kenrick.) 

Bttllakd's Seedling. 
American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Free-stone. Middle of September. (Kenrick.) 

Bennett's Eaeeripe. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deflcient in flavor. August. 

Belle Cheveeiise. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, oval, greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, 
white, red at stone. Free-stone. September. 

Belzae's Eaely Eaeeeipe. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked with red. 
August. 

Chilian. 

American. Glands, ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deflcient in flavor. 

Free-stone. September. 

Canaey. 

American. Fruit, medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, to which it 
adheres closely. September. 

Cable's Medium Melocoton. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. Sep- 
tember. 



306 THE PEACH. 

Cable's Eablt. 

Cable's Early Melocoton. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. September. 

Congress. 
Congress Cling. 
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish withred, juicy ; poorbearer. September. 

Chamcellok. 

Chanceliere, I Noisette, I Edgar's Late Melting. 

Late Chancellor, | Stewart's Late Galande, | 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson cheek ; flesh, red 
next stone. Free-stone. September. 

Caret's Mammoth Cling. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oral ; flesh, white. September. 

Chablottb. 

Old Eoyal Charlotte I New Eoyal Charlotte, 

Grimwood's Koyal Charlotte, | Kew's Early Purple. 

Foreign. Glandless; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek; flesh, white 
red at stone. September. 

Cathekine Cling. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval, one side enlarged, yellowish green, 
red in sun ; flesh, iirm, yellowish white, red at stone. September. 

Down Eastek. 

Hall's Down Easter. 

American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek, good, hardy, productive. 
20th September. (Cole.) 

Empekor op Eussia. 

Cut-leaved, I New Cut-leaved, 

Serrated, | Unique. 

American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek; 
fle.sh, firm, yellowish white. Free-stone. August. 

Early Eohinson Crusoe. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. September. 

Gest's Superb. 

Gest's Large Free-stone. 

American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and red; flesh, flrm"" 
sub-acid. September. 

Golden Ball. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, 
yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow, with which it ripens. Early 
September. There is a Golden Ball cultivated at the South ; but whether it is this variety, or 
distinct, wo do not know. 

Ispahan. 
Pecher d'Ispahan. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green ; flesh, greenish white, a little sub- 
acid. September. 

Late Yellow Albebge. 

October Yellow, | Algiers Yellow, | Algiers Winter. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow when ripe ; flesh. Arm, 
yellow, dry. October. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 307 

La Fayette Clingstone. 
American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September. 

La Fayette. 

American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, stained witli 
red. September. 

Melting. 

Large Melting. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish, with red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; 
poor bearer. Free-stone. September. 

Magistrate. 

Majestrate. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, gi-eenish white, red cheek ; flesh, juicy, not high 
flavor. Free-stone. September. 

Monsteoijs Fkee-stone. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish 
white ; poor bearer. September. 

PnFLEIGER. 

American. Fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Free-stone. September. 

Eed Nutmeg. 

Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Eouge, 

Early Ked Nutmeg, | Ked Avant. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, 
red at stone. Early August. 

EoYAL Geokge. 



Early Eoyal George, 1 Lockyers Mignonne, 
New Eoyal George, Griffin's Mignonne, 

Millet's Mignonne, | 



Superb, 

Eed Magdaline. 



Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, red dots, and 
marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone. Last of August. 

EOSANNA. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow, and purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at 
stone. Free-stone. September. 

SWALSH. 

Double Swalsh, | Swalze. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at 
stone ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. 

Sweet "Watee. 

Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. 

There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one glandless ; 
neither as valuable as Tillotson. 

Scott's Eakly Eep. 

American. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red; flesh, whitish, 
juicy. Free-stone. August. 

Smith's Newington. 

Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newlngton. 

Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with purplish red in sun; 
flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. Cling-stone. August. 

Smock Clingstone. 
American. Large, oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. September. 



308 THE PEACH. 



Spbing Gboye. 

Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundisli, greenish. yoUow, red cheek : flesli, 
greenish, yellow. Free-stone. September. 

SULHAIISTEAD. 

Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun; flesh, yellowish 
white, sweet. September. 

Sloctjm's Early. 
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow. August. 

f 

SlEBOLT. 

American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish 
white. Free-stone. September. 

Tick. 
Tice's Red and Yellow. 

American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. Free-stone. 
September. 

Vandekmark. 
American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. A cling-stone. September. 

White Nutmeg. 

Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, | White Avant. 

Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh, white to the stone. Early 
August. 

WuiTE Blossom. 

White Blossomed Incomparable, 1 Willow Peach. 

American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to stone. 
Free-stone. September. 

Weeping. 

Eeid's Weeping. 

American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not deserve to be classed 
in fruits. 

Yate's Early. 
American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. 

Yellow Admirable. 

Orange, 1 Apricot Peach, 

Abricotee, | Admirable Jaune. 

Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red in sun ; flesh 
yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Free-stone. September. 

ZoAR Beauty. 

American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where exposed to sun ; 
flesh, tinged with red. ''Free-stone. September. 



THE PEAK. 

Pyrus communis, L. Rosacece of Botanists. 

Nativk of Europe and Asia, the Pear has long been cultivated, 
but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con- 
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, except 
they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and their ex- 
ertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before written, 
and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best imported va- 
rieties ; while, in this country, w-e are not the less indebted to such 
men as PI. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, J. P. Kirt- 
land, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, origin, 
and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. 

Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the Pear, as well as of 
the Apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States 
there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, 
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one re- 
move from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impression 
that " he who plants Pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute the 
neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable number 
of Pear trees. Gradually, however, as fecilities of traveling have 
increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with practice 
and results, and information become freely disseminated through our 
agricultural and horticultural joui'nals, have pear plantations inci'eased, 
until at this time there are, probably, yearly planted in the States not 
less than one million of trees. 

In almost every State there appear certain localities where the 
Pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, 
and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be 
selected from many : Danvers, in Mass. ; Hartford, and East New 
Haven County, in Conn. ; Vincennes, in la. ; Detroit, in Mich. ; and 
North-western or Central New- York. And, indeed, we may find it 
difficult to name a place where, with the appropriate care in culture 
we have pointed out, the Pear may not be grown healthy and pro- 
ductive. 

Propagation — By Seed. The propagation of the Pear by seed is 
the same as that of the Apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots 
of the Pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap- 
root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil 
be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow, trenched 
with the spade, is the best for the growing of pear seedlings . 

309 



310 THE PEAR. 

The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the 
Pear as in the Apple, and usually performed at same season. The 
remarks we made relative to root-grafting on pieces of roots are also 
equally applicable to the Pear as the Apple. Some practice the 
grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of 
the Pear from the graft ; tliis is easily done, but we see no advantage ; 
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favor- 
able ; we have found the roots thrown from the Pear small and in- 
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking 
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the circu- 
lation of sap-vessels. 

Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over foreign 
varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sustained 
by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks we 
think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within a 
a few years past, most of the pears* worked on pear stocks in this 
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of 
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for- 
eign varieties. 

Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling 
pear stocks, usually two years old and about three-eighths to half an 
inch diameter at crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the 
same left to grow until August, are usually suitable size for budding. 
The quince, apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used 
for growing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is 
best, thorn next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seed- 
lings are not desirable to use for tliis purpose, as they do not run even 
in growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the 
Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain-ash 
are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where 
the quince roots do not appear as well suited. 

While a very large number of varieties will take, and grow for a 
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a 
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, Avhen grown 
on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now 
very extensive on the quince root, we can not but fear that in eight- 
tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remaining 
two-tenths, require equally as much care in suppl3nng nutrition and 
pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. 
There are, however, some sorts of the fruit that seem improved by be- 
ing worked on quince, as Duchesse d'Angouleme, Easter Buerre, etc., 
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore, 
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that 
without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment. 
About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of the 
Pear on pear roots, when grown m soil supplied with the elements 



TEANSPLANTTNG, ETC. 311 

necessary to sustain it ; and about thirty or forty years the natural 
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and 
cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where trees 
exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in one 
half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has been so 
great for some years past that, too often, little regard has been paid 
to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of bearing trees 
on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, from Avhich 
although receiving the same care and attention, there may be selected 
those that ere many years must of necessity decay, as the stock and 
tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as before remarked, 
there are varieties that, while they grow apparently well for a few 
years, decay on fruiting the second year. The success of the Pear 
on quince roots tz'ained en-pyramid in the old country has been con- 
fined to but few varieties, and these kept under a steady yet high 
state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on the quince, in the 
manner of most orcharding in this country, will never repay the first 
cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected of varieties known to have 
been long successful, and a system of culture pursued Avhich shall 
meet the requirements of the fibrous roots of the quince, then may 
the grower look for profit and pleasure in the result ; but equally 
gratifying and profitable would be the result, if we except a few va- 
rieties of foreign origin, when grown on the pear, and annually root- 
pruned ; added to which, if one half the trees were taken out after 
twenty years, the balance would form a fine permanent orchard, to 
be managed as our apple orchards. In small gardens, where the 
quince stock is advised by nearly all writers (and correctly so, if the 
right varieties are selected), success will not be had without an ap- 
preciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed by the quince, 
and the system of culture required to supply the food of the plant, 
as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also some little knowledge 
of the amount of fruit the young tree is capable of ripening and con- 
tinue in health ; the tendency being rather to over-production and 
exhaustion. 

Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. The roots 
of the Pear have few laterals except grown on shallow, rich soil, and 
in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much of the 
large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly destroyed, 
the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On the quince 
root, when vi^ell grown, there will need little attention, except to head 
back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends of each root, as 
often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking care that the earth 
is even with the junction of the pear on the quince. 

Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about 
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown, and shaped 
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or tiiose on quince roots, are 



312 THE PEAE. 

be?t at one year from the bud; for, as a general thing, the nursery- 
mun has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- 
pared with that of labor in this country, wari'ant him in a system 
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree 
bo so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed 
positions. 

The distance apart of Pear on pear roots for large orcharding, 
should be fron:i twenty five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for 
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much planted 
intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the prac- 
tice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate such 
orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary method of 
plowing, planting potatoes, etc. 

Soil and Manures. The pear roots thrive best in a soil where the 
subsoil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open arid porous 
sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, extend- 
ing deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of extreme 
drought. Cold clay is a bad subsoil, and where it exists in the ground 
of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and thoroughly sub- 
soiled, and well drained. The Pear on quince roots succeeds best in 
rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring considerable water 
better than dry sand. The following is the analysis of the ash of 
the Pear as made by Dr. Emmons : 

Sap-wood. Bark. 

Potash 22.25 6.20 

Soda 1.84 

Chlorine 0.31 1.70 

Sulphuric Acid 0.50 1.80 

Phosphate of Lime 27.22 6.50 

Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0.31 

Carbonic Acid 27.69 37.29 

Lime 12.64 30.36 

Magnesia 3.00 9.40 

Silex -. 0.30 0.40 

Coal 0.17 0.65 

Organic Matter 4.02 4.20 



100.25 98.30 

From this it will be seen what is most wanted in the soil to pro- 
duce healthy foliage and wood in the Pear. As a general thing, soils 
usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and 
the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone dust; 
or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig in around 
the tree whole bones from the use of a family, or procured from a 
slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and applied to vegetable 
mould from the woods, and this dug in around the tree, is also a cheap 
and ready way of supplying food requisite. Iron filings, etc., from 



PRUNING. 



313 



smith-shops is also good, and hence the impression of some, that 
through it the blight was cured or prevented. The fact being only 
that a certain element requisite to health was exhausted in the soil. 

Pruning. In connection with what we have recorded under this 
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable 
to the Pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq., 
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in 
the world : 

" If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist 
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- 
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise these 
root-pruned trees on the 
quince stock are so full of 
them, that the tree receives 
a check if they are all allow- 
ed to expand. About ten or 
fifteen fruit may be permit- 
ted to ripen the first season ; 
the following season two or 
three dozen will be as many 
as the tree ought to be allow- 
ed to bring to perfection, in- 
creasing the number as the 
tree increases in vigor, al- 
ways remembering that a few 
full -sized and well -ripened 
pears are to be preferred to a 
greater number, inferior in 
size and quality. 

" Summer pinching in the 
youth of the tree is the only 
remedy, if it is not well fur- 
nished below ; and a severe 
remedy it is, for all the 
young shoots on the upper 
tiers, including the leader, 
must be pinched closely in 
May and June till the lower 
ones have made young shoots 
of a sufiicient length to give 
uniformity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ; 
it is better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that i-; 
not well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of 
this description may soon be made to assume the shape of the fore- 
going figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought 
to be in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders 
14 




314 



THE PEAR, 



are shortened, which is best done towards the end of August ; this 

shortening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots 

shortened in the same maneer ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked 
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. 
The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched in 
June." 

Planting and after man- 
agetnent. As before men- 
tioned, the autumnal and 
early winter months are to 
be preferred for planting ; 
care should be taken in se- 
lecting trees that are fur- 
nished with buds and 
branches from bottom to 
top ; but if a young gar- 
dener intends to plant, and 
wishes to train up his trees 
so that they will become 
quite perfect in shape, he 
should select plants one 
year old from the bud or 
graft ; these will, of course, 
have good buds down to 
the junction of the graft 
with the stock. The first 
Spring, a tree of this de- 
scription should be headed 
down so as leave the shoot 
about eighteen inces long ; 
if the soil is rich, from five 
to six and seven shoots will 
be produced ; one of these 
must be made the leader, 
and if not inclined to be 
quite perpendicular, this 
must be fastened to a stake. 
As soon in Summer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end 
must be pinched off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch 
all off but one to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; 
the side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, 
they may be this first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow 
in the proper direction. This is the best done by bringing down and 
fastening the end of each shoot to a slight stake, so that an open py- 
ramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough 
air is not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the 




PLANTING, ETC. 315 

end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight 
buds of the stem ; * this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, 
and no pruning in Winter will be required. 

The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side 
shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, 
or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be 
pinched off to within three inches, all hut the leading shoot of each side 
hranch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant 
sap, till the end of August, The perpendicular leader must be top- 
ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch 
off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all 
but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most 
symmetrical trees may be formed. 

When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still 
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- 
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. 

I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear 
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but 
the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the 
young cultivator. 

I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees, 
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa- 
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitfuh A most valuable 
auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; pears 
grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of moderate 
depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am induced 
to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have more 
care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should recom- 
mend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered, during 
June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, and to 
give them once a week, in dry -weather, a drenching with guano water 
(about two pounds to six gallons), which must be well stirred before 
it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured gradually 
into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pi-oduced ; and 
as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we shall have 
exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine specimens 
to show for pj'izes. 

Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants 
(Jardin des Plantes), France, where all are on their own or pear 
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul- 
turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded 
as the most perfect of specimens. 

" M, Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In 
the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with 

* There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; these must not 
be reckoned. 



816 



THE PEAE. 




the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal 
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not 
only a new leading shoot, at the end of the branch, but side shoots, 
h, h, at vaj-ious places on the lower part of the 
shoot. The side shoots are left to grow till the 
end of May. They have then pushed out to about 
four or five inches in length. The ends of all these 
side shoots are then -pinched off, leaving only about 
an inch and a half at the bottom of the shoot. 

"Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the side 
shoots, as they are at the end of June. The dotted 
lines, b, b, show the point to which these shoots 
should be pinched off. 

" The terminal or leading shoot, e, is left entire, 
in order to draw up the sap, which would other- 
wise force all the side shoots into new growth. 
Notwithstanding this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots 
will frequently push out new shoots again, just below where they 
were pinched. This being the case, about 
the Itst of August M. Cappe shortens back 
these new side siioots to about an inch and 
a half. But this time he does not pinch 
tliem off. He breaks them, and leaves the 
broken end for several days attached and 
hanging down, so that the flow of sap is not 
so suddenly checked as when the branch 
is [)inched or cut off, and the danger of new 
slioots being forced out a third time is 
thereby effectually guarded against. 

"The object of this stopping the side 
bi'anches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more 
properly, the organizable matter in these 
shortened branches, by which means the remaining buds become 
fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become spurs, distributed 
over the whole tree, which bear regularly year after year, sending 
out new side shoots, which are pinched back in the same manner 
every Summer. 

" In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the 
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate the 
pruning of the terminal branches or leadei's, which, as we have just 
said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time to adjust 
any extravagances of growth wliioh the tree may have run into, on 
either side ; and in the summer pinching the balance of growth is 
adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest the ends 
of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while those that 
start near the bottom of the branch (or the centre of the tree), 




INSECTS AND DISEASES. ' 317 

where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five inches 
long. 

" Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to 
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry and heauty 
of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced 
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only 
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the fii'st tier of branches 
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; 
tor if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of course 
it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and fullness 
of branches at the bottom." 

All this our readers will understand relates more especially to 
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard 
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that 
pursued in the Apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a 
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the 
branches becoming too thick. 

Insects and Diseases. The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by 
Hari'is. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. 
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise 
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of 
as much destruction, as reported. 

The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is found 
in the larvte state under the bark, on the bodies of both the Pear and 
Apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect of this 
insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, on the 
South or Southwest side. Cutting it away carefully, and destroying 
the larva3 in months of July to September, and washing the body first 
with lye- water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it with a coating of 
gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. 

The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both Cherry and 
Pear in June, July, and August. It is about half an inch long, of a 
dull, greenish bi'own, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. It is 
easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even dirt 
over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, following 
up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap blight, 
etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have remarked on 
in previous pages, and refer thereto. 

Barh Lice^ or Scale insects, are often found upon the Pear, as well 
as the Apple. See " Apple Insects," for remedies. 

" The Psylla, or jumping louse, is probably identical with the same 
species that infests the Pear tree in Europe. In some of its forms it 



318 . THE PEAR. 

is found on pear trees from May to October ; and probably two or 
more broods are produced every year. These little insects live by 
suction, and obtain their food by puncturing the bark of the young 
shoots, mostly in the vicinity of the buds. They defile the shoots with 
the fluid which they discliarge in large quantities, and which soon 
forms a blackish crust on the bark. The best remedy that occurs to 
me is, a wash of strong soap-suds and sulphur, applied with a brush 
to the branches in the Spring, before the buds expand. A solution 
of whale-oil soap, thi'own upon the trees, will kill the insects, but will 
have to be repeated at intervals through the Summer." 

Selection of varieties knoivn to he permanently successful on the 
Quince. As we have before remarked, while there are a great many 
varieties that at first take, and grow well on the quince stock, there 
are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there- 
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view 
to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error 
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in 
planting the grounds of our residence we looked to the testing of va- 
rieties, and therefoi-e ordered and planted one tree only of a sort. On 
a double border so planted, containing over two hundred sorts, we in 
three years discarded one half, and feel confident that not more than 
one half of the i-emainder will answer to continue permanently. As 
yet, few of our American native Pears can be depended on when 
grown on the quince, and as all introduced are of the quality described 
when grown on pear roots, we advise most planters so to procure 
them. " Cultivated on the pear stock, the trees in general gi'ow vi- 
gorously in a light, deep, alluvial soil, provided always that the sub- 
soil is free from stagnant water. The form and quality of the fruits 
depend in a great measure on the conditions of the soil and subsoil, 
careful cultivation, proper management of the trees, and vigor of the 
stocks." 

Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. '" Gather pears of the summer 
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat 
mealy if kept above a day or two; even when gathered as they ought 
to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They should 
not, howevex', be gathered when they require much force to pull them 
off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time of gathering, 
though tiiey will keep longer than the Summer. Winter pears, on the 
contrary, should hang as long on tiie trees as thej' may, so as to es- 
cape frost, which would make them fiat in flavor, and not keep well. 
Generally they may hang to the middle of October on full standards, 
a week longer on dwarfs, but not after they are ripe. The art of 
gathering is, to give them a lift, so as to press away the stalk, and if 
ripe, they readily part from tlie tree. Let them be quite dry when 



FORMS AND SIZES COMPAEATIVE. 319 

pulled, and in handling, avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way bruis- 
ing it ; as gathered, lay them quietly in shallow baskets." 

This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with 
their after maturing in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, 
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many 
varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, 
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. Others, 
again, as is the case with most varieties maturing late, require simply 
to be put away in barrels in the cellar, like apples, and a few days 
before wanted for use, brought out and placed in a warm room. 

The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic 
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp, or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or 
fine crisp and "breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet 
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as 
when first written. 

The common uses of tlie pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, dry- 
ing, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, large 
orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore been 
planted, and the result found more profitable than the same amount 
of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. 

Varieties and ISonienclature. The number of varieties now known 
is something over twelve hundred, but of tlicsi- it is more than pro- 
bable over one thousand may be discarded, and then leave more than 
have qualities to sustain their continued culture when compared with 
the best. Throughout the West, the pear culture is only in its in- 
fancy, and we therefore place far less in our first class than probably 
may seem worthy that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but 
we would rather our Western growers should plant varieties Avorthy 
their attention, than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall 
not pretend in this work to even note all varieties, but shall only 
speak of those most known in our own language, while we could wish 
(and probably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to trans- 
fer all names into the English language ; we have at this time 
thought best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first 
class giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same 
size type. 

Forms and Size comparative. Our forms illustrative of the terms 
used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental figure 
of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and where the 
circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by dots. It 
should always be recollected, that in the pear, fyriform is with the 
small end at the stem ; while in the apple it is at the calyx. 



320 



THE PEAK. 




Obovate. 





Ovate. 




Globular ; obtuse pyrltbnn. 



Globulai- ; acute pyriforin. 



FOEMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE, 



321 




Obovate ; acute pyriform. 





Oblong pyriform. 

14* 




Obovate obtuse pyi-iform , 



322 



THE PEAR. 





Oblong obovate pyriform. 



Oblong ovate pyriform. 



Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White 
Doyenne, or Virgalieu, as medium ; the Bartlett as large. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



523 



CLASS I. 3Iost generally esteemed. 

Ananas D'Ete. 
Ananas, of some, \ Poire Ananas. 




Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. Tree, 
vigorous, light brown wood, with white oblong dots, early regular bearer, 
fruit always large and excellent. 

Fruit., large, oblong, obovate pyriform. angular ; color., dull yellowish 
green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest at base. 
or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, open, short divi- 
sions ; basin, shallow, open : core, compact, capsules small; seeds, long 
ovate : ftesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, perfumed 



324 



THE PEAE. 



Last August and early September. This variety varies much in form. Our 
figures are from specimens from same tree. 



Bartlett. 



"William's Bon Chretien, I Poire GuiUiaume, 
William's, | Delavoult de Clement. 




An English variety, originated about 1770. Now extensively grown, 
and too well known to really need description. The trees are vigorous, and 
early productive of fair, handsome fruit, either on Pear or Quince root. 

Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, surface somewhat uneven ; colo7-, 
clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet around the 
stem, and minute russet dots over whole • stem, short, thick ; calyx, medium, 
partly open; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; 
flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Middle August to middle 
September. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



325 



Belle Lucrative. 
Fondante d'Automne, | Signeur d'Esperin. 




A Flemish variety. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive bearer, young 
shoots long, yellowish gray. Thus far. does well on the Quince. If picked, 
and fruit ripened in house, one of the very best. 

Fruity medium, obovate pyriform; color^ pale yellowish green, slightly 
russeted ; stem^ stout, often fleshy ; calyx^ short, open ; basin, medium , 
core, medium ; seeds, ovate; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Last 
September. 

Beurre Giffard. 

Beurre Gilford. 

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, 
good bearer on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium pyriform, yellowish green 
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks: stem, long, slender, curved ; 
calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." 
La.st of August. 



326 



THE PEAK. 



Due d'Aremberg, 
C olmar Descliampa, 
L'Orphelines, 



Beurre d'Aremberg. 



Soldat Laboureur, of some, 
Deschamps, 
D'Aremberg Parfait, 



Beurre des Orphelines, 
Orpheline d'Enghein. 




A foreign variety which has been often confounded with G!out %forceau 
and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. The wood is 
strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale gray specks ; leaves, 
narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, bear young on the pear root, 
annually and abundantly : the fruit hangs well, and may be gathered and 
ripened at will from December to February. A warm, rich soil suits it 
best. 

Fruity above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward the 
stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull pale green, 
at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces and patches of 
light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set obliquely, without 
depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ; basin, rather deep ; core, 
medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, 
vinous. December to February. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED, 



327 



Diel, 

Diel's Butterbirne, 
Dorothee Koyal, 
Grosse Dorothee, 



BUERRE DiEL. 

Buerre Itoyal, 
Des Trois Tours, 
De Melon, 



Melon de Kops, 
Buerre Magnifique, 
Beurre Incomparable. 




Foreign. Grows and fruits well on Pear or Quince, but is best on Quince. 
Tree vigorous, the foliage large; wood, olive brown, with grayish specks ; 
very productive. 

Fruity large, obovate obtuse pyriform, surface rather uneven ; color, dull 
green, bright yellow when mature, russet specks, and scattered russet and 
greenish brown patches; stem, stout, and slightly curved ; cavity, narrow ; 
calyx, medium, open, long segments; basin, abrupt; core, large; seeds, 
dark brown ; jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, especially near the core, 
juicy, melting, perfumed. October to last November. 



328 



THE PEAE. 



Beurre Moire. 
Beurre Moire. 




Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often 
blossom.<« the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which, of course, does 
not mature ; promises well. Fruity large, obovate oblong pyriform, pale 
green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch; stem. 
one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyx, small, short, 
stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skiyi, thick, harsh ; flesh, 
white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly ; " very good." November and 
December. 

Brandywine. 

American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, thrifty, rapid 
grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, 
varying in form, generally obovate pyriform, running into the stem, which 
is fleshy, and rather obliquely set; color, dull yellowish green, reddish 
brown in sun, marked with russet dots and streaks, and much russeted 
about eye ; cahyx, open, segments few : basin, smooth, moderate depth ; 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



329 



core^ small, compact ; seeds, few, dark brown ; flesh., white, rather coarse, 
melting, juicy, vinous. Last of August, first of September. Succeeds on 
Quince. 

Bkurre Bosc. 
Calebasse Bcsc, | Maiianue Nouvelle, | Bosc's Flasclienbirne, 




A foreign variety, raised in 1807, by Van Mons. It is an early, annual, 
and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a place in the 
smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish olive shoots strag- 
gling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size and form, as see our 
checked outline in engraving, but it is always fair and smooth. 

Fruit., large, obovate acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly covered, 



330 



THE PEAR. 



dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish red in sun ; 
stem, usually long, slender; calyx., medium, segments partially erect ; basin, 
round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven : core, small ; seeds, blackish ; 
^^es/i, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, or last of 
September. 



Beurre d'Anjou. 

Niell, I Poire Niell, 

Beurr6 Niell, | 'S&VVas'M.QV.ris, of some catalogues. 



Colniac Bosc, 

Pondante du Bois, erroneously. 




Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently intro- 
duced under a new name, and grown on Quince. It is found of the highest 
excellence. It succeeds equally well on Pear or Quince, but largest on 
Quince. 

Fruit, large, long, oblong obovate pyriform, obtuse at stem ; color, pale yel- 
low, dull blusli, and nuinerous .^mall specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, seg- 
ments (hick, reflexcd ; basin, round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, 
and obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long 
pointed : flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious 
to the core. October and November. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 
Beukke Eastkr. 



Doyennfe d'Hiver, 
Doyenne du Piintemps, 
Bergatnotte de la Pentecote, 
BeuiT(5 de la Pentecote, 
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles, 



Benrre Eoupi^, 

Du Patre, 

Beurre de Paques, 

Phillippe de Paques, 

Bezi Chaumontclle tres gros, 



331 



Chaumontel tres gros, 
Canning, 

Seigneur d'Hiver, 
Pater Noster. 




Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening, when it 
is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on Quince. 

Fruit, large, globular obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with rus- 
set spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a brownish russet 
cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep : calyx, generally small ; 
basin, narrow, rather deep ; core, medium : seeds, long, ovate acute pyri- 
form ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. January to May. 

Beurre St. Nicholas. 
St. Nicholas, I Duchess of Orleans. 
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright, olivc-colored wood, leaves 



332 



THE PEAK. 



dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on Quince : one 
little tree^ two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beautiful 
specimens. 

Fruit, large, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming greenish yellow, 
with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes red cheek in sun ; 
stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open, short segments -flesh, 
melting, juicy ; "very good." October. 

Beurre Coit. 
A new variety, raised by Col. Coit. of Euclid. O. We first ate of it in 
1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we have seen it 

several times, and as we 
write this, September 25, 
1853, have the fruit before 
us. It is worthy a place 
in all collections. The 
tree is hardy, vigorous, 
upright, spreading in form, 
dark brown shoots, and 
early good bearer on the 
pear root. Our drawing 
was made from a specimen 
pulled in August, and is 
below an average size. 

Fruit, above medium, 
obtuse p3Tiforra, slightly 
angular : color, rich brown 
russet, mostly overspread- 
ing a yellow ground, with 
a brownish red cheek in 
sun ; stem, rather short ; 
cavity, shallow, with un- 
equal projections ; calyx, 
with segments nearly erect, 
surrounded by depre.'^sed 
crescent-shaped furrows in 
a shallow basin ; co?-e, 
small ; secd.s-.biacldsh ] flesh, 
yellowish white, melting, 
buttery, juicy, sweet vin- 
ous. Last Sept. and Oct. 

Beurre Langelier. 

A foreign pear, newly introduced ; it has fruited but few times in this 
country, but may sal^ly be placed as. " best." 

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating ob- 
tusely at, stem : color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale yellow, wilh 
a dull red cheek in sun. and numerous gray russet dots : stem, one inch, or 
more, long, angularly inserted, without depression : calyx, medium; basin, 
shallow, plaited : core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate pyriform \ flesh, yellow- 
ish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, sub-acid, slight perfume. iVovem- 
ber to January. 




MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



333 



Black Worcester. 
Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkiiison''s 'Warden, | Iron Pear. 

A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking purposes ; 
shoots, dark olive, diverging; tree, hardy vigorous. 

Fruit, large, obovate oblong; color, dull green, 'vvith numerous mar- 
blings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight depression ; 
calyx, rather small ;_/?e5A. firni; coarse, austere. November to February. 

Bloodgood. 

American. From Flushing, L. I. The tree is a moderate grower, with 
reddish brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires 
a rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit, medium, or 
below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots : calyx, open ; 
stem, fleshy at base; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting ; "very 
good." Early August. 

Bon Chretien Fondante. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on Quince or Pear. Fruit, 
medium, roundish oblong oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and 
much russet ; stem, medium, curved ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, 
furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty; 
•' very good." September, October. 



Buffum. 




American. Native of 
Rhode Island. It is very 
successful wherever grown, 
admirably adapted to stan- 
dard orcharding, an up- 
right, strong grower, red- 
dish browii shoots, always 
productive of fair, even- 
sized fruit ; not, however, 
of more than second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit, medium, oblong 
obovate ; color, brownish 
green, becoming yellow, 
bright red, suffused in sun ; 
brown dots and a little 
russet ; sfe7n, half to inch 
long, slight depression ; 
calyx, with short recurved 
segments ; basin, round ; 
core, rather small ; seeds, 
dark brown ; flesh, white, 
buttery, sweet. Septem- 
ber. 



334 



THE PEAE. 



Delices d'Hardenpotnt. 
Delices d'Ardenpont, | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers. 




Foreign. Tree, hardy, 
moderate grower ; shoots, 
upright, yellowish brown, 
good bearer ; deserves more 
attention. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, 
pale yellow, with many 
gray dots and russet in 
sun ; stem, varying ; calyx, 
small, closed : basin, round, 
slightly uneven ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, broad, ovate • 
Jlcsh, whitish, buttery, melt- 
ing, juicy, almost ■' best." 
October. 



Dix. 

American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, young shoots, 
pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, well suited to 
extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ; skin, little rough, 
yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem : steyn, set obliquely, raised 
one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; 
core, marked with a dark gritty circle, extending toward the stem ; flesh, 
yellowish white, melting, a little harsh, juicy, sweet. October and No- 
vember. 

Doyenne d'Ete. 



Summer Virgalieu, 

Duchess de Berry d'Ete of Bivort, 



Summer Doyenne, 
Doyenne de Juliet. 



Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownis4i red wood, early 
and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on Quince. 

Fniit.^ rather small, roundish obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, 
nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a bright mar- 
bled red cheek ; stem, ralher long, fleshy at base, inserted without depres- 
sion; calyx, small, closed: basin, shallow: core, medium; seeds, small, 
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, 
sprightly. Last of July. 

Doyenne Boussouck. 



Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, 
Providence, 



Plymouth, 
Beurre de Mesode, 



Double PhiUipe. 



Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country in 1841, 
by William Kenrick. Tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, sprinkled 
with large round grayish specks ; a good and regular bearer ; a little vari- 
able in quality. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



335 



Fruit, large, globular, obtuse obovate pyriform ; colo7-j yellow, with 
tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at 
base; cavity. sha.Uo\\ ; calyx, mediam, open.; core, medium ; seed.^, small, 
almost black, abortive ; ^^e-sA, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, 
vinous, sweet perfume. October. 

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. 



Doyennfe Marbre, 
Doyennfe d'Alencon, 



St. Michael d'Hiver, 
Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alencon. 




Foreign. Proves 
valuable on the 
Quince. 

Fruit, medium or 
above, obovate, 

obtuse pyriform, 
slightly angular, or 
one side longest ; 
color, pale dull yel- 
low, with many- 
small brown russet 
specks ; stem, short, 
stout • calyx, me- 
dium ; basin, irre- 
gular, abrupt ; core, 
medium ; seeds, 
dark brown, long, 
pointed : flesh, whit- 
ish, rather coarse- 
grained, melting, 
juicy, vinous, a 
little astringent un- 
less well ripened 
January to May. 



Doyenne Gray. 



Gray Butter Pear, 
Gray Doyenne, 
Doyenne Rouge, 
Doyenne Eoux, 



St. Michel Dorfe, 
Doyenne Galeux. 



Doyenne d'Automne, 
Gray Dean's, 
Doyenne Gris, 
Eed Doyenne, | 

This has been confounded with " Boussouck,'' and with •' Surpasse Vir- 
galieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on Pear or Quince, a hardy 
tree, with upright, grayish brown shoots. 

Fruit, medium^ roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; ,s-^m, covered with 
smooth cinnamon russet ; stem, curved : cavity, rather deep : calyx, small, 
closed; basin, shallow; ^es/i, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting. Oct. 



336 



THE PEAK. 



Dearborn's Skedling. 
Done's, | Wheeler's New St. Michael. 
Raised by General H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury. Mass. 
Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning; productive 
on the pear root; quality variable. 

Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a little to 
the stem ; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, and surface 
dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick segments ; stem, long, 
slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed ; flesh, 
yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. 
August. 

Doyenne White. 



White Dean 
Virgalieu, 
Butter Peai', 
St, Michael, 
Virgaloo, 
Bei'galoo, 
Tellow Butter, 



White Beurri^, 

White Autumn Beurre 

Kegnier, 

Dean's, 

Warwick Bergamotte, 

Snow Pear, 

Pine Pear, 



St. Michael, 
Doyenne, 
Doyenne Blanc, 
Beurre Blanc, 
Eeigner, 

And twelve others of 
French and Dutch. 




An old variety, everywhere esteemed when well grown. Trees, hardy, 
productive either on Pear on Quince. 

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regularly 
sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium, brownish ; 
cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly plaited ; 
flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, delicious. September tc 
November. 

The Doyenne Panaciiee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its more 
pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green and red striped. It is 
juicy, not high flavored. October. 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



337 



Flemish Beauty. 



Belle do Flanders, 
Bosche Nouvelle, 
Bosch, 



Fondante du Bois, erroneously, 
Bosc Sire, 
Imperatrice de France, 



Beaurrfe Spence, of some. 
Poire Davy. 




Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation than 
it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the Quince, and on the 
rich soils of Illinois, we have seen it far surpass even the most highly 
nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree is vigorous, with 
upright, dark brown shoots. 

Fruity large, oblong obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly covered 
with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun, rich reddish brown ; 
stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep • calyx, short, 
open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with oblong capsules ; seeds, 
oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, melt- 
mg, sugary. Last of September. Does not keep long. 
15 



338 



THE PEAR. 



Fulton. 

American. Native of 
Maine. Tree, very hardy, 
yearly and abundant bearer, 
well suited for standard 
orcharding at the West ; 
young shoots, slender, red- 
dish brown. 

Fruity small, obovate ; 
color, at first gray russet, 
becoming dark cinnamon 
russet J calyx, open, seg- 
ments nearly erect ; basin, 
round, regular ; stem, one to 
two inches long ; cavity, nar- 
row ; core, encircled by a 
coarse line, but of itself 
small, compact ; seeds, 
blackish ; flesh, half buttery, 
moderately juicy, sprightly. 
October, November. 




Golden Beurre of Bilboa. 



Hooper's Bilboa. 




Foreign. From Spain. 
Tree, hardy, requires rich, 
strong, heavy soil, when it 
is an abundant Ijcarer of 
fair, regular, medium-siz- 
ed fruit of second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit, medium, obovate ; 
color, rich yellow, with 
russet around the stem, 
and many russet dots and 
patches over the entire sur- 
face ; stem, slender : cavity, 
slight ; calyx, small, most- 
ly open, short stiff seg- 
ments ; basin, shallow ; 
flesh, fine-grained, melting, 
juicy, sometimes a little 
acid and harsh. Septem- 
ber. 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 
Glout Morceau. 



339 



Goulu Morceau, 
G-loux Morceau, 
Beurre d'Hardenpont, 
Hardenpont d'Hiver, 



Colmar d'Hiver, 

Bearre d'Hiver Nouvelle, 

Linden d'Automne, 



Eoi de Wurtemlberg, 

And iive more of German. 

Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French. 




This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish pears. 
The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only expressive of 
its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this cannot claim the 
title par excellence, we see not but it must retain its original, and those 
■who grow it must speak the name as best they may. 

It is an unproductive variety while young, either on Pear or Quince ; 
trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring them well into 
bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. It is a beautiful 
grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little pruning. It is also 
easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or blue-green wood and its wavy 
leaves. 

Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface rough ; 



340 



THE PEAK, 



color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and traces of russet 
and greenish gray russet specks over the whole surface ; stem, one to one 
and a half inch long, often without cavity, but flesh raised one side ; calyx, 
medium, segments half reflexed ; basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, 
like the general surface of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scal- 
loped; co7-e, large; seeds, large, ovate, pointed; Jicsh, white, fine-grained, 
buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. December to February. 

Howell. 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to notice. 
Fruit, large, obovate pyriform. pale yellow, small russet dots, faint red 
blush in sun : stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; basin, 
irregular ; Jlesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. Oc- 
tober. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. 



Foreign. We have never 
fruited a pear that has given 
us more satisfaction. On the 
Quince it is a fine grower, and 
inclined to over-bear. It must 
not be confounded with the 
" Jalousie," a third-rate varie- 
ty. Young shoots upright ; 
brownish yellow. 

Frmt, medium or above, 
ovate pyriform ; color, dull yel- 
low, with brownish red cheek, 
and patches and dots of russet, 
often the russet covering one 
half the surface ; ste7n, vary- 
ing, often obliquely set on, 
with a fleshy ridge at side ; 
calyx, with segments, long, 
half open ; basin, shallow ; 
core, medium or small ; seeds, 
long, ovate ; flesh, white, but- 
tery, melting, juicy, sweet, aro- 
matic. Last September, early 
October. 



Lawrence. 
Native of Flushing, L. L An abundant bearer on pear roots, exceedingly 
■ desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate growth ; wood, 
light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons says, '• Succeeds very 
finely on Quince.'' 

Fruit, above medium, long, obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, pale red yel- 




MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



841 



low, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet at each end ; 
calyx^ large, closed : basin, open, furrowed ; sfem, medium length, stout, 
swollen at junction with tree ; cavity^ round, deep ; core, medium ; seeds, 
small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, gritty at core, slightly 
sugary. November to February. 



KlRTLAND. 

Seedling Seckel, 
Kirtland's Seedling, 
Kirtland's Beurre. 

Grown from seeds 
of the Seckel pear, 
by H. T. Kirtland, 
of Mahoning Co., 
Ohio. Tree, vigor- 
ous, hardy, early 
and very productive 
bearer on the pear 
root : shoots, yellow- 
ish brown, upright, 
stout ; succeeds well 
on Quince. 

Fruit, medium, of- 
ten above obovate 
obtuse pyriform 
color, rich yellow 
overspread with 
cinnamon russet 
stem, usually stout 
medium length 
curved ; calyx, short 
reflexed, persistent 

basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; flesh, white, 

melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. September. 




Long Green, of Coxe. 



Verte Longue de la Mayenne ? 
Vevte Longue, 



Mouth Water, 
New Autumn, 



Muscat Fleure, 
Mouille Bouche. 



This is an old foreig-n variety, always excellent, and an abundant 
bearer. 

Frvit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark green 
specks ; stem., medium length, slender; calyx, with long reflexed segments; 
basin, very s\\2i\\ow, core, above medium; seeds, dark brown; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. October. 

The Striped Long Green. Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the above, 
but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily striped ap- 
pearance. 



342 




Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, rather 
drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular and even 
in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise not more 
than second quality. It is profitable as a standard oi'chard variety, but re- 
quires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rapidly, causing the 
fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, roundish ob- 
ovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with many russet 
specks; stem, long, slender, shallow depression; ca/yx, large; segments, 
broad, in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above medium for size of 
fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, 
juicy. November to February, 

Elizabeth. (Manning's.) 
Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. 

Foreign. Received under number, and named by the elder Manning: 
young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon j-ellow. 
red in sun. slight traces of russet: calyx, small, open ; core, large; flesh, 
yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy ; " very good." Last August. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



343 



Bordenave, 



Lodge. 

I Smith's Bordenave. 



» merican. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warm, sandy 
•TOil when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly '-very good." 
fn-i^, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see our en- 
granng) ; when fully mature, yellowish, with rich, golden russet, and 




patches of dull russet ; calyx^ with short, half reflexed segments ; core, 
medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, melt- 
ing, " very good." September and October, 

Madeleine. 
Citron des Carmes, | Magdalen. 

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, strong grower, a little liable to frozen sap- 
blight on the rich Western soils, until it has acquired the age of ten or 
more years : very productive on pear or quince root. 

Fruit, below medium, obovate, oblong pyriform; stem, long, slender, at 
base one side of fruit a little enlarged ; color, pale yellowish green, a lit- 
tle brownish blush, and russet specks on those exposed most to sun ; calyx, 



344: 



THE PEAK. 




with long, persistent, irregularly placed segments ; basin, obscure, slightly- 
plaited; core, small J seeds, ovate; flesh, ^vhite, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly perfumed. Fifteenth to last July. 

The Striped Madeleine Citron des Carmes Panachee, differs from the 
former in being striped with light yellow, flesh more sweet and less juicy. 
It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, striped red and 
yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. 

NOUVEAU PoiTEAU. 
New Pear. 

Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far success- 
ful on both pear and quince stock. 

Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one-sided 
at neck ; color, pale green, with many dark green dots, and a few russet 
stripes or blotches : stem, about one inch long, medium size, set on and 
not into the fruit; calyx, medium, with broad segments half reflexed; 
basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, capsules long, ovate ; seeds, 
obovate pyriform : flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. 
November. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



345 



Louise Bonne de Jersey. 



Louise Boune d'Avranclies, 

Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore, 

William the Fourth. 



The "Good Louise of Jer- 
sey," from the Isle of Jersey, 
proves one of the best pears 
grown on the quince stock in 
this country. Tree, hardy, 
very productive, shoots vigor- 
ous, upright. 

Fruit, large, (our drawings 
were made ere the fruit had 
swollen its full size, and are 
not more than half size.) ob- 
long pynform ; skinj glossy, 
smooth, green in shade, brown- 
ish red in sun, dotted wath 
gray dots ; stem, about one 
inch long, moderately stout, a 
little curved, fleshy enlarge- 
ment at base • calyx, open, 
segments large, reflexed • ba- 
sin, shallow ; core, small ; 
seeds, long, ovate pointed ; 
flesh, white, juicy, melting, 
delicious. October. 




Paradise D'Automne. 

Calebaase Bosc. 

Foreign. This is esteemed by many pomologists as superior even to the 
Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous growth, 
shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; wood, reddish 
brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. Fruit, large, 
obovate acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color, dull yellow, 
covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; calyx, rather 
large, open; segments, reflexed; basin, furrowed; stem, about one and a 
half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy, 
and often times wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed : flesh, 
yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, delicious. Sep- 
tember and October. 



15* 



346 



THE PEAE. 



Duchess De'Berre, of some, 
Winter Bell, 
Bretagne le Oour, 
Uvedale's St. Germain, 
Uvedale's Warden, 



Pound. 



Germain Baker, 
Lent St. Germain, 
Pickering Pear, 
Dii Tonneau, 
Belle de Jersey, 



Piper, 
Union, 

Chamber's Large, 
Belle Aagevine. 



Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, very productive, very valuable 
for cooking, and profitable orchard sort. 

Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green, with dull brown 
and brown russet patches ; stem^ long, stout, curved j cavity, deep oblique 
angular; calyx, large; flesh, white, firm, astringent. December to March. 




Ott. 

American. Native of 
■ Montgomery Co., Pa. This 
is by many Eastern pomolo- 
gists classed as " best ;" 
specimens we have had, have 
not merited more than to be 
classed -'very good." Fruit, 
small, roundish, greenish 
yellow, with little russet, and 
rarely faint red cheek in 
sun ] stem, medium, a little 
curved ; calyx, rather large, 
open, reflexed; core, below 
medium ; seeds, blackish ; 
flesh, yellowish, melting, 
juicy, slightly aromatic. 
August. We believe this 
pear will prove valuable as 
a standard orchard sort at 
the Southwest. 



ROSTIEZER. 



Foriegn. Tree, strong, upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-colored 
wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer; succeeds on Quince. 

Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish brown 
cheek in sun ; whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, long, slen- 
der, without depression; calyx, medium, open; hasin, very shallow; core, 
small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, perfumed. Last 
of August. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



347 




Patency. 

Paquency, 

Poire de Payeacy. 

Poire de P6rigord, 

Payenchi, 

Payenchi de Perigord. 

Foreign. Tree of vigoi'- 
ous growth, early bearer, 
and especially profitable on 
the Quince. 

Fruity medium, pyriform, 
extending into the stem, 
which is stout, uneven, dark 
brown ; color, at first dull 
pale green, becoming brown- 
ish yellow at maturity, many 
russet dots and patches round 
stem and calyx, few in cen- 
tre, occasionally a tinge of 
dull red in sun ; calyx, open, 
segments half erect : basin, 
very shallow ; core, small ; 
seeds, oblong pointed, dark 
brown ; flesh, white, rather 
coarse, melting, juicy, su- 
gary, vinous. October. 



Sheldon. 



Penfield, 



Wayne. 



American. Native of western Central New York. Tree, vigorous, 
erect, hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellow- 
ish. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obo- 
vate, pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with 
dark russet ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved; calyx, medium, open, 
broad short segments ; core, rather large ; seeds, dark brown : flesh, a little 
coarse, and gritty, at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, aro- 
matic ; nearly " best." October. 



Seckel, 
Sickle, 



Seckel. 

Few York Eed Cheek, 
Eed-cheeked Seckel, 



Sycle. 



The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands in 
Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a half mileg 
from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so generally known in this 
country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and Middle States, no one 



34:8 



THE PEAE. 



variety deserves so extended culture. North, it should, when possible, 

be planted in "'.varm, rich, sandy loam, 
and sheltered situations. The tree 
is of slow growth ; wood, short-joint- 
ed, stout, forming a round head, and 
of only medium size on the pear 
stock, and well suited to garden 
planting. 

Fruity small, (our drawing too small 
for a fair average), rounded, obtuse 
pyriform ; color, brownish green at 
first, becoming yellowish brown, with 
a liA'ely red russet cheek ; stem, short, 
slightly curved, set in a very slight 
depression : calyx, small, open ; basin, 
shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad, 
ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, 
buttery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sep- 
tember and October. 




Prince's St. Germain. 



New St. Germain, 



Brown St. Germain. 



Raised from the seed 
of the old St. Germain, i;i!f 
nearly fifty years since," 
at the Prince Nurseries, 
Flushing, L. I. Tree, 
hardy, thrifty, very pro- 
ductive; the fruit keeps 
well, and requires no 
more care to ripen than 
apples ; shoots, reddish 
brown. 

Fruit, medium, oblong 
obovate pyriform ; color, 
green and pale yellow 
marbled, and covered 
nearly with brownish 
russet specks ; stem, long, 
slender, (our drawing 
shows only a portion of 
it ) ; cavity, slight, nar- 
row ; calyx, witli broad 
segments without divis- 
ions ; basin, regular, even, 
not deep ; core, small ; 
seeds, oblong ovate ; 
fiesh white, juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet, vinous. ' December to March 




MOST GENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 



349 



SOLDAT LaBOUREUR d'EsPERIN. 
Augusts Van Krans, | Beurre de Ehine. 




This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Soldat 
Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the -'Soldat Laboureur" of the 
French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was grown by 
Major Esperin, of Malines ; is of strong, vigorous, upright growth, yellow- 
ish brown wood, succeeding finely on the Quince, producing abundantly, 
and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, always large and fair, but of 
only second-rate quality. 

Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyri- 
form ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many patches, stripes 
and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a slight round depression, 
or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, sometimes round, regular, and 
without divisions, others have stout persistent segments in divisions; 
core, compact, with outer concentric lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather 
coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed ; " very good." December to February. 



350 



THE PEAE. 



St. Andre. 

Poire St. Andre. 




Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. Fruit, above 
medium, globular acute pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform ; color, 
yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely a brownish red cheek in 
sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where it joins the fruit : calyx, me- 
dium, open, segments varying ; basin, very shallow, sometimes slightly fur- 
rowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong pointed, light brown ; flesh, 
greenish white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. 
September. 



Skinless. 
Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau, 



Fleur de Guignes. 



Foreign. A'n old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is pro- 
ductive, and often "best." Frwii, small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish 
yellow, light red specks in sun; stem, long, slender; cali/x, closed; flesh, 
white, juicy. Early August. 



MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 



351 



Stevens' Genesee. 

^ouise lie Prusse, | Guernsey, | Stephens' Geneaee. 




Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of pears for 
all collections, either on Pear or Quince ; a fine grower, with diverging, 
dark gray shoots ; productive. 

Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color^ greenish yellow, becoming yellow ; 
stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx with short, stiff, connected seg- 
ments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate 
pyriform, blackish; flesh, white, half buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Sep- 
tember. Even windfalls of this variety are extremely fine. 

Tyson. 

This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., about 
1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish brown 
wood ; a moderate, regular bearer. 

Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular; color, dull 
yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with numerous black 
specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and obliquely attached 
to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one side ; calyx, open, with 
short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Thus far succeeds on 
Quince. August. 



352 



THE PEAR. 



Beurre Van Mons, 



SURPASSE ViRGALIEU. 
Surpasse Vigilouso, | Colmar Van Mons, of some. 




Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first disseminated by 
the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regular abundant 
bearer on Pear or Quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with yellowish brown 
wood, upright growth. 

Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens from 
which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the same branch ;) 
coIo7'^ yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute dots, and often sprink- 
lings of russet: calyx^ generally small, erect, open ■ basin, slight j stem, 
varying ; core, medium ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, 
aromatic. October. 

Urbaniste. 
St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans, | Beiirr6 Picquery. 

Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well suited to rich soils 
West; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow ; not an early 
bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abundant. Fine 
grower and bearer on Quince. 

Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray dots, and 
a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, shal- 
low : calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, narrow, abrupt ; core, medium 
or, small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, white, yellowish, buttery, melting, 
vinous, October and November. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 



363 



Thompson's. 




Foreign. Tree of 
vigorous, diverging 
habit; young wood, 
yellowish olive, with 
grayish specks; bears 
on the Tear about 
the sixth year. 

Fruity large, obo- 
vate obtuse pyri- 
form, surface un- 
even ; color^ lemon 
yellow, with brown- 
ish red cheek in sun, 
some russet dots and 
marblings, and rus- 
set at the stem ; stem, 
short, usually plant- 
ed or set on angular- 
ly, with a fleshy rim 
one side ; calyx, with 
connected half-clos- 
ed segments . ba- 
sin, round, narrow, 
abrupt ; core, medi- 
um ; capsules and 
seeds, formed like 



the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. 
ber to November. 



Octo- 



Van Assene. 



Van Assche, 



Vanassfi, | Van Asshe. 



This is a new pear, first fruited at the West, in the grounds of A. H. 
Ernst, Cincinnati, who has disseminated it freely, and thus far it has 
proved " best." Leaves, light yellow green ; young wood, yellowish red ; 
tree, a vigorous, erect grower, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding 
well on the Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, 
flattened at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, 
smooth, wide, rather shallow, ribbed ; ste7n, one and a half inch long, 
rather slender, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the 
shade, sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with 
carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. September and early October ; 
August at Cincinnati and South. 



354 



THE PEAR. 



Vicar of Winkfikld. 



Vicar of Wakefleld, 
Le Cure, 



Monsieur le Curfe, 
Clion. 



Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a French 
curate, hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &c. ; afterwards it was grown in 
a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Ptev. Dr. Rham, and received the 
name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two associations in the one 




name, and which, being of our own language, is to be preferred. It is a 
most profitable variety, grown on the quince stock, and, although only 
second quality, it is always fair and large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with 
large, roundish, glossy leaves j shoots, diverging, dark olive color. 

Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at first, 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED, 



355 



becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, marked with 
brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx^ with open reflexed segments ; 
sterUj an inch or more long, rather slender, obliquely inserted without depres- 
sion ; core^ small ; seeds ^ oblong ovate ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly ; 
" very good." November to January. 



Winter Nelis. 



Nellis d'lliver, 
Bonne de Malines, 



Milanaise Cuvelier, 
Etourneau. 




Foreign. As a standard Winter pear, if we were to select but the one, 
it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with slender 
diverging shoots ; very hardy; an early prolific bearer on Pear or Quince. 
It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized fruit, and is well suited to 
extensive planting on our Western lands. 

Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; color, 
yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; stem, rather 
long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with short segments ; 
basin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; seeds, oblong pyriform, 
curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to middle January. 



356 



THE PEAK. 



Washington. 
Eobertson. 

American : native of Dela- 
ware. Tree of healthy, mo- 
derate growth, with slen- 
der, diverging, reddish brown 
shoots ; an annual bearer. 

Fruit, medium, roundish 
ovate, or ovate pyriform • 
color, lemon yellow, tinged in 
sun with red and reddish 
russet, and, near the stem, 
patches of clear russet ; stem, 
an inch long, inserted in a 
narrow cavity, sometimes al- 
most obsolete, and then there 
is a fleshy lip one side of 
stem ; calyx, small, long 
pointed segments ; basin, 
round, regular- core, rather 
small, lying near the apex ; 
seeds, obovate pyriform, black- 
ish ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. 
September. 





ZoAR Beauty. 

Zoar Seedling. 

American : native of Ohio. 
Tree, vigorous grower ; dark 
brown shoots • early and abund- 
ant bearer. 

Fruit, a little below medium, 
varying in form, usually as seen 
in our engraving ; cotor, light 
yellow, with greenish spots, red 
in the sun, with deep red spots ; 
stem., generally long, slender, 
curved, plaited, with slight de- 
pression one side ; calyx, large, 
for size of fruit; basin, shallow; 
core, medium ; seeds, obovate, or 
broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
white, a little coarse, juicy, 
sweet. Early August. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 35T 



CLASS II. Embraces varieties many of which are new and untested^ and 
others suited only to certain localities. 

Abbe Edouard. 

Foreign. Tree, a beautiful pyramid, very vigorous on Pear and Quince. 
Fruit, medium, turbinate ; skin, bright green, becoming bright yellow at 
maturity ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, half buttery, juice abundant, 
sugary, and agreeably perfumed, resembles Janimett. November. 

Abbe Mongein. 
Foreign. Fruit, of first quality, immensely large, weighing forty-two 
ounces, recommended by M. Tourres as a delicious fruit. Ripe March and 
April. (Hor. Mag.) 

Abbot. 

From Providence, R. I. Wood, slender, dark reddish, productive. Fruit, 
medium, oblong obovate, dark gi'een, reddish brown clieek ; calyx, small • 
flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly; core, large. Middle to last September. 

Adams. 
American. Wood, short-jointed, moderate liealthy grower. Fruit, 
medium, obtuse ovate pyriform ; deep yellow, tinged with pale red in sun, 
dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, wrinkled, fleshy, obliquely inserted ; 
calyx, small, closed; short segments; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, 
perfumed ; core small ; seeds, medium. September and October. New. 
Originated in Waltham, Mass. First fruited in 1847. 

Adele de St. Denis. 

Baronne de Mello, | Poire His. 

Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on Quince. Fruit, medium, 

obovate acute pyriform, yellowish russet ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ; 

flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Middle 

October. 

Adelaide de Reves. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very fertile on Pear or Quince. Fruit, 
large enough, roundish. Bergamotte or turbinate ; skin, bright green, becom- 
ing lemon yellow at the time of ripening ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, 
juice very abundant, sugary, vinous, well perfumed, of first quality. Ripe 
last half of October. (An. Pom.) 

Alexander. 
Originated in the town, of Alexander, Genesee Co., N. Y. Young 
shoots yellowish, rather stout; leaves, narrow, acuminate, deep green 
fruit, medium or below, obovate, slightly irregular and often one-sided 
stem, one and a quarter inch, curved, fleshy at base, in a shallow cavity 
calyx, small, partly closed; segments, short, irregular; basin, narrow, 
medium depth ; skin, yellowish green, rather thick, often overspread with 
cinnamon russet : flesh, white, a little coarse, and gritty at core, melting, 
very juicy, with rich, sugary flavor ; core, small ; seeds, small, nearly black 
and pointed. September and October. 



358 



THE PEAR. 



Alexandre Lambre. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, compressed at ends, yellowish green, 
mottled with red in sun, russet at base of stem and calyx • stem, stout ; 
calyx, in a flat basin ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sweet ; core, 
small ; seeds, plump, acute pointed. November, December. 

Alexandrine Douillard. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, above medium, pyriform ovate : yel- 
lowish ; stem, long ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. November, December. 

Ananas de Courtrai. 
Foreign. Tree, very vigorous aiid productive, takes readily any form ; 
turbinate, pyriform ; skin, citron-yellow at maturity, beautifully colored on 
the sunny side ; flesh, white, firm, buttery, melting, sweet and juicy, plea- 
santly perfumed, but not musky. Ripens at the end of August. (An. Pom.) 

Andrews. 




American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise 
highly desirable. Fruit, large (our drawing too small for an average), 
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots 
and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half refiexed ; basin, 
small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without 
depression ] flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly " best." September. 



"UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 359 

Alpha. 

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yellowish 
green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery; 
"very good." October. 

Althorpe Crassane. 

Foreign. Quality, variable. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. rough, 
pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of 
brown : flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse : "very good." October 
and November. 

AUGUSTE DE MaRAISE. 

Seedlings of Van Mons, of Belgium. Fruit, large, pyriform ; skin, rough, 
dotted and patched with deep brown; stem, short; calyx, closed; basin, 
shallow : flesh, buttery, sweet, juicy, delicious flavor. October. 

Bankerbine. 

Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. 
EUwanger and Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with 
small russet dots : stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, large ; 
flesh, breaking, coarse. October. 

Barry. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, sometimes, large, pyriform. irregularly 
shaped ; skin, rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish on the 
opposite ; calyx, small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk, obliquely inserted ; 
flesh, white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and perfumed. 
October. 

Belle Crainese. 

Elize d'Heyst. 

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular obovate, pale greenish yellow 
with dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, 
white, coarse-grained, juicy; "good." February to March. 

Pelle de Noel. 

Fondante de Noel, | Belle apres Noel. 

Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale 
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; 
calyx medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; 
core, large; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy ; " very good." December. 

Belle de Thouars, 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform angular, rich brown russet ; short 
stem; cavity, little plaited; calyx, half open; shallow basin, core, small; 
seeds, ovate; flesh, white, tender, juicy; "very good." October and 
November. 

Belle Excellent. 

Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey. Oblong pyriform, yellow, 
red blushj with raised specks on surface. October. 



360 THE PEAE, 

Belle Julie. 

Foreign. Tree, upright grower. Fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish 
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout : calyx, 
medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy ; '• very good." October and 
November. (Hov. Mag.) 

Belle Epine Dumas. 

Epine Dumas, | Da Mas, | Due de Bordeaux. 

Foreign. Heretofore considered as a synonym of Vicar of Winkfield. 
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull yellow, with red cheek in sun ; flesh, 
fine grained, juicy, sugary ; "very good." November, December. 

Bergamotte Hambourg. 

Belgium. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, com- 
pressed at ends, greenish yellow, rough, dotted with brownish red in sun • 
flesh, white, fine-grained, sugary, perfumed. September and October. 

Beurre Beaulieu. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet 
spots and blotches ; short, stout stem : calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, 
white, juicy. October. 

Beurre Benoist. 

Beurre Auguste Benoit, | Benoits. 
Foreign. Tree, not vigorous, but very productive. Fruit, medium, obo- 
vate ; skin, bright green, spotted and shaded with brown russet ; stalk, of 
moderate length, inserted in a cavity ; calyx, open, in a regular basin ; flesh, 
white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and well perfumed. Ripe, end 
of September. 

Beurre Brown. 



Beurre Gris, 
Beurre Rouge, 
Beurre, 

Golden Beurre, 
Gray Beurre, 



Beurre Vert, 1 Beurre d'Ambleuse, 

Badham's, | Beurre du Eoi, 

Beurre d'Or, I Poire d'Amboise, 

Beurre Doree, Isambert, 



Beurre d'Amboise, J Isambert le Bon. 

An old variety : does finely in warm, ricJ;L soil, but a peculiar vinous 
taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel- 
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun , flesh, greenish white, 
melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. 

Beurre Charron, 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long: calyx, 
small, closed ; basin, deep : flesh, juicy, melting, buttery : " best." Octo- 
ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) 

Beurre Crapaud-. 

Beurrfe Cadet. 

Foreign. Vigorous and productive on Pear or Quince, fine for extreme 
northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep 
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially 
closed; core, large ; flesh, yellowish melting, sugary, juicy; "very good." 
October. 



UNTESTED VAEIBTIES, ETC. 361 

Beurre de Beaumont. 

Jeri Vaet. 
Foreigji. Fruit, medium, ronndisli obovate, yellowish green, brownish 
red in sun, covered with dark green or rnssety specks : stem, short; calyx, 
closed; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet : '-very good." Last September. 

Beuure de Ranz. 

Beurre Eance, I Beurre de Flanders, I Buerr6 Noircliain. 

Beurre Epine, | Hardenpont du Printemps, | 

Foreign. Very variable, rarely "very good." Tree, a straggling, pen- 
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed in 
sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; core, 
small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. 

Beurre de Rhine. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular; stem, stout; calyx, open, 
basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots ; flesh, white, rather coarse ; 
'• good." Grows well on Quince. October and November. 

Beurre Fougiere. 
A foreign pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. Fruit, of medium size, obo- 
vate ; skin, greenish yellow, with patches and points of light russet, and 
some dark green spots ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, a little 
gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, and good. October. (Robert 
Manning.) 

Beurre Kossuth. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven; stem, curved, 
inserted upon a little projection ; calyx, in divisions, dull yellowish green, 
traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at crown, greenish at stem ; 
flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Leon le Clerc. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oval, approaching elongated pyriform , 
skin, yellowish green, thickly speckled with large russet dots; stalk, long, 
curved, inserted in a cavity by a lip ; basin, abrupt, deep ; calyx, par- 
tially closed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, but not high flavored. 
October. 

Beurre Mollett's Guernsey. 

Molletfs Guernsey Chaumontelle. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform. yellowish green, with dark 
brown russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melting, 
vinous; '"very good." December. 

Beurre Preble. 
American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet 
and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery ; " very good." October and No- 
vember. 

Beurre Suisse 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red and yellow. 
Only desirable as a curiosity. October. 



362 THE PEAK. 

Beurre Winter. 
Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread- 
ing, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, obovate elongated 
pyriform ; skin, greenish, rough, spotted with russet j stalk, stout, curved, 
inclined at its insertion ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a shallow irregular 
basin ; flesh, yellowish fine, grained, melting, buttery, vinous or sub-acid. 
January, February. 

Beurre Bennert. 

Foreign. A new, hardy, late, melting pear of small size from the collec- 
tion of Van Mons. Ptipe February. (Riv. Cat.) 

Beurre Gens. 

Tree, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, medium, irregularly obovate. 
inclining to conic, truncate ; skin, rough, greenish, slightly shaded on the 
sunny side and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, in- 
serted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, open, stiff", in a broad, rather 
deep, uiieven basin ; flesh, sugary, perfumed, excellent. September. 

Beusire d'Elberg. 
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; 
skin, pale yellow, often with a blush, slightly speckled with russet ; stalk, 
medium, stout, curved, inserted in an irregular cavity : calyx, small, open, 
set in a very small basin; flesh, whitish, somewhat coarse, juicy, buttery, 
melting, sweet, and perfumed. November. 

Beurre Hamecher. 

Foreign. Fruit medium, elongated-oval, inclining to pyriform, angular, 
and irregular; stalk, large, long, curved, inserted at an inclination by a 
lip ; calyx, small, and closed, set in a shallow, irregular basin ; flesh, melt- 
ing, sugary, and excellent. October, November. 

Beurre Duhaume. 

Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower, productive, young wood yellowish 
brown. Fruit, medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a 
suture along one side ; skin, rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short, thick and fleshy, inserted by a lip 
at an inclination; calyx, open, segments stiff; basin, irregular; flesh, coarse, 
buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November to 
February. 

Beurre Millet of Angers. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very productive, young wood yellowish 
brown. Fruit, medium, angular, somewhat conic : skin, greenish, covered 
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots ; stalk, medium, 
stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity; calyx, closed, set in a 
deep, irregular basin : flesh, greenish, somewhat buttery, exceedingly juicy, 
melting, with a brisk vinous flavor, sometimes astringent. November to 
January. (Downing.) 

Beurre d'Amalis. 

Beurrfe d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amanlis. 
Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on Pear or Quince; said to bear well; 
our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 363 

yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches | 
(Stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ■. flesh, yellowish, a 
little coarse, often austere : '• very good." Early September. 

There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis. differing not materially, except 
in being striped red, yellow, and green. 

Beurre Bymont. 

Bymont. 
Above medium, obovate truncated, russety ; stem, rather long, curved, 
slight lip: calyx, small ; basin, shallow- flesh, juicy, sweet, perfumed j 
" very good," perhaps '• best." New; foreign. October, December. 

Beurre Nantais. 

Beurr6 de Nantes. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, crimson cheek, rus- 
set dots ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good." September. 

Beurre Superfine. 

Foreign ; with some very fine, others unproductive. Fruit, large, pale 
green, traces, and patches of russet, dull brownish cheek; flesh, juicy, melt- 
ing, slight aroma; "very good." Succeeds on Quince. Middle to last 
October. 

Beurre Van Marum. 

Grosse Calebasse of Langlier, I Triomph de Nord, 
Triomph de Hasselt, I Boutielle. 

Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always 
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow ; stem, long ; 
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardy; -'good;" its bearing, its recommendation. 
October. 

Beurre Bachelier. 

Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow; 
stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Millet. 

Madam Millet 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale j'ellow, with 
large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, small ; 
flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Tree, healthy grower. 
November to January. 

Beurre Brettonneau. 

Beurre Bretouneau. 

Foreign. Does not succeed on the Quince ; very fine on Pear ; very 
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot- 
ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Rivers, 
in Hort.) 

Beurre d' Albert. 

Poire d' Albert, | Poire Prince Albert. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, dark M'ood, good bearer. Fruit, medium, pyra- 
midal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem, stout, curved, swollen 
at base ; calyx, partly open ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, 
melting, juicy. October. 



364 THE PEAE. 

Beuure Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver, I Beurre Gris Superieure, 
Beurre de Lucon, | St. Michael d'Hiver. 

Foreign. Very similar to Brown Beurre, except in its time of ripening. 
Tree a poor, irregular grower, with dark reddish brown wood. Fruit, me- 
dium, obovate obtuse oblique, rough, dull, yellow, cinnamon russet, red- 
dish, bronzed in sun,, and dotted with dark specks ; stem, short, stout, 
obliquely inserted : calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, 
juicy, vinous: core, large. December to February. 

Beurre Comice de Toulon. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong obovate. 
pale yellow, \'V'ith red dots, highly colored in the sun ; flesh, white, melt- 
ing, juicy. November, December. 

Beurre Phillippe Delfosse. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, 
tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. December. 

Beurre de Wetteren. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, thorny. Fruit, medium, turbinate, cinnamon 
russet ; flesh, fine, yellowish white, buttery, sugary, perfumed ; " very 
good." 

Beurre Judes. 

Longue de Monkowty, 1 Longue de Nakourto, 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, dull yellowish green, russet patches 
and dots ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; basin, farrowed : flesh, melting, but- 
tery, sw^eet ; variable, core, medium ; seeds, sharp pointed. October. 

Beurre de Konink. 

, Beurre de Konig, of Downing. 
Belgium. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellowish green, with russet and brown 
dots ; stem, medium length, stout, inserted in shallow cavity ; calyx, open • 
basin, broad; flesh, while, melting, vinous. Octob'?r. 

Beurre de Montgeron. 

Beurre de Montigcron, | New Frederick, of Wurtemberg. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, promises to succeed on Quince. 
Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, deep yellow, suff"used with bright vermilion 
in sun, a few pale gray specks ; stem, long, swollen at base ; calyx, large, 
open, in a broad, open basin ; segments, thick, broad ; core, small ; seeds, 
large, light colored ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, per- 
fumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Beurre Benoits. 

Beurre Augusta Benoits. 
Foreign. Wood, reddish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, depressed, irre- 
gular, dull green, bronzed with red, dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, 
fleshy at base ; calyx, small, short segments ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, 
vinous, sprightly, musky • core, large, gritty ; seeds, obovate, brown. Oc- 
tober. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 365 

Beurre Duuaume. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, brownish russet ; flesh, melting, juicy; 
" good." November. 

Beurre Kennes. 

Medium, oblate turbinate, angular or oblique, greenish, with thin rus- 
set and shade, dull crimson russet, and crimson dots ; stem, varies, fleshy 
ring at base : calyx, large, open; flesh, whitish, buttery, juicy, sweet, per- 
fumed ; '■ good "' or '-very good." October. 

Beurre Naver. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, turbinate ; stem, medium, inserted 
without depression : calyx, closed ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, pleasant ; 
'■ very good." October. 

Beurre Soulange ? 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tracings of russet ; 
stem, curved, fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, pleasant. Oc- 
tober, November. 

Beurke Spence ? 
Medium, globul.nr. short pyriform, greenish, yellow at maturity, shaded 
crimson and russet, russet dots; stem, fleshy at insertion; calyx, closed: 
basin, abrupt ; flesh, juicy, melting, vinous ; core, small. September. 

Beurre Richelieu. 
Large, obovate oblong, obtuse pyriform, truncate irregular, greenish yel- 
low dots ; stem, stout, slight lip ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad, shallow, fur- 
rowed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic: " good" to "very 
good." November. 

Beurre Six. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous on pear stock. Fruit, large, pyriform, light 
-een, dotted with brown, and a deeper shade of green; flesh, white but- 
ery, melting, sugary, perfumed. November. 

Beurre Delfosse, 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, 
tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. No- 
vember, December. 

Beurre Berckmans. 

Medium, turbinate or short pyriform ; yellowish, rough russet; stem, at 
right angles, large; calyx, small, basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, white, 
juicy, melting, highly perfumed ; core, small ; " very good." November. 

Buerrk Leon Le Clkro. 
Above medium, oval obovate elongated, yellowish green, with large rus- 
set dots; stem, curved, large, inserted with a lip; calyx, partly closed; 
basin, deep ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet ; '• good." October. 

Beau Present d'Artois. 
Foreign. Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, gray and green spotted; 
stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad : flesh, white, with green lines, 
tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.) 



366 THE PEAK. 

Bergamotte d'Esperik. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of 
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, 
sweet ; ■• very good j" very productive in clusters. December to February. 

Bergamotte Gaudry. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " good." November. 

Bergamotte Cadette. 

Beurre Beauchamps, I Bsauchanjps, I Bergamotte Buffo, 
Ognonet, | Poire de Cadet, | Bergamotte Crapaud. 

Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely 
little red in sun ; stem, long, stout : calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, 
juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. Wood, 
light olive brown j productive on Pear or Quince. 

Beurre Audosson. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at 
maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots : stem, short, 
stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy; "very good." 
October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 

Beurre Clairgeau. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong obo- 
vate pyriform: color, mostly russet, reddish in sun: stem, short, stout; 
calyx, small, open; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinaus ; "very 
good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most 
valuable, as a large-sized pear, and desirable as an orchard variety, on the 
pear root. Growing strong, and bearing very young : does not succeed on 
Quince. 

Beurre Esperin. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings 
and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight 
lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium; seeds, large ; flesh, 
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy; " very good." October. 

Beurre Sterckman. 

Beurre Hardy. 
Foreign. Treej vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on Quince or 
Pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov- 
ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open : flesh, white, melting, 
juicy, sub-acid. October. 

Bezt de Montigny. 

Trouve de Moutigny, I Doyenne Musquo, 
Louise Bosc, | Beurre Komain. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obovate, 
yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, rather 
stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed : core, large; flesh, white, fine, melting, 
juicy, sugary. October. 



untested vakieties, etc. 3j67 

Bkzi dk la Motte. 

• Bein Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey. 

Foreign. A Angorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, 
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; 
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved : calyx, small, open, reflexed seg- 
ments : core, medium • seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, rather 
coarse, sugary, juicy, melting ; '• very good." October. 

Bezi de Naples. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with 
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ; stem, 
stout ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed • flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, sweet ; 
" very good." Last September. 

Bezi Sanspareil. 

Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 
much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yellow- 
ish white, melting, juicy, aromatic ; " very good," if not " best." February 
to March. 

Bezt d'Esperen. 

Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower ; good bearer. Fruit, large, elongated 
pyriform; skin, dull yellow, sprinkled, and patched with russet, and thickly 
covered with russet dots ; stalk, rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip 
at an inclination, in a small, irregular cavity; calyx, small, open, set in a 
very deep, acute basin, surrounded by russet; flesli, juicy, with a sprightly, 
vinous flavor. October, November. 

Bezy Garnier. 

Foreign. Fruit, pyriform, very beautiful ; flesh, white, breaking, very 
juicy, sugary. April. (Pap. Cat.) 

Bezy Quessoy d'Ete. 

Foreign. Tree, of good vigor, and of exceeding fertility. Fruit, moder- 
ate size, roundish oval, of almost equal diameters ; skin, rough, thick, and 
altogether covered with gray russet, becoming russet fawn at maturity ; 
flesh, yellowish white, fine, half melting, very juicy, sugary, and deliciously 
perfumed. This pear is very beautiful, and of first quality, with the excep- 
tion of a little grit about the core. R,ipe towards the middle of September. 
(An. Pom.) 

Beadnell. 
Beadnell's Seedling. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer; shoots long, bright chestnut 
color; white dots ; fruit, middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short; eye a Jittle 
open ; skin, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, much 
speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. Last 
September. 

Benoist Nouveau. 

Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received fi-om 
Messrs. EUwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish 
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; 



368 " THE PEAK. 

stem, stout: cavity, deep, narrow; caJyx, open; core, small; seeds, long, 
ovate pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful 
ripening. February to April. 

Bergen Pear. 

A chance seedling, found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to Simon 
Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree vigorous, and early bearer, 
productive. Fruit, large, turbinate : skin, very thin, smooth, clear yellow, 
with a beautiful red cheek on the sunny side ; stalk, rather long, slightly 
curved, inserted at an inclination, in a very small depression ; calyx, small ; 
basin, very shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, buttery, juicy, melting, 
with a sweet, excellent flavor ; core, small, with few seeds. Ripens last 
of September. (T. G. Bergen.) 

Belle Fondante. 

Fruit, medium, pyramidal, turbinate ; skin, pale yellow, clouded with 
green, irregularly patched with russet, especially around the eye ; flesh, 
juicy, buttery, very fine grained and rich, with a perceptible astringency. 
October. (Rob. Manning.) 

Bergamotte Heimburg. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit, large, Bergamotte 
shaped ; skin, rough, green, changing to lemon yellow when ripe, dotted 
with brown, and tinged with red next the sun; flesh, white, very fine, 
somewhat buttery, juice abundant, sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in Oc- 
tober. (Gard. Chron.) 

Bergamotte Leseble. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, or 
Bergamotte shaped ; skin, yellow, with a sunny cheek, numerous small 
dots, and russeted patches : stalk, long, curved, inserted in a depression ; 
calyx, large, open, broad; basin, irregular; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting, 
sweet and perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Bergamotte de Millepieds. 

Foreign. Fruit of medium size, roundish, resembling Belle de Brussels; 
skin, greenish, rather dark, dotted ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, first rate 
Ripens September. (Leroy's Cat.) 

Bleeker's Meadow. 

Spice Butter, I Heidelberg, 

Large Seckel, [ Toaster. 

American. Tree, free grower, hardy and produclive. Fruit, mediumj 
roundish, yellowish; quality, '-good.''" October, November. 

Bonne de Ezee. 

Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies. 

Foreign. Tree of short, stocky habit ; wood, yellowish; fruit, large, 

obtuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem, 

rather short, uneven ; calyx, partly closed; short segments; core, large, 

flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; "very good." September. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 369 

Bonne Charlotte. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive ; fruit, moderate size, variable 
in form, generally resembling Doyenne ; skin, smooth, lightly washed with 
purple on the side of the sun ; flesh, moderately fine, more buttery than 
melting, sugary, and strongly perfumed. Should be gathered early. It is 
a long time in use. Ripe middle of August. (Al. Pom.) 

Bon Gustave. 
Foreign Tree, vigorous : fruit, medium, pyriform, light green, nearly 
covered with russet; flesh, white, sugary, perfumed. December, January. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

BOUVIER BOUKGERMESTRE. 

Foreign. Growth moderate. Fruit, above medium, obtuse, pyriform, 
green, yellow at maturity, rarely red cheek in sun; stem, rather long; 
calyx, small ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant 
sweet; ''good." October, November. 

Brandes St. Germain. 

Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a 
very desirable variety. Tree, moderate grower, succeeding finely on Quince, 
very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth 
russet; stem, short, stout; calyx, small ; flesh, juicy, vinous ;" very good." 
November, December. 

Bringewood. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem, 
long and slender ; calyx, open, prominent ; flesh, yellowish white, gritty at 
core, the rest buttery; •' very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) 

Brielmont. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish 
and russet specks ; calyx, prominent ; basin, open; flesh, white, melting ; 
" good." October. 

Caen du France. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and 
reddish dots ; stem, rather long ; calyx, open ; flesh, fine, juicy, sweet ; 
'■'• very good." December, January. 

Capiaumont. 

Beurre Aurore, | Beurre Capiaumont, | Benrrfe Caloma. 
Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on Pear or 
Quince. A free grower : branches, grayish yellow. Fruit, medium, glo- 
bular, acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots 
and streaks; stem, curved; calyx, large; flesh, buttery, sweet, a little 
astringent; "very good."' September, October. 

Calhoun. 
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish, 
yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; 
core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy; "very good." Oc- 
tober, November. 
16* 



370 THE PEAK. 

Capsheaf. 
American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, hardy, wood yellowisn. 
Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon 
russet ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large : flesh, yellowish white, 
fine, melting, juicy, sweet ; '■ very good." October. 

Catinka. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyrifonn. yellowish; flesh, fine, juicy; 
'very good," and will probably prove '-best." We have only seen it once. 
November. 

Canandaigua. 

Catherine. 
American. From Central New York. Fruit, large, resembling Bart- 
lett ; flesh, white, fine, juicy; "good." Tree, vigorous, upright grower 
on Quince or Pear, productive. September. 

Calebasse d'Ete. 
Summer Calebasse. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy ; foliage, light green. Fruit, above me- 
dium, oblong pyrifonn, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun. rich yel- 
low at maturity, russet at stem and eye ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; core, 
small ; seeds, long : flesh, white, fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. 
One of the best. Last August and early September. 

Camerlyn. 

Foreign. Vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, 
yellow, with numerous brown dots and a slightly marbled cheek ; stalk, 
long, slightly inclined in a small cavity surrounded by russet ; calyx, open : 
basin, small and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, sugary, with a very 
peculiar, aromatic flavor. September, October. . 

Canandaigua. 

Catherine. 

Origin uncertain ; supposed to have been brought from Connecticut to 
Canandaigua about the year 1806 ; vigorous and productive. 

Fruit, rather large, irregular, obtuse pyriform, surface uneven, resem- 
bling Bartlett; skin, lemon yellow ; 'stalk, medium or rather short, inclined ; 
calyx, open ; basin, small ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, buttery, and melt- 
ing, with a vinous somewhat sugary flavor. September. 

Cassante de Mars. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles 
Doyenne blanc ; skin, smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at 
maturity, striped and shaded with fawn ; flesh, when in full perfection is half 
melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. December to April. ( Al. 
Pom.) 

Catherine Gardette. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Foliage much waved, 
young shoots short-jointed, yellow-olive on the shaded side, brownish-olive 
on the side exposed to the sun, with many minute white dots ; buds^ 
pointed. Size, above medium, roundish obovate : skin, fair, yellow^ with 
numerous small carmine dots on the exposed side; stalk, one inch long, 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 371 

curved, inserted by a fleshy termination into a slight depression ; calyx, 
small, set in a rather deep, regular basin ; flesh, fine texture, buttery ; fla- 
vor, delicious, with a delicate aroma; quality, "best." Beginning of Sep- 
tember. (Trans. A. P. S.) 

Camerling. 

Medium, yellow, brown dots, marbled cheek ; stem, rather stout, curved, 
inserted by slight inclination in a small cavity ; calyx, open ; basin, shal- 
low ; core, small ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic peculiar flavor ; 
" very good." September to October. 

Chaptal. 
Beurrfe Chaptal. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish 
yellow: stem, curved; cavity, slight; calyx, large, open; basin, shallow ; 
core, medium ; seeds, oblong ; flesh, white, breaking, juicy ; " very good." 
December, January. 

Chancellor, 

Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain. 
Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, healthy, abundant bearer; 
young wood, slender, yellowish brown. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyri- 
form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely a 
faint brown cheek ; stem, one inch long, rather thick ; cavity small, irregu- 
lar ; calyx, small ; basin, contracted ; core, medium ; seeds, long, yellowish 
brown; flesh, melting; " very good." Last September. 

Charles Van Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish 
green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem, slender, curved, depres- 
sion one side ; calyx, large, open ; segments, broad, completely reflexed ; 
basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, obovate pyriform; flesh, whitish, 
melting, juicy, vinous ; '• very good," if not " best." January. 

Charles Van Hoogten. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale yel- 
low ; stem, stout, enlarged at base ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; flesh, 
yellowish white, melting, juicy ;" very good." Promises valuable ; good 
grower, productive. Early October. 

Christmas. 

Noel. 

American. New; from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit, medium, ovate rounded : 
skin, rough, bronzed, russety ; stem, stout, slight depression ; calyx, small ; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, a little gritty, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Decem- 
ber, January. (Warder's Notes.) 

Choice d' un Amateur. 

Foreign. New. Tree, upright, strong growth. Fruit, large, oblong 
ovate, smooth, pale green ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, su- 
gary. (Hov. Mag.) 



372 THE PEAK. 

Charlotte de Brower. 

Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish 
golden russet, with spots of yellow in sun; stem, short; calyx, small; long 
segments ; core, small ; flesh, pinkish white, half melting, buttery, juicy, 
perfumed. November. (Hov. Mag.) 

Church. 
From New Rochelle, N. Y. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish 
green, spotted and marbled with russet; stem, medium; calyx, closed; 
basin, medium ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. July, August. 

Chaumontel. 

Bezi de Chaumontelle, I Winter Beurre, 
Beurre d'Hiver, | Oxford Chaumontel, 

Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit, large, oblong obovate ; skin, 
rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem, one inch, curved ; 
calyx, medium ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, flattened : flesh, buttery, 
melting ; " very good." November, January. 

Citron. 

American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish 
obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots ; flesh, a little coarse, 
greenish white^ melting, juicy: "very good."' Last August. 

Cooke. 

Origin, King George County, Virginia. Tree, a very strong, vigorous 
grower, and productive. Introduced by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Vir- 
ginia. Fruit, rather large, irregularly pyramidal ; color, pale yellow ; flesh, 
juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, rich and vinous. (Roby.) 

Collins. 

"Watei'town. 
American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of 
white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit; large or above medium, 
roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some rus- 
set ; stem, short, curved; calyx, large, open: core, large; flesh, white, 
vinous, juicy, sweet, melting. September. 

CoLMAR Epine. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obtuse oblong, dull green, with cloud- 
ings of darker hue; flesh, white, melting, vinous, juicy; '"very good." 
September. 

Colmar d'Alost. 
Comtesse d'Alost, | Duchesse d'Alost, | Belies d'Alost. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, elongated pyri- 
form, sometimes obovate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, sprink- 
led with many green or brown dots, often much russeted : stalk, large, 
rather long and curved, inserted in a slight depression ; calyx, open ; seg- 
ments, long ; basin, shallow and uneven ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, 
juicy, slightly astringent. October, November. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC 



373 



Columbia. 



Columbian Yirgalieu, 
Native of Westchester 
county, N. Y. Without 
being of more than second 
quality, its hardihood of 
tree, productive habit, and 
fruit uniformly smooth 
and fair, make it a valu- 
ble as well as profitable 
variety. Tree, thrifty ; 
young shoots, yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit, large or above 
medium., oblong obovate 
pyriform ; color, at first 
pale green, becoming, 
when ripe, fine golden 
yellow, dotted with small 
gray dots ; stem, medium 
size, slightly curved ; ca.- 
lyx, rather small, partial- 
ly open, or half closed • 
basin, shallow ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, oblong pyri- 
form ; flesh, white, mode- 
rately juicy, sweet; va- 
riable quality. Decem- 
ber to January. 



Columbian Virgalouse. 




COLMAR NeILL, 

Fruit, large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh, white, buttery, melt- 



Marie Louise the Second, 
Marie Louise Nova. 



Foreign, 
ing ; ' good." October. 

CoMPTE DK LaMY. 

Beurre Curte, 
Dingier, 

Foreign. Tree, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate. yellow, 
brownish red cheek, small rus.set dots ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; flesh, 
white, fine-grained, butlery; '-good." Early October. 

CoMTE Lelieur. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit, me- 
dium, turbinate; skin, yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek, speckled 
■with gray and patched with russet ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, 
melting, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. September. (Rob. Man- 
ning.) 



374 



THE PEAK. 



COMTE DE FlANDRE. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyri- 
form, yellowish, traced with russet, occasional red in sun ; stem, stout, 
fleshy at base; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet sub-acid; very good. Novem- 
ber, December. Prx)mises to become valuable. 

CONSEILLEUR RaMUEZ. 
Conseilleur Kanwez. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded 
and traced with russet; flesh, melting, tender ; "good." October. Valu- 
ble as a market sort. 

Countess of Lunay. 

Comtesse de Lunay. 




Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; very productive on Quince ; has been much 
disseminated as " Doyenne d'Ete." Fruit, medium, roundish obovate ; 
skin, smooth, pale yellow, often thinly sprinkled with red in sun, some rus- 
set specks, and russet at base of stem ; stem, long, largest where it joins 
the tree ; cavity, slight, often a little lip one side of stem ; calyx, large, 
open, with long reflexcd segments ; core, medium ; seeds, brown ; flesh, 
white, ratlier coarse, melting, juicy ; '' very good." October. 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 375 

COTER. 

Foreign. Tree, healthy ; young "wood, short -jointed, light yellow. Fruit, 
medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, melting, 
juicy ; " very good." November. 

Ckoss, 
Winter Cross. 

American. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, slender, grayish yellow 
wood. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and 
patches; stem, stout: calyx, small" flesh, white, melting, juicy' '-very 
good." November, January. 

Gushing. 

American. Native of Hingham. Mass. Tree, hardy, of slender, diverg- 
ing growth. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small 
gray dots, dull red cheek; calyx, small ; stem, one inch long ; flesh, white, 
fine-grained, melting, sweet ] " very good." September. 

Dallas. 

American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium', roundish obovate, 
dull yellow, mcstly covered with red russet : stem, medium ; calyx, large, 
open ; core, rather small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous ; 
" very good." November. 

Dana's No. 19. 

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Fruit, large, obovate, swel- 
ling out at the base : stalk of moderate length, inserted in a rather slight 
depression ; skin, yellow and thick ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, half melt- 
ing, with a pleasant perfumed flavor. November. (Hov. in Mag.) 

Dana's No. 16. 

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury Mass. Fruit, under medium, obo- 
vate : skin, yellow russet, with dark russet specks ; stem in a very slight 
depression ; calyx, open, in a deep cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, 
tender, sweet, high flavored. November. (Hov. in Mag.) 

De Louvain. 
Poire de Louvain. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 
rough russet dots and patches ; stem, long, medium size, curved ; calyx, 
large ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, greenish white, 
crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March. 

Desiree Cornelis. 
Cornells. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, thorny. Fruit, large, roundish 
ovate; skin, rough, pale green, yellowish, and tinged red in sun; calyx, 
open ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary. Early September. (Hov. 
Mag.) 



376 THE PEAE. 

Delicks d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium. 

Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, \ Beurre Curtet, of A. Lei'oy. 

Foreign. Frait, large, pyriforra, yellow, gray spotted ; calyX; small ; 
flesh, coErse, melting, sugary, ''good." October. Promises to become 
valuable. 

Des Nonnes. 

Poire des Nonnes, | Beurre de Brignais, I Des Nones. 

Foreign. New. Fruit, medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many 

small brown dots : stem, long, slender : calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; 

flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed; "very good," perhaps 

" best." September. 

Deux Sceurs. 

A fine tree, very productive. Fruit, large, elongated, pyriform ; skin, 
green, spotted with dark brown ; flesh, fine yellowish, green, buttery, very 
sugary, with a decided flavor of almonds. November. (Al. Pom.) 

De Bavay. 

Poire de Bavay. 
Foreign. Succeeds and bears well on quince or pear stock. Fruit, 
medium, turbinate, dull yellow, dotted and traced with russet ; calyx, large. 
open; flesh, juicy, agreeable sub-acid; "very good.'' October, November. 

Delices Charles Van Mons. 

Delices de Charles. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, medium, pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, 
thinly washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also re- 
sembles in size and shape : stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted 
without depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shal- 
low basin; flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. 

Delices de Mons. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half-inch long ; 
calyx, small : skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted and 
spotted with gray: flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed; "very 
good." September, October. 

De Sorlus. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; wood, 
yellowish, grayish white dots ; free bearer. Fruit, large, turbinate ; stem, 
one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, gray 
russet; marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. October, 
Dec<?mber. 

Dickerman. 
Dikeman, | Pardus, No. 2. 
From New Haven, Conn. Good grower and bearer, medium, roundish 
oblate, yellowish, minute dots ; stem, short, curved, fleshy at insertion ; 
calyx, small ; segments, persistent ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, whitish, 
buttery, juicy, melting, vinous, perfumed; core, small; "very good." 
September, October. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 377 

DlLLEN. 

"Deacon Dlllen, | Dillon, | Doyennfe Dillen. 

Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Benrre 
Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect, 
diverging : grayish rough wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, 
greenish yellow, russet at stem: stem, short: calyx, small j flesh, fine, 
melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. 

DiLLER. 

Probabably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, 
short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, 
medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and, in sun, 
mostly covered with light cinnamon russet ; calyx, open ; basin, shallovs^ • 
core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, 
sugary ; " very good," or '-'best." September. It must not be confounded 
■with the Dillen, a foreign variety. 

DOCTEUR BOUVIER. 

Foreign, A vigorous tree, covered with long, sharp spines, forming a 
beautiful pyramid; very productive. 

Fruit, large, elongated pyriform ; skin, light green, taking a slight tint 
of yellow at maturity, and mottled with russet ; flesh, white, fine, half but- 
tery, half melting, sufficiently juicy, vinous, and of a perfume most agree- 
able. February, March. (Al. Pom.) 

DoCTEUR CaPRON. 

Foreign. A new pear of good promise. It has a thick skin of greenish 
yellow color, covered with blotches of russet, red in the sun, and russet 
specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, of a pleasant, rather 
spirited flavor. October, November. (Hov. Mag.) 

DoCTEUR LeNTIER. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform : 
skin, bright green, becoming slightly yellow at maturity ; flesh, fine, melt- 
ing, buttery, juice abundant, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. Mature 
at the end of October and November. (An. Pom.) 

Docteur Trousseau. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform; skin, green, spotted with red, and 
sprinkled with gray dots ; stalk, strong and woody ; flesh, firm, white, 
melting, buttery, with an abundance of perfumed sugary juice. November, 
December. (An. Pom.) 

Dow. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven. Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit, rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes tur- 
binate ; skin, rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and a few 
small patches of russet ; stalk, long, inserted at au inclination in a very 
slight cavity; calyx, large, open, set in a very small basin ; flesh, white, but- 
tery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, sometimes slightly astrin- 
gent. September, October. (Downing.) 



378 THE PEAK. 

Doyenne du Comice. 

Doyenne du Comice, of Angers. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, 
greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem; stem, short; calyx, open; 
basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; 
" very good." October, November. 

Doyenne Defais. 

Beurre Defais, | Doyenne D'Affay. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine 
red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ; 
calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, fine, white-grained, 
very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored, and delicious. Tree, 
robust, and a great bearer. " Promises well."' October. 

Doyenne Doavning. 

Foreign. Raised and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) to the memory of 
A. J. Downing. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with russet 
dots; stem, short, obliquely inserted: flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
slightly acidulated. September. 

Doyenne Gaubalt. 

Cliapen. 
Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on Pear roots. 
Fruit, medium to large, obovate acute pyriform : surface, uneven, dull pale 
yellow, with a few traces of russet : stem, short, thick flesh next the fruit; 
calyx, small ; basin, deep; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet; "very 
good."' November, December. 

Doyenne Robin. 

Beurre Eobin. 
Foreign, Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with 
russet dots and spashes ; stem, usually very long and thick; deep, narrow 
cavity ; calyx, small, narrow ; moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ; 
flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very good." 
Succeeds on Quince. September. 

Doyenne Sieulle. 

Beurrfe Sieulle, | Sieulle, | Bevgamotte Sieulle. 
Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on Quince, under 
garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish 
green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks : stem, stout ; 
calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy; 
" very good," sometimes " best." October, November. 

Doyenne Santellete. 

Sentilet. 
Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout, 
yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish green, 
traces, streaks, and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, 
small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy ; " very good." 
October. 



UNTESTED VAErETIES, ETC. 379 

Doyenne Rose. 
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush 
red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set viathout depression ; 
calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small j flesh, white, coarse, juicy ; 
■' good." October. 

Duchess d'Alos.t. 

Comtesse d'Alost, | Delices d'Alost. 

Large, elongated pyriform. or oval, greenish yellow, red cheek, brownish 
dots and russet ; stem, stout, long ; calyx, open, segments long : basin, shal- 
low, imeven ; flesh, white, melting, juicy; core, small; "very good." 
October. 

Duchess d'Angouleme. 

Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the Quince, and on the 
Quince only. It succeeds well at the Southwest. High culture of this variety 
produces very large and very good fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in 
size or character. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyriform, dull greenish yel- 
low, traced and dotted with russet ; stem, rather long, stout ; calyx, me- 
dium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven : core, below medium : seeds, ob- 
long pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy; "very good." An extremely 
variable fruit, unreliable. October. The striped Duche.ss d'Angouleme 
differs only in the fruit being striped yellow and green. 

Due DE Brabant. 



Miel de "Waterloo, 
Desiree Van Mons, 
Beurre de Charneau, 



Fondante des Chai'neause, 
Eccellentissima. of some. 



Beurrfe de "Waterloo, 
Fondante du Cornice. 



Vigorous, productive, large, oval pyriform, angular, greenish shade, crim- 
son in sun, greenish dots ; stem, long, curved, flesh at base ; calyx, large, 
open, segments persistent; basin, irregular, ribbed; flesh, whitish, granu- 
lar, vinous ; core, medium ; ''very good." October, November. 

Duchess de Berri d'Ete. 

Souverain d'Etij, j Duchess of Berry. 

Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of An- 
gouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spreading ; 
shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale yel- 
low, dotted with small russet specks ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; seeds, 
large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep- 
tember and October. The Duchess de Berri is a synonym of " Pound." 

Duchess de Mars. 

Captif de St. Helena. 
Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered 
with russet, ruddy in sun; stem, set without depression; calyx, small, 
closed; core and seeds, small; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed; "very 
good," if not '• best." This succeeds well, and this fruit is best grown on 
Quince. October and November. 

Due d'Orleans. 
Foreign, new. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, with 
reddish brown dark specks : stem, slender ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, 
sugary, vinous. November, Deeember. 



380 



THE PEAE. 



DUNDAS. 

Parmentier. 
Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate 
ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ; 
calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed; '-very 



?ood." October 



and November. 



DUNMORE. 




Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots ; requires rich, 
high culture ; shoots, slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large to 
very large (our drawing made from an unripe specimen), oblong obovate, 
greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of rough 
russet near calyx: when not fully ripe, dark green specks underneath the 
skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, much re- 
flexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting ; " very 
good." September and October. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 



381 



DuPUY Charles, 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, rough, be- 
comes yellow at maturit)-, and chiefly covered with fawn russet; flesh, 
whitish green, melting, juicy, very sugary. An excellent fruit, ripening 
the end of November. (Al. Pom.) 



Amire Joannet, 

Joanette, 

St. John's Pear, 



Early Sugar. 

Archduc d'Et6, 
Sugar Pear, 



Harvest Pear, 
St. Jean. 



Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform, 
light green to yellowish, faint blush: flesh, white, sugary; "good," if eaten 
just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July. 

Elizabeth. (Edwards.) ^ 

American. From New Haven, Ct. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse 
pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ; 
calyx, large, open; core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, 
vinous; "very good," often "best." October. 

Early Butter of Cincinnati. 

. This is a variety which our Cin- 
cinnati Pomologists seem unable to 
recognize with any known descrip- 
tion. We have been unable to ex- 
amine the fruit in perfection, but 
some small specimens received, from 
which our drawing was made, in- 
duced a guess at Dearborn Seedling. 
The original tree at Cincinnati is 
said to have been probably brought 
from New Jersey. It is of upright 
growth, short-jointed, yellowish 
brown wood, forming a handsome 
symmetrical head. Fruit, small, 
oblong ovate, narrowing most to 
the stem, light greenish yellow,with 
dark green specks, rarely a bronzed 
red in sun ; calyx, prominent ; seg- 
ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact; 
seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, 
juicy, buttery ; " very good." Last 
July. 

EcHAi 

Eohasserie, I 

Bezi d'Echassie, | 




Bezi de Chasserie, 
Jafcdbirne. 



Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, 
yellowish, dotted with gray when ripe ; calyx, open ; flesh, melting, but- 
tery, sweet ; " good." November and December. 



382 THE PEAR. 

Emile d'Heyst. 

This fruit is dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend, L. E. 
Berckmans, of New Jersey. 

A Belgian fruit. Tree of moderate vigor ; a healthy and good grower, 
but straggling and not easily brought to a pyramidal form. It seems well 
suited to this climate and grows well on Quince. Young wood, fawn or 
light-brown, rather slender. Fruit, large, or above medium size, long cale- 
basse form ; color, light green, washed and waved with fawn and russet, 
becomes bright yellow at the time of maturity ; stem, variable, but rather 
long, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an uneven cavity ; calyx, small, set in 
a deep, narrow basin, surrounded by uneven protuberances : tiesh, buttery, 
melting, very juicy, exceedingly fine, sugary and well perfumed. Ripen- 
ing well through November. (L. E. Berckmans.) 

Emile Bivort. 

Dedicated by Bonvier, to the daughter of the distinguished Belgian Po- 
mologist; A. Bivort. 

Tree, of slow growth, but very hardy, with reddish or light brown, up- 
right, stout, short shoots. Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conic, very 
much depressed- skin, deep orange-yellow, much covered with russet; 
stalk, .short and fleshy, inserted in a rather deep cavity, surrounded by 
protuberances ; calyx, small, inserted in a deep well formed basin ; flesh, 
yellowish, buttery, melting, abounding in rich, sugary, vinous juice, with 
a peculiar flavor, somewhat resembling quince. Ripe October, November. 
(Berckmans.) 

Eyewood. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown, 
with large white specks ; fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish yel- 
low, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small, open ; 
core, large ; flesh, white, -rather coarse, melting, juicy, sub-acid: "very 
good." October. 

FiGUE OF Naples. 

Figue de Naples, j Comtesse de Frenol, 
Fig Pear of Naples, | De Vigne Pelone. 

Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree, vigor- 
ous, productive, shoots upright, brown ; fruit, medium, oblong obovate, 
pale greeiii-sli yellow, dull red in sun. russety ; calyx, small : stem, stout, 
fleshy knob at base : flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking; " good." October. 

Fig d'Alencon. 

Vert Longuo do la Mayenne. 
Medium, long, oval, curved, green, netted with russet; stem, short, 
thick at junction; calyx, open ; basin, shallow : flesh, greenish, coarse; 
core, small; '-good." October. November. 

Figue. 

Figue Vert. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on either Pear or Quince. 
Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and 
red russet ; stein, stout, fleshily set upon the neck ; calyx, open, without 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 383 

divisions ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, slightly per- 
fumed; " very good." November. 

FONDANTE SeRRURIER DE MeILLOT. 
SeiTuricr d'Automne. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks 
and blotches ; stem, in a deep cavity ; basin, shallow ; flesh, melting, juicy, 
" good." October. 

FONDANTE DES PrES. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, turbinate, pyriform, greenish lemon yellow ', 
stem, medium, fleshy at base ; flesh, white, sweet, agreeable. October. 

FoNDANTE Agreeable. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, slightly 
russeted ; stem, planted angularly, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; basin, 
shallow; flesh, tender, melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; very good, if 
not best ; core, large ; seeds, plump. August, September. 

FoNDANTE DE MaLINES. 

Fondante de Malines (Esperin.) 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, 
pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brownish red, 
occasional spot of vermilion in sun ; stem, long; calyx, small ; core, large; 
flesh, white, buttery, melting, sweet ; " very good." October. 

Fondante Van Mons. 

Foreign. Tree, good grower and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish 
obovate. greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem, 
stout, curved ; calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, 
coarse, melting, buttery, sweet; "very good." October. 

FORELLE. 

Trout Pear, | Poire Truite, | Forellenbirne. 

Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received. Tree, vig- 
orous, productive on Quince or Pear ; wood, violet red, young shoots, downy. 
Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermilion in sun, 
grayish dots, margined with crimson : stem, slender ; calyx, partly open ; 
core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous ; 
" very good " or " best." October. November. 

Frederick of Wurtemberg. 

Frederick de Wurtcmburg. 

Foreign. Well known and extensively grown in this country. Tree 
very early and productive bearer ; young wood, strong, yellowish brown 
fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe 
Fruit, large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek 
stem, stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx, open ; basin 
shallow; flesh, white, juicy, melting ; "good." September. 



384 THE PEAK. 

Fleur de Neige. 

Snow Flower. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, tapering by a mamelon protuberance 
to its junction with the stem which meets it by a fleshy enlargement ; calyx, 
small, partially closed, in a small, shallow basin ; surface, very uneven ; 
color, yellowish green, mottled with thin russet) flesh, somewhat granular 
and coarse, but sweet and high flavored. Ripens middle of October. 

Florimont Parent. 

Foreign. Tree, of moderate vigor and fertility. Fruit, very large, pyra- 
midal, swelled towards its centre ; skin, green, pointed and striped with 
brown russet, becomes deep yellow at maturity ; flesh, coarse, melting, 
juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. End of September. (Al. Pom.) 

Frankford. 

Origin, on the premises of Eli Merkins, near Frankford, Philadelphia. A 
new fruit, and said to be an acquisition. Size, medium, roundish, some- 
times inclining to pyriform, not unfrequently obovate ; skin, yellow, con- 
taining many russet dots, especially towards the crown, and having occa- 
sionally a faint blush on the part exposed to the sun ; stalk, rather 
short, thick; and fleshy at its termination, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx, 
medium, open, set in a shallow, moderately wide basin ; flesh, fine texture 
and buttery : flavor, exceedingly rich, with a delicious aroma ; quality, 
"best." November. (Int. Rept.) 

Franklin. 

Native of Georgia. Fruit, large, oblong turbinate, irregular, narrowing 
to the eye ; green, clouded with shades of darker green, and dotted with 
dark green gray dots ; basin, shallow, oblique ] stem, medium, one side 
fleshy at base) flesh, melting, juicy, sweet. January. Valued South. 

Frederika Bremer. 

Virgalieu, erroneously, of some. 
American. From Oneida Co., N. Y. Fruit, above medium, roundish 
obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, becoming pale 3'ellow with slight rus- 
set dots ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx, 
open, short, erect segments ; basin, rather deep, slight furrows ; core, 
medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, a little coarse, melting, juicy. 
Quality, variable ; often only " good." October, November. 

Gansel's Bergamot. 

Brooa's Bergamot, I Staunton, I Gurle's Buerre, 

Ives' Bergamot, | Bonne Rouge, | Diamant. 

Foreign. An old v&riety, with few superiors when well grown. It 
requires, a warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless. Tree, 
vigorous, spreading, succeeds well on Quince, productive. Fruit, large, 
roundish obovate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and 
patches) stem, short) cavity, deep) calyx, open: basin, deep) core, large) 
flesh, yellowish white, coarse, melting, juicy) -'very good," or '-best. 
October. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 385 

Gansel's late Bergamot, 

Foreign. An new variety recently introduced, very much resembling the 
preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into December. It 
is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely free from granu- 
lations. Tree, vigorous, and productive on the pear root. 

Gansell's Seckel. 

Medium, oblate, rough, uneven ; yellow, with thin russet : stem, short, 
stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity: calyx, closed; basin, abrupt; 
flesh, coarse, aromatic : " very good." November. 

General de Lourmel. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, resembling Doyenne ; skin, greenish, 
irregularly spotted and dotted with russet ; flesh, delicate, juicy, melting, 
sugary. Ripening in November. (Leroy's Cat.) 

General Taylor. 

Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows 
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old. 

\ Size, under medium ; form, turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the 
crown; color, cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem, 
inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a broad, 
not very deep, furrowed basin ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, ovate, no 
angle at the obtuse end ; flesh, yellowish white, granular, becoming but- 
tery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor, as high as the 
Seckel, aroma, delicious; quality, ''best," November. (Ad. Int. Rept.) 

Gerardin. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat irregular ; skin, yellow, with many 
spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the sun ; flesh, 
coarse, buttery, astringent, granular, tolerably good. September. 

Gideon Paridante. 

Foreign. Fruited with us this year for the first time. Fruit, medium, 
obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and 
marbled red russet over surface ; stem, one and a half inch long, angularly 
planted, with a lip one side ; calyx, open, narrow segments ; basin, shallow ; 
core, medium; flesh, white, melting, sugary; "very good," nearly "best." 
Last September and October. 

Glory of Combrone. 
This variety we have fruited several years upon the pear stock. It is a 
fine grower, healthy and hardy, and deserves extensive cultivation. Fruit, 
above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, regular ; skin, yellowish, 
mostly overspread, marbled and dotted with warm brownish yellow russet ; 
stem. I inch long, moderately stout, and planted in a slight cavity ; calyx, 
medium size; segments, open, reflexed ; basin, medium depth, regular; 
flesh, whitish yellow, granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, abounding 
in saccharine, high-flavored, delicious ; core, small ; seeds, nearly black 
oblong pyriform acuminates. Twentieth September to tenth October. 
17 



386 THE PEAK. 

Grand Soleil. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive. Fruit, medium, 
roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; stem, 
medium, swollen at base ; calyx, small, closed ; core, large ; seeds, obovate ; 
flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic; 
"very good," nearly ''best." November. 

Graslin. 
Large, oval pyriform, green, sprinkled with russet ; stem, thick at junc- 
tion : calyx, open ; segments stiff; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, whitish, 
granular, juicy, rich, vinous ; core, large ; " very good." October, November. 

Green Mountain Boy. 

American. Fruit, medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes angu- 
lar pyriform : stem, varying ; calyx, open, reflexed segments ; golden yel- 
low or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core, rather 
large; seeds, long, flattened; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; "very 
good." October. 

Groom's Princess Royal. 

Foreign. Fruit, of medium size, roundish ; skin, greenish brown, with 
tinge of brownish red, and some russet tracings ; stalk, short and thick, set 
in a very trifling depression ; calyx, small, open, set in a shallow basin ; 
flesh, buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high- 
flavored. January and February. 

Grosse Marie. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, oblate pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered with 
cinnamon russet ; stalk, inserted without depression ; calyx, partially 
closed ; flesh, juicy, tender, with a rich, perfumed flavor resembling Brown 
Beurre. October. 

Gros Rousselet d'Aout. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, of pyramidal form, very productive. Fruit, 
medium pyriform ; skin, green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, shaded 
with russet and spotted with fawn ; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, very juicy, 
sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens in August. (Al. Pom.) 

Hacon's Incomparable. 

Downliam Seedling. 
Foreign. A hardy, productive variety ; spreading, rather drooping 
branches : deserves more attention than yet received, young shoots slender, 
olive color, diverging ; fruit, rather large, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull 
yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks and dots ; stem, 
rather long, straight ; calyx, with small divisions ; basin, shallow ; flesh, 
white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite '"best." October, 
November. 

Hagerman. 

Hampton. 

American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, overspread 
with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open, 
segments, reflexed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, 
juicy, sprightly, pleasant ; " very good." September. 



UNT^ESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



387 



Haddington. 

Smith's Haddington, 




American. From seed of Pound Pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at 
Haddington, Pa. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong 
obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheeks, and russet dots and 
patches ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium : segments, short, 
erect : core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, aromatic • 
" very good." January to April. 

Hampton. 

Cluster Pear. 

American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Very productive ; 
fruit hanging in clusters. Fruit, small, roundish, slightly obovate flattened, 
in most specimens, a distinct suture half around like unto a plumb ; color, 
light yellow ground, mostly overspread with reddish russet in sun. and rus- 
set marbling in shade, whitish gray dots on the sunny side ; stem, i to f inch 
long, slightly curved, generally set without depression, and fleshy at base ; 
calyx, open ; segments, fine, disconnected, partially reflexed : basin shallow; 
flesh, white, juicy, buttery, melting, delicious flavor; core, medium; seeds, 
plump, brownish black. August. 



388 



THE PEAK. 

Hampton Virgalieu. 



Originated with W. C. Hampton, of Mount Victory, Hardin Co., 0., from 
a seed of the White Doyenne. Tree, vigorous, hardy, very productive. 




Fruit, medium size or above, globular, or slightly obtuse pyriform, yel- 
lowish green, with many russet dots and marblings of russet, the russet 
becoming reddish brown in sun ; stem, short, stout, with little or no cavity: 
basin, moderately deep, regular ; calyx, with five segments, nearly erect, 
open ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous, excellent ; core, small, eat- 
able even to the capsules ; seeds, full, oblong pyriform. Oct and Nov. 

Hankers. 

Hamus. 
Origin, uncertain; has generally been considered a synonym of Gushing, 
but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey, first pointed out the error. Shoots, 
upright, brownish yellow. Fruit, medium, oblong, rounded at crown, 
obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet 
patches and dots ; stem, stout, swollen at base ; calyx, small, open : core, 
large; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous; '-very good."' September. 

Hanover. 
From Hanover furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather small, 
round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a brown cheek ; 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



389 



stem, one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx, open, plaited, some- 
times fuiTowed, irregular basin ; seeds, large, plump, acuminate ; flesh, 
greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant; '-good." (W. D. B.) 

Harvard. 

Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear. 

American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, up- 
right, productive. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, 
reddish cheek ; stem, rather stout, not sunk ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow ; 
seeds, long, obovate ; flesh, white, juicy; "very good ;" liable to decay at 
core. September. 

Hawe's Winter. 

Origin, King and Queen counties, Va., on the farm of the Hawe's family. 
Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly flattened ; 
color, at maturity, dull yellow, with russet spots ; flesh, a little coarse, 
very juicy, rich, sweet, vinous. November to January. (H. R. PLoby.) 

Heathcot. 
Gore's Heathcot. 




Native of Waltham, Mass. Tree, hardy, a moderate grower, branches 
slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well thinned out ; young 
shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit, medium or above, obovate rounded ; skin, rough ; color, greenish 



390 THE PEAK. 

yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around stem and eye ; 
stem, medium; cavity shallow; calyx, partly closed; basin, narrow; core, 
above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, 
vinous and sprightly. October. 

Henkel. 
Foreign. Tree, fine grower, young shoots, grayish brown; an early, very 
productive bearer on pear roots ; valuable for orcharding. Fruit, large 
obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet and 
green specks ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; basin, 
uneven ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, vinous ; 
" very good." Early September. 

Henrietta. 

■Edwards' Henrietta. 
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson 
spots in sun. russet at base of stem ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, 
large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy; "good." Last August. 

Henrietta. 
Foreign. Fruit, small or medium, turbinate ; skin, rough, almost en- 
tirely covered with russet ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, abounding in 
juice, sugary, agreeably perfumed. A very good fruit, ripening in Novem- 
ber. (Al. Pom.) 

Henri Bivort. 

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; calyx, 
open ; skin, smooth, pale green, with brownish specks : flesh, yellowish 
white, half buttery, juicy, melting, perfumed. September. 

Henry the Fourth. 

Ananas, | Beurre Ananas, I Jaqnin. 

Poire Ananas, | Henri Quatre, | 

Foreign. Tree, hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish 

brown. Fruit, small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with small gray 

dots: stem, long, slender, swollen at base; calyx, small; flesh, whitish, 

rather coarse, juicy ; " good." Early September. 

Hericart de Thury. 

Foreign. A good grower, of peculiar habits and appearance, rather pyra- 
midal, but with diverging, crooked limbs of a deep brown or purple hue. 
Not an early nor a very profxise bearer. 

Fruit, pyramidal, turbinate; skin, rather rough, with a decided cinna- 
mon color ; stalk, long, and curved, inserted in a small abrupt cavity ; 
calyx, closed, deeply sunk ; basin, uneven. Flesh, yellowish, compact, 
buttery, sufficiently juicy, with a peculiar rich flavor. January and Feb- 
ruary. (L. E. Berckmans.) 

Hericart. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish yellow, russet 
dots and patches ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small : segments, reflexed ; 
core, small ; seeds, long : flesh, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very sweet; 
"very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had of this 
j^'-oved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees. 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 



391 




Honey. 
This is a delicious little pear, received some year since by Professor 
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any descrip- 
tion published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pomological Man- 
ual. The tree is moderately vig- 
orous ; wood, yellowish brown, an 
early and productive bearer of 
fruit, uniform in size and regu- 
lar shape. Our drawing is too 
small. 

Fruit, below medium, roundish, 
tapering slightly to the stem ; color, 
rich golden russet yellow, with 
faint blush, many small red I'usset 
dots, and occasional patches of 
brown russet; stem, rather stout 
uneven, without depression ; calyx, 
with open half reflexed segments 
basin, shallow, little russeted ; core, 
medium ; seeds, ovate, blackish 
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but- 
tery, a little coarse-grained, sweet, 
perfumed. Ripe a few days be- 
fore Bartlett. 

HOVEY. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the Beurre 
Capiaumont ; skin, fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around the 
eye; calyx, set outside; stem, oljliquely inserted ; flesh, yellow, melting, 
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. September. 

HOSEN-SCHENCK. 

Schenck's Pear, I Schenck's August 'Watermelon, 
Smokeliouse, | Butter Pear. 

American. From Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, obovate, yellow, melting 
not high flavor; quality, variable. Last of August. 

Hull. 

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood, 
reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and 
russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather 
coarse, gritty at core, juicy; "good." October. 

Huntington. 
From New Rochelle, N. Y. Below medium, ovate obovate, green with 
a slight crimson tinge near calyx : stem, long, slender ; deep, broad, uneven 
cavity : calyx, closed ; basin, abrupt, dotted with a few russet circles ; flesh, 
melting, juicy, buttery, delicate. Tree an early bearer. September. 

Inconnue Van Mons. 
Foreign. Best on Quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale 
green, traces and dots of russet ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, open ; basin, 



'392 ' THE PEAK. 

deep ; flesh, melting, buttery ; " very good." December to February. 
(Wilder, in Hort ) 

Island. 
From Gowanus, L. I. New. Said to be of medium size, pyramidal 
form, and, "when ripe, a pale yellow, rich aromatic flavor, and very pro- 
ductive. 

Ives' Bergamot. 

R.aised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles the 
Seckel, and is very productive. Fruit, medium or small, Bergamot shape, 
protuberant at calyx ; skin, greenish yellow, with slight traces of russet ; 
stalk, short and thick, inserted by a ring or lip ; flesh, rather coarse, but- 
tery, melting, juicy, with a Gansel's Bergamot flavor. Ptipens first of 
September. (Downing.) 

Ives' Pear. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous and very 
productive. Fruit, small, irregularly turbinate, inclined ; skin, greenish, 
with a brownish red cheek ; stalk, long, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip ; 
calyx, open ; basin, very small ; flesh, juicy, melting, sugary, and good. 
Ripens first of September. 

Ives' Seedling. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit, nearly medium, some- 
what globular; skin, greenish yellow, shaded with crimson; stalk, .short 
and thick ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow and irregular ; flesh, 
whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melting, with a refreshing sugary 
flavor, well perfumed. Ptipe about the first of September. 

Ives' Virgalieu. 
American. Below medium, pyriform. greenish, shades dull crimson, 
russet dots ; stem, fleshy at base, or with a lip ; calyx, small, open ; basin, 
irregular; flesh, whitish, granular, juicy, sweet, vinous ; "good," or "very 
good." October. 

Jackson. 

Origin, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, 
oblate, short pyriform, or turbinate ; skin, greenish yellow, somewhat rus- 
seted ; stalk, long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight 
cavity ; calyx, small and open, set in a rather deep, abrupt basin ; flesh, 
white and juicy ; flavor, brisk and vinous. Ripens the last of September, 
(Downing.) 

Jackson's Seedling. 

Originated by S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati, from seed of the Seckel. Size, 
below medium, larger than Seckel; color, similar, but less russety ; flavor, 
very good, not as spicy as the Seckel. Tree, moderately vigorous, and does 
well on Quince. 

Jaminette. 

Josephine, I S.abine, | Beurre D'Austrasie, 

Colmar Jaminette, j D'Austrasic, , Wilholmine. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium, 

obovate obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; stem, 

stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet ; " good." 

November, December. This has proved with us, for two years past, a great 

bearer, and one of the best of Winter Pears. 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 



393 



Epargne, 

Grosse Ouisse Madame, 

Beau Present, 

Poire de Tables des Princes, 



Jargonelle. 

Saint Sampson, 
Saint Lambert, 
Sweet Summer, 



Eeal Jargonelle, 
Jargonelle of the English, 
Belle Verge. 



Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all except 
large collections by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, long, ovate 
pyriforin, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long : calyx, open, 
prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy; " good," often "very good." 
August. 

Jean de Witte. 

Nos. 1,482, 1,0S2, and 1,60S of Van Mons. 

Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit, 
medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little russet ; 
flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid ; "very good." November 
to January. 

Jersey Gratioli. 

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on Quince ; 
wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish oblong obovate, slightly 
angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and also at base of 
stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, open, short seg- 
ments ) core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, melting, juicy, 
vinous. September, October. (Hov. Mag.) 

JOHONNOT. 
Franklin. 
American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, 
upright, spreading : wood, dark reddish brown ; suited to orcharding in our 
Western rich soils ; productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish obovate, 
angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx, 
large, open ; core, large, seeds, small ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, 
juicy, vinous; almost " best." September. 

Jones. 
Small, acute pyriform, cinnamon russet, reddish in sun, juicy, buttery, 
sweet; " very good." November. 



Josephine de Malines. 
Foreign; not an early bearer or a good grower; best on Pear. 



Fruit, 



medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus- 
set ; calyx, open; core, large: flesh, yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy, 
vinous; "very good." December. January. 

Jules Bivort. 
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, large, obovate, 
dull greenish yellow dotted with brown, and red tinge in sun; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, melting, half buttery, sugary, vinous. November. 

Julienne. 
Origin uncertain. Tree, thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots, 
productive, and in warm, rich, sandy .soils often very fine ; in cold clay it 
is inferior ; best on Quince. Fruit, below medium, roundish oblong obo- 
17* 



394 



THE PEAK. 



vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ; 
stem, rather stout ; calyx, small, closed : core, compact ; seeds, blackish ; 
flesh, white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet 3 " very good." August. 

KiNR Edward's, 

Jackman's Melting. 
Foreign. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, upright, dark brown. Fruit, large, pyri- 
form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem, short • 
calyx, small ; flesh, yellowish, buttery, melting, variable : " good." Octo- 
ber. 

KiNGSESSING. 

Leech's Kingsessing. 

American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree, 
upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny : young shoots, yellowish green or 
brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take 
position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on 
Quince, requires double working. Fruit, large, or above medium, obovate, 
sometimes obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem, 
stout, fleshy at base : calyx, small ; basin, shallow • flesh, -buttery, delicate ; 
" best." Last August. 




Knight's Seedling. 
Knight's E. I. Seedling. 

Native of Cranston, 
R. I. Tree, vigorous, 
hardy, and early pro- 
ductive ; wood, smooth, 
yellowish. 

Fruit, medium, obo- 
vate, tapering a little 
to the stem ; color, yel- 
lowish green, with a 
brown red cheek in sun, 
brownish specks, and 
dull russet around the 
calyx ; stem, medium 
or rather long, curved ; 
calyx, medium : seg- 
ments, broad, partially 
reflexed ; core and seeds, 
medium ; flesh, white, 
not fine-grained, melt- 
ing, juicy, sugary. Sep- 
tember. 



Knight's Monarch. 
Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture ; wood, light olive color. 
Fruit, large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, dotted with 
gray ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy. 
January. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC, 395 

Las Canas. 
Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit, medium or 
below pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds, black ; 
flesh, juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October. 

La Juive. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous : branches, upright. Fruit, above medium, 
pyriform, yellow, with gray specks ; stem, short ; flesh, yellowish, buttery, 
juicy. Ootober. 

Lamoriciere. 
General Lamoriciere. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem, stout ; 
calyx, large, closed ; flesh, greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last 
September. 

Laiierard. 
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yel- 
low, brownish red cheek in sun- calyx, closed; stem, stout; flesh, white, 
melting, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid ; " very good. ' October. Succeeds on 
Quince. 

Laure de Glymes. 

Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, medium, oval turbinate, dull yellow, 
nearly covered with orange russet ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, 
melting, juicy, pleasant ; " good." October, November. 

Lenawee. 

Origin, uncertain. Grown at Adrian, Michigan, and introduced by Dr. 
D. K. Underwood of that place, and description made by T. M. Cooley. 

Fruit, medium to large, ovate pyriform, generally more or less one-sided, 
surface frequently irregular ; skin, lemon yellow, with small russet specks, 
and a lively vermilion cheek in the sun ; stalk, an inch long, curved, in- 
serted without depression, sometimes below a fleshy protuberance ; calyx, 
small, set in a shallow basin ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, bvittery, with 
a high and quite peculiar aromatic flavor. Ripens first to middle of August. 
(Downing.) 

Leopold L 

Foreign. Tree of moderate vigor. Fruit, large, turbinate pyriform ; 
skin, smooth, green, spotted with brown russet ; flesh, whitish, melting, 
buttery, juicy, sweet, and strongly perfumed. Ripens middle of December, 
and keeps till January. (Al. Pom.) 

Lee's Seedling. 
American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, 
greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open; core, large ; flesh, 
white, coarse, juicy ; " good." September. 

Liberale. 
Foreign. Fruit, rather large, elongated, truncate pyriform ; skin, green- 
ish yellow, sprinkled with brown or russet, and having patches of russet ; 
stem, long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, large and 
open ; basin, broad and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and pecu- 
liarly aromatic. October. 



396 THE PEAE. \ 

LlEUTANANT PoiTEVIN. 

Foreign. Fruit, of large size, resembling in color Glout Morceau ; sKin, 
yellow, netted and spotted with russet ; flesh, white, juicy, half melting. 
Ripe from February to April. (Leroy's Cat.) 

LiMON. 

No. 8 of Van Mons, [ Beurre Haggenton. 

Foreign. This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately 
vigorous; shoots, long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, obo- 
vate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek : stem, rather short ; basin, 
shallow; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly '• best." August. 

Locke. 
Locke's New Beurre*. 
American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish 
obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ; 
stem, medium : calyx, small, half closed : flesh, greenish white, juicy, vin- 
ous ; " good." November and December. 

Louis Dupont. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous and beautiful, promises to be fertile. Fruit, 
sufficiently large, sometimes in the form of Doyenne, but ordinarily longer 
and more turbinate ; skin, smooth, dull green, passing to yellow at matu- 
rity, strongly shaded with fawn russet, sometimes striped and marbled ; 
flesh, white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A fruit of first 
quality, ripening towards the end of October. (An. Pom.) 

Lycurgus. 

A variety originated by Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland, from seed of 
the Winter Nelis, collected from fruit grown on a Winter Nelis tree in 
close proximity to a tree of Martin Sec. The fruit has outward form, and 
russet yellow skin, closely resemblmg the Martin Sec, and its texture melt- 
ing and juicy and sprightly, as the Winter Nelis, but with the sweet saccha- 
rine of the Martin Sec. 

Fruit, below medium, generally oblong pyriform, occasionally oblong 
obovate pyriform ; color, rich dull yellcw, overspread with brownish yellow 
russet; stem, usually three-fourth inch long, slender, set without depres- 
sion, and one side a slight lip ; calyx, large in proportion to the size of 
fruit, open ; segments, connected : basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, hard, 
and of breaking texture, until fully ripe, when it becomes melting, juicy, 
and extremely sweet, with a spicy, sprightly, and slightly vinous charac- 
ter ; core, compact ; seeds, large ; capsules, close. January. 

Madame Eliza. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, wood stout. Fruit, large, pyriform : skin, 
smooth, bright green, and becomes almost yellow at maturity ; flesh, rosy, 
fine, buttery, melting, abounding with sweet juice, very agreeably perfumed. 
November. (Al. Pom.) Excellent in Belgium, promising well here. The 
tree is hardy, but has an awkward, rather crooked, and declining habit, 
and very narrow leaves. The young shoots are olive gray. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 397 

McLaughlin. 

Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate, 
healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. 
pale yellow, with brownish red in sun , stem, short, swollen at junction 
with tree; calyx, open: core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, a little 
coarse juicy ; " very good." November and December. 

McLaughlin. 

A native of Maine, first described in the N. E. Farmer. Tree, hardy 
and vigorous. 

Fruit, large, elongated, obtuse pyriform : skin, rough, greenish, mostly 
covered with russet, which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm, 
sunny cheek: stalk, short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance 
of a lip ; calyx, open, set in a shallow, corrugated basin ; flesh, whitish, 
not very fine, juicy, and melting; flavor, sweet rich, and perfumed. No- 
vember to January. 

Madam' Due AK. 

Foreign. Tree, pyramidal, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, oval, 
slightly depressed at base and crown : skin, smooth, bright green, becoming 
yellow at maturity; flesh, white, half fine, very juicy, sugary, and slightly 
perfumed. Ripens the middle of August. (Al. Pora.) Good in Belgium. 

Malconaitre d'Haspin. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, dull yellow, brownish red cheek, 
coarse dots, russet at calyx ; stem, set in a slight depression ; calyx, closed; 
basin, deep ; flesh, juicy, tender, sub-acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, 
small. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Promises to prove 
valuable. 

Malcomaitre. 

Foreign. We suppose this name to be only a synonym of the foregoing , 
but our tree, received of EUwanger and Barry, produces a small, greenish 
yellow fruit, with a coarse, yellowish flesh, rotting at core, and ripening 
in August. 

Martha Ann. 
Dana s Seedling, No 1. 

American. Fruit, above medium, obovate oblong, smooth, yellow, with 
russet specks ; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; 
'' good." 

Marianne De Nancy. 

Foreign. Tree, moderate grower. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow, 
streaked and dotted with russet ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous. 
September and October. 

Marie Parent. 

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large pyriform, surface un- 
even ; stalk, short, inclined ; calyx, in a large furrowed cavity : skin, golden 
yellow at maturity; flesh, white, very fine, melting. soiTiewhat buttery, 
very juicy, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. October. (An Pom.) 



398 THE PEAE. 



Marie Louise. 



Forme de Marie Louise, I Princes de Parme, I Maria. 

Marie Chretienne, | Braddicli's Field Marshal, | 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping, 
with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise 
it is only a " good " pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob- 
long pyriforra, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots and 
patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem; stem, medium, 
obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; calyx, 
open, irregularly formed : segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, broad, 
ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous j " very good." Last 
of September and October. 

March Bergamotte. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow : flesh, buttery, gritty 
at core; "good." March. 

Martin Sec. 

Eoiissellet d'Hiver, 

Foi-eign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate angular, yellow, with 

small specks, bright red one side ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, in an 

abrupt furrowed basin; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy; "good." 

December. 

Mather. 

Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co., Pa. 

Fruit, below medium size, obovate ; skin, red, with occasionally a mot- 
tled cheek, and russeted around the stem, which is obliquely inserted by 
fleshy rings without depression ; calyx, medium ; basin, very small ; flesh, 
a little coarse, but buttery; flavor, delicate and pleasant. August. (Ad. 
Int. Rep.) 

Maynard. 

Origin unknown ; grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, obovate 
pyriform ; skin, yellow, with russet dots and a crimson cheek ; stalk, obli- 
quely inserted, fleshy at its junction ; calyx, open, in a slight depression ; 
flesh, white, juicy, and sugary. Ripe last of July. (Dr. Eshleman.) 

Merriam. 
American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed 
a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much 
covered with smooth pale russet; stem, short; calyx, small, closed; flesh, 
yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary; core, large; seeds, dark brown. 
Last of September. (Hov. Mag.) 

MiGNONNE d'Hiver. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform ; skin, very rough, 
russet ; stalk, stout, inserted by a lip, often at a great inclination ; calyx, 
partially closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, granular, nearly 
melting, brisk, sweet, and rich, slightly astringent. November. 

MiLLOT DE Nancy. 
Foreign. A pyramidal tree, very fertile, producing at the same time at 
the extremity of its branches and its long spurs. 

Fruit, small, or medium, regularly pyriform ; skin, smooth, light green. 



UKTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 



399 



becoming yellow a long time before its maturity ; flesh, whitish yellow, 
buttery, melting, not deficient in juice, sugary, and very agreeably perfumed. 
October, November. (A. Pom.) 

MiLLOT DE Nancy. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches 
and traces of russet j flesh, melting, juicy, sugary; "good." January. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

Mitchell's Russet. 

Origin Bellville, Illinois. Fruit, medium, or small, obovate, inclining to 
conic ; skin, rough, dark russet, thickly covered with gray dots ; stalk, 
long, inserted in a small cavity by a ring or lip ; calyx, open ; basin, un- 
even ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, highly perfumed. November. (Downing.) 

MOCCAS. 

Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive. Fruit, 
medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun, and a few 
russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open • flesh, yellowish, melt- 
ing, juicy ] " very good." December. 

MONSEIGNEUR AfFRE. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, somewhat angular ; skin, rough, 
greenish, considerably covered with thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
russet dots ; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a moderate cavity ; calyx, small, 
open, persistent ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, rather coarse, granular, rich, 
and perfumed. November. 

MOYAMENSING, 
Smith's Moyamensing. 

Native of Pennsyl- 
vania. Tree, vigor- 
ous, wood yellowish 
brown, with light dots, 
regular and abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit, medium, 
roundish obovate ; 
color, lemon yellow, 
with occasional blot- 
ches and lines of yel- 
lowish russet ; stem, 
short, stout,often fleshy, 
calyx, large ; basin, 
furrowed, broad, and 
rather deep ; core, me- 
dium ; seeds, ovate ; 
flesh, white, buttery, 
melting, juicy, "best." 
August. 

Muscadine. 
American. From near Newburgh., N. Y. Fruit, medium, roundish, 
obovate. pale yellowish green, with brov/n dots ; stem, an inch long ; 




400 THE PEAK. 

calyx, with reflexed segments ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melt- 
ing, musky ; shoots, stout, dark gray brown. Last August, first Sep- 
tember. 

Muskingum. 

American. Supposed a native of Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish obo- 
vate. greenish yellow, numerous russet specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, 
open; segments, short, connected- flesh, white, coarse; "good." Last 
August. 

Marechax de la Cour. 

Consieller de la Cour, | Due d'Oileans. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer. 
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermilion in sun ; 
stem, broken, inserted with a lip one side ; calyx, large, open ; flesh, white, 
fine, melting, juicy, vinous ; " promises well." 

Napoleon. 

Mfedaille, | Eoi de Eome. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit 
largest and finest on Quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to obo- 
vate, and rounded pyriform ; greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying, 
usually stout ; calyx, medium, open : flesh, white, tender, juicy ; "good.'' 
Valuable as a market sort on Quince. River says the Napoleon d'Hiver is 
not sufficiently distinct to be retained. October. 

Ne Plus Meuris. 

Belgian. An unprepossessing looking, uneven, dull russet fruit, of very 
fine flavor. The tree grows upright, has short-jointed, olive-colored shoots, 
and bears in thick bunches or clusters. 

Fruit, medium, or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with 
swollen parts on the surface ; skin, rough, dull yellowish brown, partially 
covered with iron-colored russet ; stalk, quite short, set without depression, 
in a small cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, with a sugary 
and very agreeable flavor. January to March. 

Nonpareil. 
American. A new variety from Western New York ; too small for any 
but amateurs. Fruit, small, roundish flattened at apex, russety yellow, 
with red specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; core, large ; flesh, fine, melt- 
ing, juicy, sugar)^, vinous; nearly " best." November. 

Oakley Park. 

Oakley Park Bergamotte. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus- 
set ; calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting ; "good." 
October. 

Omar Pasha. 

From France. New. Productive. Fruit, medium, turbinate, roundish, 
irregular, clear green, dotted and specked with russet about the stem ; 
flesh, fine, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous. Early September. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 



401 



Onondaga. 
Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling. 
Probably a native of Farmington Ct. It takes its name from having 
been first broiight to notice by cultivators in Onandaga Co. N. Y. Tree 
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots. In quality it is variable, 
not succeeding in all locations. 

Fruit, large, ovate obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming golden 
yellow^ at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally a dull blush in 




sun ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted without depression, 
but "with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; calyx, rather small, closed ; 
basin, shallow, abrupt and marked with patches of cinnamon russet ; core, 
compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, 'white, juicy, buttery. October and No- 
vember. 



402 



THE PEAE. 



Ontario. 

Origin, Geneva, Ontario County, N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive, 
said to be a valuable market variety. 

Fruit, medium, elongated obtuse pyriform, somewhat irregular ; skin, 
pale yellow, thiekly covered with gray or green dots ; stalk, long, curved, 
inserted by a fleshy ring in a rather large depression • calyx, partially closed, 
or open in a shallow, irregular, corrugated basin ; flesh, white, granular, 
juicy, almost melting, with a sweet pleasant flavor. Ptipens last of Septem- 
ber. (Downing ) 

Orange Bergamotte. 

Orange Pear. 

Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. Fruit, 
above medium, pyriform ; yellow, russet in sun • flesh, yellowish, sprightly 
astringent. September and October. 

Orpheline Coi.mar. 
Foreign. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Fruit, very large, pyriform: skin, 
bright green, becomes somewhat yellow at maturity, striped and dotted 
with gray, brown, and black, and shaded with russet fawn on the sunny 
side, and around the calyx and stem ; flesh, whitish yellow, fine, melting, a 
little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. A beautiful 
and excellent fruit, ripening about the middle of October. (An. Pom.) 

Osband's Summer. 

Osband's Favorite, | Summer Vergalieii, of some. 
American. Native of Wayne Co., N. Y. Fruit, below medium, ovate 
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red 
cheek in sun ) skin, rather thick ; stem, medium, inserted in a shallow, un- 
even cavity ; calyx, wdth open, long, straggling segments \ flesh, yellowish 
white, rather coarse grained, juicy ; promises " valuable." Early Sep- 
tember. 

OSBORN. 

American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H. 
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit, small, ovate pyriform, greenish yel- 
low ; stem, about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ; 
flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent j '• good. Early 
August. 

Oswego. 
Oswego Beurre, | Keed's Seedling. 

American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy, succeeds 
well thus far, and an early bearer on Quince or Pear roots ; fruit, medium, 
ovate obovate, or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings 
and patches of russet; stem, short, stout; cavity, rather deep; calyx, me- 
dium, closed : core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; "very 
good." October. 

OUDINOT. 
Beurrfe Oudinot. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ; 
stem, curved ; calyx, medium ; basin, shallow ; flesh, fine, juicy ; " good." 
September. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETci 403 

Paddock. 
From C. Goodrich. Burlington, Vt. Small, ovate conical, light yellow ; 
flesh, fine-grained, sweet ; " good." August. 

Parsonage. 
Medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, rough, shades of dull crim- 
son, netted russet, russet dots ; stem, short, thick at junction ; calyx, half 
open ; short, stiff segments ; basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse, 
granular ; core, small : '' very good." September. 

Passans du Portugal. 

Poire Cheneille, | Miller's Early, | Bergamotte. 
Foreign. Tree, upright growth ; shoots, reddish brown, Fruit, below 
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ■. stem, one inch ; 
calyx, erect; flesh, white, juicy, breaking; '• very good." Last of August. 

Passk Colmar. 



Eegintin, 
Chapman's, 
Colmar de Sille, 
Colmar Hardenpont, 
Present de Malines, 
Marrotte Sucree Jaune, 
Souverain,- 



Colmar Souverain, 
Gambler, 
Cellite, 

Colmar Preule, 
Colmar Doree, 
Colmar Van Mons, 
Colmar d'Hiver. 



Passe Colmar Epineaux, 

Colmar Gris, 

Passe Colmar Gris, 

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel, 

Precel, 

Fondante de Panisel, 

Eondante de Mons, 

Beurre d'Argenson, 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with long, stragling, half drooping shoots of a 
lively brownish yellow; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care, 
it is a first-class sort; with common ordinary care it is worthless." Fruit^ 
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull 
yellow when fully mature, with some russet; stem, a little more than 
medium length, set with slight depression ; calyx, partly open ; basin, shal- 
low ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November, January, 

Pater Noster. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse at ends, surface uneven ; stem, 
fleshy ; calyx, open ; segments, short, thick ; core, medium ; flesh, yellow- 
ish, juicy, vinous, perfumed, acia. November, December. (Hov. Mag.) 

Paul Thielen. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ; 
stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; segments, short, upright ; flesh, 
rather coarse, juicy; "good." October. 

Peach Pear. 
Medium, turbinate pyriform, yellowish, dots of red russet ; calyx, open ; 
flesh, juicy; "good." August, September. 

Pendleton. 

Pendleton's Early York Pear. 

American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive. Fruit, rather 

large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem, 

curved; calyx, open; flesh, white, tender, sweet; "good." Last July. 

(Hov. Mag ) 

Pengethley. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish brown, 
russeted ; stem, medium ; calyx, small, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, juicy ; 
"good." February, March. 



404 the; pear. 



Pennsylvania. 



American. From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, hardy, and moderately 
productive. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish, 
green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem, stout ; calyx, small, half closed ; 
core, small- flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy; "good." 



October, 



Pktre. 



American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- 
delphia. Pa. Tree, moderate grower, with slender, yellowish brown shoots, 
abundant bearer. Fruit, medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, pale 
yellow, with russet patches ; stem, rather stout, largest at base ; cavity, 
abrupt; calyx, medium: basin, narrow; flesh, whitish, fine, melting, but- 
tery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la Motte " 
has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the West. 

Philadelphia Latch. 

Large, oblate pyriform, yellow, greenish gray dots, netted russet; stem, 
stout; cavity, deep, abrupt ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, coarse, 
sugary, juicy ; core, small ; rots at core ; productive; "very good." Sep- 
tember, October. 

Philippe Goes. 

Foreign. Tree, sufficiently vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium, 
turbinate-pyriform, bossed, and often irregular ; skin, rough, totally covered 
with gray rus-set ; flesh, whitish-yellow, fine and melting, juice enough, 
sweet and finely perfumed ; quite first quality. Ripens middle of Novem- 
ber. (An. Pom.) 

PiNNEO. 

Boston, I Summer Virgalieu, 

Graves? | Hebron. 

American. Originated in Tolland County. Conn., and first introduced 
to notice in transactions of the Hartford County Horticultural Society. 
Young wood, of a brownish red ; tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, 
small to medium, oblong obovate pyriform, tapering toward the stem ; 
color, pale yellow, tinge of red in the sun, obscure dots, and considerable 
rus.set near base of stem ; stem, rather long; cavity, shallow; calyx, me- 
dium, open ; basin, broad, shallow, slightly ribbed or furrowed ; flesh, 
yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, rich delicious flavor ; core, medium 
or small ; seeds, dark brownish black. Last of August. 

Pius IX. 

Foreign. Large, obovate, irregular pyriform ; yellow, slightly rus- 
seted; stem, short, curved, fleshy at junction; calyx, open; basin, shal- 
low; flesh, coarse ; "good." September, October. 

Platt's Seedling. 

Origin, on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown, Clin- 
ton County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, hardy and productive. Fruit, rather 
large; skin, yellow: a fruit of good quality, and perhaps maybe valuable 
for orchard culture, particularly at the North. October, November. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 405 

Pocahontas. 
'^ Origin, Quincy. Mass. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, medium, 
form variable, obovate pyriform, often turbinate; calyx, small, closed ; 
stem, short, inserted without depression ; color, lemon yellow, with traces 
of russet, and occasionally a bright vermilion cheek; flesh, white, melting, 
juicy and buttery : flavor, sweet, rich and musky. Ripe first to the mid- 
dle of October. (Wilder in Hort.) 

Poire d' Albert. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, pyramidal (elon- 
gated or obtuse-pyriform) ; skin, rough, clear dark cinnamon russet, bronzed 
on the sunny side ; stem, of medium length, stout, curved, swollen and 
fleshy at the base, obliquely inserted in a slight cavity, on the lower side ; 
eye, medium, partially open, and very slightly depressed, in a small, shal- 
low basin ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, buttery, melting and juicy ; flavor, 
vinous, very rich, and deliciously perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Poire des Deux Sceurs. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, long pyriform, pale 
green, with brown and black dots ; stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, 
fine, yellowish green, juicy, sugary. November. 

Poire Ramean. 
Begy de Vetrans. 
Large, obtuse pyriform, light yellow, gray dots, patches of russet ; calyx, 
half closed; basin, open; flesh, firm, tough, cooking; productive. 

Poire d'Abondance. 

D'Abondance. 
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with russet 
dots, red in sun ; flesh, melting, juicy ; "very good." October. 

Poire d'Avril. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, rough, rus- 
seted, and reddish in sun ; stem, fleshy at base ; calyx, closed ; flesh, green- 
ish white, crisp, juicy, cooking ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed. February 
to May. 

Poire de Tongres. 

Foreign. Tree, strong grower. Fruit, large, obovate, bronzed, brown- 
ish yellow, streaks of red in sun ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, agreeable, 
October. 

Pratt. 

American. Native of Pthode Island. Tree, vigorous, upright growth, 
productive on Pear. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yel- 
low, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; 
flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary; " variable." September. 

Prevost. 
Poire Prevost. 
Foreign. Fruit of medium size ; skin, thin, smooth, light green, passing 
to golden-yellow at maturity, deeply shaded with carmine in the sun ; 



406 THE PEAR. 

flesh, white, half melting, half buttery, sweet, and strongly perfumed. 
Ripens in December, but may be kept until April. (Al. Pom.) 

Prince Albert. 
Foreign. Tree, Tigorous, succeeds on Pear and Quince. Fruit, medium, 
pyriform ; skin, very thick and smooth ; color, yellowish, sometimes with 
a slightly sunny cheek ; stalk, an inch long ; eye, small, open, in a shal- 
low even cavity • flesh, yellowish white, fine, melting, sugary and rich. 
February, March. (Gard. Ch.) 

Princess Royal. 

Groom's Princess Eoyal. 

Foreign. Tree, hardy and vigorous ; not an early bearer. Fruit, 

medium, obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet ; stem, set in shallow 

cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; core, large ; tlesh, yellowish, rather 

coarse, melting, juicy- "good." January, February. 

PULSIFER. 

American. Native of Illinois. Tree, upright, vigorous ; shoots, dark 
olive ; early and productive bearer. Fruit, below medium, pyriform ob- 
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet : stem, short ; calyx, small, open ; 
flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Early August. 

Queen of the Low Countries. 

Eelne des Pays Bas. 
Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as yet 
to fruit it in ten years that we have had the variety. We condense our 
description from Downing. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull yel- 
low, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun • stem, one and a half inch long, 
curved; calyx, small; basin, deep; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, 
vinous, sub-acid. Early October. 

Rallay. 
We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this pear 
from Messrs. EUwanger and Barry. It is. we believe, an old variety, but 
we had never before seen it. Fruit, small to medium, globular acute 
pyriform: skin, rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole 
spots of russet ; stem, slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx, 
with crumpled segments ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, 
juicy, gritty at core ; "good." November, December. 

Rapalje. 
Kapalje Seedling. 
American. Fruit, medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform; 
stem, long ; calyx, in a slight hollow ; flesh, buttery ; variable quality. 
Early September. 

Ravenswood. 

Fruit, obtuse pyramidal, tending to obovate, small to medium in size, 
with a very short, thick stem ; ripening from the middle of July to middle 
of August; rich aromatic flavor, and great abundancce of vinous carbo- 
nated juice. It is a great bearer. It is a seedling found in the woods of 
Astoria, and planted on the grounds of Mr. Charles Ehrard. 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 407 

Reading. 
Large or above medium, pyriform, greenish yellow with numerous dots ; 
stem, medium, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ■. segments, erect ; basin, very 
shallow ; core, medium ; seed, dark brown; flesh, greenish white, juicy, 
sprightly, vinous; young shoots, slender, yellowish olive; '"good." 
January to May. 

Retour de Rome. 

Fruit, medium, oblate, very much depressed, obscurely pyriform, angular; 
skin, yellowish, blotched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots ; stalk, short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity ; 
calyx, partially closed, in a round, narrow basin ; flesh, whitish, coarse, 
granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent. 
September. 

Richards. 

Origin, Wilmington, Delaware. Fruit, rather large, obovate oblate pyri- 
form ; skin, yellow, with numerous small russet dots ; stalk, of medium 
length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depresion ; calyx, par- 
tially closed ; basin, very small ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, granulated, 
with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Ripens first of October. 

Ridelle's. 
Beurr6 Audusson, | Poire Eitelle. 
Tree, of moderate vigor, reddish brown shoots ; productive. Fruit, 
medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform ; skin, yellow, covered nearly 
all over with bright red ; stalk, short., fleshy at its insertion by a lip ; calyx, 
open, in a very shallow basin ; flesh, not very fine, rather juicy, not melt- 
ing or delicate in flavor. September. 

Roe's Bergamotte. 

Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, moderately vigorous, 
very productive. 

Fruit, medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped, somewhat angular and irre- 
gular ; skin, smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots in the shade, mottled 
and clouded with red on the sunny side ; stalk, short, inserted in a narrow, 
abrupt cavity ; calyx, small, with short, stilT segments, set in a narrow 
basin ; flesh, rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-per- 
fumed flavor ; core, large. The flavor of this excellent new pear is ex- 
tremely like Gansel's Bergamotte, but much more sugary. September. 
(Downing.) 

RONDELET. 

Foreign. Tree, upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding. 
Fruit, small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem, slender ; 
calyx, erect, long segments : core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic; nearly "best." October. 

Ropes. 
American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it ori- 
ginated at Salem, Mass. Fruit, small, oblong obovate, brownish russet, 
tinged with red in sun; stem, short, rather stout; calyx, small, open; 
core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, melting ; " good." October. 



408 



THE PEAK. 



ROSABIRNE. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyriform, angular, surface, un 
even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem, fleshy at base ; flesh, white, 
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid; "very good," may be "best." October'. 
(Wilder, in Hort.) 

PlOSS. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green and 
russet; stem, short; calyx, open; flesh, yellowish, rather gritty, sweet, 
juicy ; " good." January. 

ROUSSELET d'EsPERIN. 

Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish 
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet ; stem, long, stout, fleshy at base ; 
calyx, open ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, melting, sprightly ; " very 
good." October. Promises valuable. 

RoUSSELET VaNDERWECKEN. 

A pyramidal tree, of medium vigor, but very productive. Fruit, small, 
varying in form from Doyenne to Bergamotte ; skin, yellow at time of ma- 
turity; flesh, white, fine, melting; juice, abundant, sugary, and strongly 
aromatic, like that of the Puousselet ; fruit, quite of first quality, and ripe 
first of November. (An Pom.) 

Salisbury Seedling. 
A native of Western New York. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, depressed pyri- 
form ; skin, rough, somewhat covered with russet, and thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, inserted by a fleshy ring ; calyx, 
closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh, coarse, and of not much claim to 
excellence so far as proved. Ripe October. 

Selleck. 

The origin uncertain. Tree, 30 years old. Mr. Selleck, Columbus, Vt. 
Tree, healthy, productive ; leaves, small; a free, thrifty grower. Fruit, 
large, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, angular ribbed, fine yellow, and 
crimson cheek, russet dots ; stem, medium, curved, fleshy at insertion, where 
it is slightly russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small, uneven : flesh, 
juicy, melting, aromatic; core, small; "very good:" promises valuable 
for market. October. 

Sheppard. 

PLaised by James Sheppard of Dorchester, Mass. Tree, a free growei; 
and very productive. 

Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, sometimes pyramidal (greatly varying in 
form) ; skin, rough, yellow, sometimes with a brownish red cheek, slightly 
sprinkled with russet dots, and with some patches of russet ; stalk, short and 
stout, in a depression, often inclined, surrounded by russet ; calyx, partially 
closed, set in a very shallow, furrowed basin : flesh, whitish, coarse, and 
granular, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a vinous, perfumed, banana fla- 
vor. Pbipens last of Seuteraber, and first of October. (Downing, j 

Shurtleff. 
Sliurtleff's Seedling. 
American. Native of Boston. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, 
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



409 



russet specks, dark red cheek in sun ; stem, rather long, swollen at base , 
calyx, large, open ] core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty 
at core. Septemher. 

SiGNORET. 

Sagaret. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, 
russet specks ; calyx, open : flesh, coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No 
vember. 

SOUVERAINE DE PrINTEMPS. 

Poire de Piintemps, 

Fruit, medium, obscurely pyriform ; yellow, sprinkled with russet ; stalk, 
short, inserted in a depression ; calyx, closed ; basin, irregular ; flesh, 
white, juicy, melting, coarse 
and granular, somewhat as- 
tringent. March. 

// // 

St. Ghislain. 

St. Galen. 

Foreign. Tree, upright, vig- 
orous growth; young shoots, 
light brown; requires warm 
rich soil, otherwise a little in- 
sipid. 

Fruit, below medium ; gene- 
rally pyriform, but varying ; 
color, pale yellow, or yellow- 
ish green, with dots of green 
underneath, and marblings of 
russet on surface; stem, gene- 
rally curved ; calyx, open ; 
basin, shallow ; core, small ; 
seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, 
white, buttery, juicy, and 
sprightly. September. 




St. Dorothee. 
Eoyale, 1 Nouvelle. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, acute pyriform ; skin, rough, 
dull green, faintly browned in the sun; stalk, long and curved, in a very 
shallow cavity ; calyx, partially closed, moderately sunk in a rather 
contracted basin ; flesh, white, fine, very melting and juicy ; flavor, rich, 
saccharine and vinous, with an orange-like perfume. October. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

18 



4:10 THE PEAR. 

St. Herblain d'Hivre. 
Foi'eign. New : poor grower. Fruit, below medium, smooth, green, 
sprinkled with small brown dots: stem, short • flesh, white, juicy, sugary. 
December to March. 

St. Jean Baptiste. 
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruity 
medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ; 
stem, short, curved, swollen at base • flesh, white, melting, buttery, vinous , 
calyx, half open. October and November. 

St. Menin. 
Poire St. Menin. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, greenish, nearly covered with pale rus- 
set; fleshj melting, sweet; "good."' August. 

St. Mesmin. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, yellowish green; stem, without 
depression ; calyx, half open ; flesh, juicy ; " good," perhaps may be " very 
good." October. 

St. Michael Archange. 

Plombgastel, I Plumbgartel, I Jergils? 
Dusnas, | Plougastel, | 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, above 
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet 
specks ; stem, stout ; calyx, large, open, segments reflexed ; core, large ; 
flesh, white, half-melting, juicy; "good," or perhaps "very good." Sep- 
tember, October. 

Sterling. 
De Mott. 

American. Native of Western New York. Tree, thrifty, upright 
growth, early bearer. Fruit, large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded 
with red in sun, russet at base of stem : stem, long ; calyx, open ; core, 
large; flesh, white, coarse, half melting, juicy ; "very good." Early Sep- 
tember. Long known as De Motte in Michigan. 

St. Vincent de Paul. 
Foreign. Fruit, small, like Martin Lee ; skin, russet ; flesh, sugary, 
half melting, ripening in January. (Leroy's Cat.) 

Styre. 
Origin unknown. Fruit, medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow, 
with russet dots and tracings; stem, varying: cavity, shallow: calyx, im- 
perfect ; basin, narrow, abrupt, deep ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish 
white, a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed; "best." Sep- 
tember. 

Summer Franc Real. 

Franc Et'al (VEt^, I Gros Micet d'Ete, 
Mouillo Bouche, | Pondante. 

Foreign. Tree, thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than "' good " on 
pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate 
obtuse pyrifoi-m, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 411 

green dots; stem, short, thick; calyx, medium, long segments, furrowed 
basin, large core ; flesh, white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. Sep- 
tember. 

SUPREMK De QuIMPF.R. 

Foreign. Tree, strong, erect grower ; wood, brownish-olive. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, red in sun, and russet specks ; stem, 
short, stout; calyx, medium, partly open, segments, short j flesh, yellowish 
white, coarse, sugary, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, pale brown. Au- 
gust. 

SUZETTE DE BaVAY. 

Suzette de Bavay (Esperen). 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit, medium, 
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh, melting, juicy; "very 
good.*' February and March. 

Taylor Pear. 

Merriweatlier. 

Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweatlier, near Charlotteville, Albe- 
marle Co., Va. Tree, vigorous, young wood olive, productive. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, oblate; skin, light green, mottled with dark 
green ; stalk, rather long, fleshy at its termination, in a very slight de- 
pression ; calyx, very small, set in a wide, superficial basin ; flesh, fine 
texture, buttery ; flavor, vinous, with a delicate vanilla aroma ; quality, 
"very good." November to February. (Dr. W. D. B.) 

Tea. 

American. Native of New Haven Co., Conn. Fruit, below medium, 
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx, with short open seg- 
ments, even with surface ; core, small ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy : 
" very good," nearly " best." Last September. 

Theodore Van Mons. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ; 
stem, long, little or no depression ; calyx, large, open, broad segments ; 
flesh, whitish, melting; "very good " on Quince. November. 

Thorp. 

Prindle. 
Above medium, obovate truncated, oblique, yellow, dull reddish cheek, 
brown dots ; stem, medium, inserted in an abrupt, acute cavity ; calyx, 
small, closed; basin, shallow, russeted ; flesh, white, coarse; core, small; 
" good." November. 

Thuerlinck. 

A very large, showy fruit, whose quality does not equal its beauty, and 
whose great weight of fruit causes it to fall from the tree with so little 
wind, that it is not profitable for garden or orchard. (Al. Pom.) 

Totten's Seedling. 
Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree, vigorous. 
Fruit, medium or below, turbinate pyriform ; skin, pale yellow, slightly 
sprinkled with russet, and shaded with dull crimson ; stalk, long, and 



412 THE PEAE. 

fleshy at its insertion, by a lip : calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whit- 
ish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous, perfumed flavor. Ripens 
last of September, and first of October. (Downing.) 

Triomphe de Jodoigne. 

Foreign. Tree, very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. Fruit, 
large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish with traces and 
faint spots of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sub-acid- "good." November. 
Unsuccessful on Quince. 

Tyler. 

Fruit, small, turbinate, remotely pyriform; skin, yellow, covered with 
russet dots ; stalk, long and slender, in a moderate cavity, surrounded by 
russet ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow and uneven : flesh, white, coarse, 
granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk and vinous. October. 

Upper Crust. 

American. Native of South Carolina. Tree, healthy, moderate grower ; 
branches, slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit, size and shape of 
Dearborn Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh, but- 
tery, melting; "very good," if not "best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in 
Hort.) 

UWCHLAN. 
Dowlin, I Eound Top. 

From Chester, Pa. Above medium, obovate, somewhat compressed ; 
skin, cinnamon russet, patches and dots of fair yellow; stem, medium, slight 
depression at base ; calyx, above medium ; segments, half reflexed ; core, 
medium : flesh, fine, buttery, saccharine. August^ September. Young 
wood yellowish brown, old wood grayish. 

Vezouziere. 

Foreign. Tree, vigorous, succeeds on Quince. Fruit, medium, roundish 
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; 
calyx, medium, open ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, 
rather coarse, juicy, sweet; "very good." November. 

ViCOMPTE de SpOELBERCH. 
Despoilberg, | Bezi de Spoelberch, | Vicompte de Spoelberg. 

Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown, 
with whitish gray specks. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale 
yellow when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks ; 
stem, long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx, medium ; segments, short, erect ; 
core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary ; 
" best." December. 

Walker. 

Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea- 
green ; stem, curved, fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; long segments ; basin, 
shallow ; flesh, coarse, crisp, juicy ; " very good." September. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 



413 



Van Mon's Leon Le Clerc. 
Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne do Boulogne, 



Celestin. 




Foreign. Distinct from '-'Leon Le Clerc of Van Mons." A variety on 
the Quince, bearing early, but not surely. In growth the tree is mode- 
rately vigorous, nearly upright, yellowish olive wood with round grayish 
spots. 

Fruit, very large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, golden at 
maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, some dark green 
dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium length and size, curved ; 
calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed segments; basin, medium; core, medium, 



4:U 



THE PEAK. 



long ovate capsules ; seeds, long, ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yel- 
low^ish white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. October and 
November. 

Wharton's Early. 




Originated from seed sown by Silas Wharton, a pioneer in fruit culture, 
in Ohio. First grafts were distributed by A. H. Ernst, Esq. Tree, a vigor- 
ous, strong grower ; wood, yellowish brown ; large foliage. Fruit, above 
medium, obfong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots, 
suffused at base with a sea-green, occasionally a russet trace; stem, long, 
slender; cavity, slight; calyx, open; segments, short, rounded: core, 
medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet : " best."' Middle 
to last August. It deserves extensive cultivation. 

Wendell. 
A seedling of Van Mons, named in honor of Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, 
N. Y. Tree, vigorous, upright. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 4:15 

Fruit, of medium size, pale yellow, with tracings and sometimes large 
patches of russet, often with a bright red cheek next the sun ; flesh, melt- 
ing and juicy; " good," but not high flavored. Middle of August to middle 
of September. (Robert Manning.) 

Westcott. 

American. Native of Cranston, R.l. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, 
pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet ; stem, slender, 
fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open ; basin, plaited ; flesh, white, juicy, coarse, 
melting, sugary ; •■good." September. 

WiEDOW. 
Wredow. 
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish. Fruit, medium, 
oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yellow ; stem, medium, obliquely 
planted with lip one side ; calyx, small : flesh, white, juicy, vinous, per- 
fumed ; " very good." October. 

Wilbur. 

American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, a moderate grower, with 
reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit, medium, oval obovate, 
dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem, medium ; calyx, open ; core, 
large : flesh, whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy ; " good." 
September. 

William's Early. 

American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree, moderate grower, reddish 
brown wood. Fruit, below mediiim, ovate obovate, light yellow, red cheek, 
little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem, medium, a 
little fleshy at base ; calyx, large, open : core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, 
coarse, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September. 

Williamson. 

American. From the South side of Long Island. Fruit, medium, obo- 
vate I'ounded. obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and rus- 
set at stem and crown ; stem, short, stout, narrow irregular cavity ; calyx, 
none ; basin, deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds, small, flattened ; flesh, yel- 
lowish white, fine grained, juicy, sugary, vinous ; '• very good," if not 
" best." October. 

WiLLERMOZ. 

Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform : stem, short ; calyx, open ; skin, smooth, 
pale green, yellowish, tinged with red in sun ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, 
sugary, musky. October, November. 

Wilkinson. 

American. From Cumberland, R. I. Tree, thrifty, hardy, productive ; 
" good " in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit, medium, oval obovate, 
yellow, with brown dots and specks ; stem, rather long and stout ; calyx, 
small, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. October to December. 



416 THE PEAE. 



Wilmington. 



A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle. of Philadelphia. 
Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, somewhat compressed at the sides, some- 
times roundish obovate ; skin, cinnamon russet, with patches of greenish 
yellow on the shaded side, and sometimes faint traces of carmine on the 
part exposed to the sun, with occasionally a number of black dots encircled 
by a carmine margin ; stem, somewhat variable in length, obliquely inserted 
in a small cavity, sometimes without depression • calyx, medium, with short, 
erect, segments, set in a rather large, sometimes slightly furrowed basin ; 
flesh, fine, melting and buttery ; flavor, rich and saccharine, with the deli- 
cious aroma of the Passe Colmar ; ''best." September. (W. D. B.) 

WiNSHIP 
WinsHp's Seedling. 

American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree, vigorous, wood yellowish, 
early and productive bearer. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow, 
traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem, long, slender, curved ; calyx, closed ; 
core, large; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary; "good.-' August. 

Winter Seckel. 

Origin, near Fredericksburg. Va. Introduced by H. Ft. Roby. Fruit, 
medium, regularly formed, obovate ; skin, dull yellowish brown, somewhat 
russeted, with a red cheek ; stalk, long, slender, curved ; flesh, white, fine- 
grained, buttery, very juicy, melting, with a very rich, sweet, aromatic fla- 
vor. February. 

Woodstock. 

Origin, Woodstock, Vt. Medium, irregularly ovate obovate ; yellow, 
•with brown dots; stem, long, straight, abrupt cavity; calyx, closed j basin, 
broad, open ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet, perfumed ; core, small ; " good." 
September. 

Zephekink Gregoire. 

Foreign. Fruit, globular, acute pyriform ; stem, fleshy ; color, dull green, 
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek : flesh, very melting, tender, 
juicy; "very good." November. 

Zephirin Louis Gregoire. 

Foreign. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive. Fruit, of medium size, 
turbinate ; skin, yellow, with a crimson cheek, and slightly russeted about 
the stalk, which is short and thick, inserted in a small cavity ; eye, small; 
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, melting, very juicy, and delicately perfumed. 
December. (Al, Pom.) 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 



417 



CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. 



Admikal. 
Amiral, | Colmar Charnay. 
Foreign. Large, roundisli pyrifurm, greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, juicy. October. 

Amande Double. 
Amanda's Double. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. 

Ambkette. 



Tiltou, 
Ambre Oris, 



Ambrette d'Hiver, 
Belle Gabriel, 



Trompe Valet. 



Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russetcd. November, January. This is classed 
Dy some as identical with Echassery ; we think them different. 

Ambkosia. 
Early Beurre. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August. 

Angleteeee. 
English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; ilesh, white. September. 

Angleteeee Noisette. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. Sejjtember. 

Aston Town. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 

Autumn Beegamot. 

English Bergamot, | York Bergamot, | English Autumn Bergamot. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French Autumn Berga- 
motte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless. 

Autumn Colmar. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October. 

Belmont. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October. 

Belle et Bonne. 

Gracieuse. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 

Bergamot, Easter. 



Bergamot de Paques, 
Bergamot d'lliver, 
Bergamot de Bugi, 



Bergamot de Toulouse, 
Winter Bergamot, 
Paddington, 



Royal Tairling, 
Terling, 
Eobert's Keeping. 



Foreign. Meaium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February, May. 

Bergamot D'IIollande. 

Holland Bergamot, 1 Bergamot dAlencon, I Amoselle, 

Beurre d'Alencon, | Bergamotte de Fougere, | Lord Cheeney's. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever. 

Bergamot Paetiienat. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, gi-eenish yellow. December, January. 

18* 



418 THE PEAE. 

Beegamot BotrssiEEE. 
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January. 

Beuree Bkonzee. 
Foi'eign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December. 

Beurke Duval. 
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 

Beueke Seutin. 
Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 

Beitkee Knox. 
Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September. 

Beueee Colmae. 
Beurre Colmar d'Automne. 
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October. 

Betjeee Eomain. 
Gros Komain. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October. 

BeUEEE DB BOLLWILLEE. 

Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter. 

Beuere Kenkick. 
No. 1599 of Van Mons. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Belle dk Beuxelles. 

Belle of Brussels, | Belle d'Aout. 

Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, greenish dots, tinge of red 
m sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August. 

Bezi d'ITeel 
Bezi Koyal. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 

Bezi Blanc. 
Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, August. 

Bon Chretien, Spanish. 
Bon Chretien dT^spagne, | Spina. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 

Bon Chretien, Flemish. 
Bon Chretien Turc. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March. 

Bishop's Thumb. 
Beurre Adam. 
Foreign. Large, oblong irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet. October. 

Buegomastek. 
Burgermeister. 
Foreign. Medium, long, pyriform, yellowish green. December. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 4:19 

BOTTCQUIA. 

Beurre Boucquia. 
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. October. 

BuRLINGnAJIE. 

Burlingame. 
American. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish, yellow. September. 

BUKNETT. 

American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October. 

Bkoome Pake. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown. December. 

BKOIJGnAM. 

Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; flesh 
yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary ; " very good." November. 

Cabot. 
American. Medium, oval roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September. 

Oalebasse. 
Calebasse Double Extra, | Calebasse d'Hollande. 
■ Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September. 

Calebasse Grosse. 
Monstrous Calabash. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October. 

Calebasse Delvinge. 
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyrifom, pale yellow. October, November. 

Capucin. 
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October. 

Catillac. 
Cadillac, | Grand Monarque, | Groote Mogul. 
Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March 

Chapman. 
American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October. 

Cdakles op Austria. 
Charles d'Autriche. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russcted. October. 

Citron op Bohemia. 
Great Citron of Bohemia. 
Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red check. October. 

Clinton. 
No. 1238, Van Mons. 
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November. 

Clara. 
Claiie. 
Foreign, Medium, o'rcA prrifurm, yellow, cvith ic-d. October. 



4:20 THE PEAR. 

Chblmsfoed. 
Stone. 
American. Large, pyriforrn, yellow, red cheek. September. 

COLMAB. 

Colmar Dora, 1 D'Aucli, 

Incomparable, | De Maune. 

Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriforrn, yellowish. December. 

COLMAE D'AkEMBEKG. 

Foreign. Large, obovate pyriforrn, yellow, with russet. October, November. 

COI.JIAE DE MeESTEB. 

Foreign. Large, pyriforrn, greenish yellow. October. 

COMPKETTE. 

Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 

Commodore. 
Van Mons, No. 1218. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow with red. October, November. 

COMSTOOK. 

Comstock Wilding. 
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek. November, Jamiary. 

COPEA. 

American. Large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow. September, October. 

Ckasanne. 
Bergamot Crasanne, | Cresane, | Beurre Plat. 
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October. 

Ceawfokd. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August. 

Ceoft Castle. 
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October. 

CrVELIEE. 

Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November. 

CUMBEKLAND. 

American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, October. 

D'Amour. 
Ah 1 Mon Dieu, | Mon Dieu. 
Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November. 

Deaeboen. 
Foreign. Largo, pyriform, russeted. November, December. 

De Deux Foix Lane. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Last August. 

Doyenne d'Hivee. 
Coffin's Virgalieu. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November, 

DOWNTON. 

Foreign. Mediuro, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January. 



SUPEKSEDED BY BETrEK SORTS. 421 

DOKB. 

American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August. 

DlTMOKTIEK. 

Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October. 

DUQUESNB d'EtE. 

Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September. 

Eaelt Bekgamot. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish flattened, yellowish green. August. 

Eaelt Cathekine. 

Eoussellet Ilatif, 1 Poire de Chypre, 1 Kattern, 

Early Eoussellet, Perdrue, Green Catherine. 

Cyprus Pear, j | 

Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July. 

Eaklt Denzelonia. 

American. Fruit, small, roundish flattened, yellow russet. August. Much resembles Ful- 
ton outwardly. 

Emeeald. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green and brown. December. 

Enfakt Peodige. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull yellow. October. 

Famenga. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. 

Fine Gold of SrMiiEB. 
Fin Or d'Ete.l 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August. 

FOETUNEE. 

Episcopal, I La Fortunee de Paris, 

La Fortunee de Parmentier, | Beurr6 Foi'tunee. 

Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February. 

FOEIIE DE DeLICES. 

Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October. 

Fostee's St. Michael. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October. 

Feanc Eeal D'IIiyee. 
Franc Eeal, [ Fin Or d'Hiver. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February. 



Chaumontel d'Ete, 
Bellissime d'Ete, 
Supreme, 

Bellissime Supreme, 
Bellissime Jargonelle, 



French Jaegonelle. 

Termilion d'Ete, 
Poire des Princes, 
Bed Muscadel, 
Sabine d'Ete, 



Summer Beauty, 
English Bed Cheek, 
Bed Cheek, 
Eidal. 



Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August. 

Gendesheim. 
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November. 



422 THE PEAR. 

GiLOGIL. 

Gile-o-gUe, 1 Garde d'Ecosse, 

Poire ci Gobert, | Jilogil. 

Foreign. Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February. 

Green Ciiisel. 
Sugar. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August, 

Gbeen Peak of Yaib. 
Green Tair. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September. 

Gkebn Sugak. 
Prince's Green Sugar. 
American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, September. 

Geise Bokne. 
Small, pyriform, greeu. Middle August. 

Hampden's Beegamot. 

Bergamot d'Angleterre, I EUanrioch, I Bergamot d'Ete. 

Fingals, | Summer Bergamot, | 

Foreign. Largo, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a Summer Berga- 
mot, small, roundish, yellowish green; and a lar^ge Summer Bergamot, all equally worthless. 
Kipens 1st of August. 

Haerison's Fall. 

Eushmore Bon Chretien. 

Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October. 

Hessel. 
Hazel. 
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September. 

Huguenot. 
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. 

Jalousie. 
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September. 

Leon Le Cleec. 
Leon Le Clerc de Lav.il. 
Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February. 

Little Muscat. 

Little Musk, I Petit Muscat, 
Primitive, | Muscat Petit. 

Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July. 

Louise Doxni!;. 
Louise Bonne Real, | St. Germain Blanc, 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. Decembei*. 

Maeulis. 
Marcellis. 
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER, SOETS. 423 

Madotte. 
Amadotte. 
Foreign. Large, pyriforru, yellow. October. 

Messike Jean. 

Monsieur Jean, I Messire Jean Blanc, 1 Mr. John, 

Messire Jean Gris, | Messire Jean Dore, | John. 

Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December. 

Marie Louise Nova. 
J^reign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September. 

MicHAirx. 
Compte de Michaux. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October. 

MooK Fowl Egg. 
Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg. 

Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October. 

Muscat Kobekt. 

Poire a la Eeine, I St. Jean Musquee Gros, I Early Queen, 
D'Ambre, | Musk Kobine, | Queen's Pear. 

Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July. 

Natjmkeag. 
American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October. 

Oliver's Eusset. 
American. Small, obovate roundish, yellow, red russet. October. 

Owen. 
American. Medium, roundish ov.al, dark green. November. (Cole.) 

Pailleau. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Pitt's Prolific. 
Pitt's Marie Louise, | Pitt's Surpasse Marie. 
Foreign. ' Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow, and brownish red. September. 

Pope's Quaker. 
American. Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October. 

Pope's Scarlet Major. 
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August. 

Princess of Orange. 
Princesse d'Orange, | Princesse Couquette. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, reddish russet. October, November. 

Queen Caroline. 
Eeine Caroline. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November. 

Queen of Pears. 
Eeine des Poires. 
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October. 

QUITTELLETTE. 

Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November. 



424 



THE PEAE. 



Eaymond. 
American. Medium, obovate yellow, red in sun. October. 

EOL'SSELET. 

Large Eousselet, | Gros Eousselet. 
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August. 

Eousselet de Meestek. 
Ferdinand de Meester. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. 

Eousselet op Eheims. 

Eousselet, I Spice, or Musk Pear, 

Petit Eousselet, | Late Catherine. 

Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September, 

Stykiax. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October. 

Sugar Top. 
July Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top, | Harvest. 
Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July. 

SUOEEE de HoTEE8"WEKDA. 

Sugar of Hoyersworda. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August. 

Summee Bon Chketien-. 

Bon Chretien d'Ete, 1 Eichard's Beurr(*, 

Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Bon Chretien. 

Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September. 

Summer Eose. 

Epine Eose, I Caillot Eosat, I Epine d'Ete Couleur Eose, 

Poire de Eose, | Caillot Eosat d'Ete, | Thorny Eose. 

Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August. 

Summer Thorn. 
Epine d'Ete, | Fondante Musquee, | Satin Vest. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Summer St. Germain. 
Short's St. Germain, | St. Germain de Martin, | St. Germain d'Ete. 
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September. 

Sullivan. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 

Swan's Egg. 
New Swan's Egg. 
Fruit, below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October. 

Swiss Bergamot. 
Bergamot Suisse. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow and red. October. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 425 

Stltange. 
Bergamot Sylvange, | Green Sylvange. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October. 

Takqttin. 
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February. 

Van Btjeen. 
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. 

Vallee Fkanche. 
De Vallee, ] De Keingheim. 
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowisb green. August. 

ViReOULETJSE. 

Poire Glace, | Cbambrette, | Bujaleuf. 
Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gi'ay dots. November, January. 

Whitfield. 
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October. 

William. (Edwards'.) 
American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September. 

Windsor. 
Summer Belle, | Konge. 
Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September. 

Winter Orange. 
Orange d'Hiver. 
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January. 

WXTEZUR. 

Wurzur d' Autumn. 
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November. 

Tat. 

Yutte. 
Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September. 

ZoAR Flat. 
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October. 



THE PLUM. 

Primus domestica, L. Rosacece of Botanists. 

The Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections 
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is 
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production in 
our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests the 
adaptedness of both soil and climate. 

Propagation. — By Seed. The gathering, pi-eserving, and planting 
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches, 
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for 
producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be 
taken ; avoiding, except when Avanted for forming dwarf trees, those 
of slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red 
or yellow {P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but it 
should always be worked just at or rather below the collar. Seed- 
lings from it often answer to work the same season, and we have 
seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The 
Chickasaw (P. Chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native. 
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ; 
no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them- 
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the 
preserving of separate or combined characters. 

By Budding. The plum is generally and best propagated in its 
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of 
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially 
selected for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple 
Favorite, &c., &c. 

By Grafting. Where budding can be done, we should prefer 
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery- 
men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the 
stocks, if left to another budding season, would become too large. 
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting 
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March, 
drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud out. 
Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the ground, 
and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &;c., should only 
be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes practiced, and as 
successfully, if free-growing kinds only aie used, as in the apple ; it 
is also done in same way : we cannot recommend it. 

426 



PRUNING. 427 

Transplanting and Distance Apart. The plum tree is perfectly 
hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the Fall, say Octo- 
ber. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a round 
regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out. The 
roots, with exception of tap-roots, should only have the ends trimmed 
smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart depends 
very much on the variety ; such sorts as Green Gage, Cloth of 
Gold, &c., requiring only to be about fifteen feet apart, while the 
Imperial Gage, Washington, &c., would be better at twenty feet. 

Soil and Situation. The soil generally recommended for success 
ful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ; this, 
by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to bake 
and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; Ave have been unable 
to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in varied 
soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of trees. 
That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a tree is 
planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting of 
both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn 
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more successful 
either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than he 
who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and sup- 
plies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant 
to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to 
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both 
in nursery and orchard, equally vi^ell on sandy as on clay soil : the 
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July 
and August, black warts, &c., &c., are equally injurious in one as the 
otlier location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils, 
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro- 
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in 
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils from strong clay, through all 
intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in 
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the 
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most 
convenient. 

Pruning. The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed 
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back, 
each Summer or Spring, such shoots as are becoming too vigorous and 
likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out weakly- 
growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with branches 
formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In order to 
have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin with ; 
the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet from 
ground, then shortened back one-half the next year. After which, 



428 THE PLUM. 

if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will need no 
farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of the 
strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning, 
(i, e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the 
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp 
spade, cut off all the roots), and at the same time shorten back the 
year's growth one-half. This is best done in August. This mode is 
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South- 
ern States. 

Cultivation. Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when 
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of 
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of curculio. 
Trees planted where swine have run among them are generally 
healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring of ground 
by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excrements, is 
yet a question undecided. 

Manures. The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this 
is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant 
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly 
beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the 
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of 
half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the Spring, 
may be I'egarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this 
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in the 
soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be 
found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in bear- 
ing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and smaller 
ones less. Brewer's grains are also valuable as a manure, when 
they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of ani- 
mal manures. 

Diseases, The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease 
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it 
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed— by some 
to insects {inemhracis bubaliti), (see Harris's Treatise on Insects); 
by some to inherent cause from its parent ; by some to temperature 
and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the tree ; and by 
others to a diseased state of sap. After noting that it first appears 
in a neighborhood on trees grown from suckers, or propagated on 
suckers or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined to a support of the last- 
named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather high state of cultivation, 
and grown or worked on good, healthy seedlings, are rarely subject 
to it. And a tree diseased by inoculation may be recovered by 
appliance of abundant food at the roots, cutting away the apparent 



INSECTS INJUEIOUS. 429 

knots, and washing the wounds either with salt or copperas-water. 
The latter is best. And if, also, the whole tree be watered with a 
solution of one ounce of copperas to two gallons of water, the knots 
will disappear. 

Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the 
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some 
specific ingredient in the soil We have cured it by dressing with 
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When 
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the 
foliage drop. 

Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the 
sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to 
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like 
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been 
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to the 
belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the supplies of 
the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have come 
under our notice, on which only a moderate quantity of fruit was per- 
mitted to mature have apparently been free, while those overloaded, 
and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with food, have 
decayed. 

Our friend. Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science, have, 
however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus. 

Insects Injurious. The ^geria, which is noted under head of 
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that 
head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil {Rhynchmnus 
Nenuphar), is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have 
caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with 
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although 
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect 
the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few 
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often- 
times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly desccribed in " Har- 
ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative 
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con- 
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural 
size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish 
brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, ^^^ 
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembhng a ripe hemp- 
seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting, with 
which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent-shaped 
mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of June, 
the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark will 




430 THE PLUM. 

then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much larger 
than a pea; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made 
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in 
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found 
very near the stem. These last marks in July are not 
often found, as they are produced only from a few insects 
which have escaped late from the larva state, or, as 
some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in the 
earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs de- 
posited the same season. 
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon 
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit, 
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground. 
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured, 
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions 
drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hai'd when the egg is 
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some- 
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm 
within. 

The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the 
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following Spring, when 
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and 
perpetuate its race. 

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea- 
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying upon his 
back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their movements. 
If the least motion or noise is made, they remain inactive. The 
insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or to the same 
orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are 
soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances they must travel 
considerable distances. Indeed, they have been known to be wafted 
on the wind for a mile or more, the windward side of orchards being 
most infested, immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted 
plum neighborhood. In the cool of the morning they are nearly 
torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl but slowly ; hence, at this 
time of the day they are most easily destroyed. 

The plum alone is, however, not the -only fruit subject to attack 
from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectaz'ine and cherry, all 
suffer; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the 
oak, wild plum,' and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the 
same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are 
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the insect 
leads it to the fruit again. 

The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of 
the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount. 
Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ; 



USES. 431 

trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when 
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods 
distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc., 
ect., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific; and he who 
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not. 
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old 
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door ; and the one as 
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching it 
to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful 
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under- 
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by 
the larvEe of the insect; hence the value of plantations made where 
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing 
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of 
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling 
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum 
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed Avet are less subject; but 
here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where 
there is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole 
of about ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one 
end, passing from tree to tree, and scattering dirt freely, will well 
repay the cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; Avhile, for small gardens, 
the plan first introduced, moi'e than twenty years since, by one of 
the most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of 
New York, is the best. Ii is, in first preparing a short pole, having 
at one end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India 
rubber ; place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the 
morning, (having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, 
the diameter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy 
mallet : the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may 
easily be gathered and destroyed. 

Uxes. The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the 
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts, 
conserves, and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the 
plum in the lowest state of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the 
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a 
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked, 
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com- 
merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or 
dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no 
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be 
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely 
built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted 
to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise (German), 
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a 



432 



THE PLUM. 



small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of 
those engaged in drying fruit : 

" Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article of 
commerce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud- 
denly cooled, when drawn from the oven. 

" The country people in this part of Germany prepare their 
prunes by putting them into their bread ovens. I have put up, for 
my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which, 
after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ; 

and for the construction of 
which I give the annexed draw- 
ing and explanatory description : 
" The vault or exterior of the 
oven, four and a half feet long, 
is surrounded by a brick wall 
one foot thick, so that the whole 
stove, ah c d (see figs. 1 and 2), 
is exactly six feet every way; 
the front wall, w, being only half 
a foot in thickness. At the top, 
the vault is arched over with 
six inches of brick-work at the 
crown of the arch. The flues, 
i i, are about fourteen inches 
square. The hurdles or trays, 
m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed upon two 
bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers, so as to ad- 
mit of their being pushed in and 
drawn out with greater ease. 
These lines of trays are placed at 
a distance of six inches from the 
furnace, so as to keep the fruit 
from too great a heat ; they may 
be made entirely of wood, but it 
will be better if the bottoms are 
of open work, like shelves. Their 
weight is such that they may be 
easily managed by a woman ; 
but in preparing prunes on a 
large scale, let them be made of 
greater length and breadth, so as 
to just come within the strength 





Fisr. 2. 



of a more robust person. 



" The wooden frame, h It, is that on which tlie two doors are hung. 
The door, g, which covers the arch (and which is represented in the 
cut as open and fastened up), shuts up the front of the upper part 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 433 

of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round 
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, h is an iron damper 
or slide, to be placed in the flue at 1 1, in order to regulate the heat. 

"A thousand fully ripe quctsches (prune plums) make about ten 
pounds of dried prunes. 

" Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole of deprived 
of their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled pru- 
nelles." 

Characters and Classification. The characters of the plums are 
represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its juiciness 
and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of no mean- 
ing as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of routed form, very deli- 
cate, and of a rich, sugary, juicy high flavor. The prunes are known 
as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh. The cha- 
racter of size is one of which Washington may be taken as large, 
Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small ; while the wood 
being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line 
on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches, 
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification 
by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue, 
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each dis- 
tinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere in 
our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good. 

VARIETIES. 

These are far too numerous for any practical use ; and while we 
may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that the uses and 
wants of the community will be best supplied in this fruit by a few 
really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out in our 
text descriptive. 

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

Autumn Gace. 
Eoe's Autumn Gage. 

American. Productive: branches, .smootli. Fr wif, medium, oval, broad- 
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom ; fleshy greeni.'^h yellow, juicy, 
sweet, separates freely from stone, long, compressed, and pointed at both 
ends J stalk, three-fourths inch long. September 15th. 

Bleecker's Gage. 
German Gage. 
Raised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker. The 
tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. Branches. 
downy; leaves, dark green. Fruit, medium size, roundish oval, very regu- 
lar J suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous imbedded white specks, 
19 



434: THE PLUM. ; 

and a thin white hloom : flesh, yellow, rich, sweet and luscious flavor, 

separating freely from the stone, which is pointed ; stalk, an inch or more 

long, downy, inserted in a slight cavity. Last of August here ; in Georgia. 

first of July. Distinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk 

and later maturity. 

Blue Imperatrice. 

Imperatricc, I Iniperatrice Violette, 

Vtritable Imperatrice, | Violette. 

Foreign. A fine variety. The true Blue Imperatrice must not be con- 
founded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice of some Eastern growers. 
(See Semiana) Branches, smooth, long, slender. Fruit, medium, obovate, 
tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue, thick : flesh, greenish yellow, 
rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres to the stone. Last Sep- 
tember. 

Bradshaw. 
Large Black Imperial. 
^rancAes, nearly smooth : strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish oval, 
dark violet red, juicy ; " very good ; " productive ; may prove one of most 
valuable. August. 

Coe's Golden Drop. 

Bury Seedlinjr, I New Golden Drop, I Golden Gage, 
Coe's Imperi.il, | Fair's Golden Drop, | Waterloo, of some. 

This is an English variety. Tree, only moderately productive; and al- 
though we should always plant, yet it does not always mature perfectly 
north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval : suture, well 
marked, one side enlarged; sJcin, light yellow, much dotted or mottled with 
red on side exposed to sun : flesh, adhering to the stone, yellowish, firm, 
rather coarse-grained, but rich and sweet ; stalk, three-fourths to an inch 
long, rather stiff. Last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown 
under this name at the West. 

Denniston's Superb. 

A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Dcnniston. Albany, N. 
Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of ripening, more 
than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy. Fruit, medimu. ov 
rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture, distinct ; skin, pale yel- 
lowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and mottled or clouded with purple : 
flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich vinous flavor ; stone, small, roundish, 
from which the flesh parts freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a 
cavity of moderate depth, loth to 20th August. 

Drap d'Or. 
Mirabelle Double, | Mirabelle Grosse, | Yellow Perdrigon. 

Foreign. Productive. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, below medium, 
round ; .';uture, indistinct ; skin, bright yellow, crimson specks in sun : flesh, 
yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August. 

Duane's Purple. 

Duane's Purple French, | Englisli Pond's Seedling. 

Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit, large, oblong oval, one side enlarged, 

reddish purple in sun, pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac 

bloom; flesh, amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone; 

stalk, tiiree-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 4:35 

Early Orleans. 

"Wilmot's Early Orleans, I New Orleans, | Hampton Court, 

New Early Orleans, | Grlmwood's Early Orleans, | Monsieur Hatif. 

An English variety, which on accounts of its quality and early maturity 

must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches, downy. Fruit, 

medium, round oval; suture, shallow; skin, dark reddish purple; flesh, 

yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separating freely from the stone ; 

stem, usually about half-inch long, but varying. First August. 

Fellenberg. 
Italian Prune, | Prune Suisse. 
Foreign. Branches, grayish, smooth ; moderate grower ; very produc- 
tive. Fruit, ovate rounded, dark purplish, not juicy ; free-stone ; large ; 
"very good." Valuable for drying. Last September. 

G'REEN Gage. 



Ida Green Gage, 

"Waterloo, 

King of Plums, 

"VVilmot's Late Green Gage, 

Schuyler Gago. 



Kensselaer Gage, 
Isleworth Green Gage, 
Wilmot's Green Gage. 

■ New Green Gage, 



Bruyn Gage, 
Bradford Gage, 
Reine Claude, 
Grosse Eeine Claude, 
Grosse Eeine. 



Brugnon Gage, 

" During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage, ob- 
tained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near Paris. 
Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its name, was 
called by the gardener the Green Gage.'' There are very few trees in 
bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial Gage having been of- 
ten sold as Green Gage. The true variety is rearli y known by its short- 
jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and dwarfish habit.. It also requires a 
rich, warm soil to insure fruit in perfection in locations north of 42 deg. 
Branches, smooth ; buds, with large shoulders. Fruit, medium, round ; 
suture, slight : skin, yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny 
side with red ; flesh, separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly 
melting, rich, sprightly, high flavor ; stalk, slender, slightly inserted. Mid- 
dle to last Augvist. 

Imperial Gage. 

Prince's Imperial Gage, I White Gage, I Superior Green Gage. 

Flushing Gage, ' | Jenkinson's Imperial, | 

This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of William 
Prince. Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes deficient 
in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular element in the soil, 
as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and trees apparently healthy. 
In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils, it is a hardy, productive variety, 
and the flavor often almost equaling a true Green Gage. As a market 
variety, it is far superior to Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any 
other plum. Branches, slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous. 
Fruit, above medium, oval ; suture, distinct ; skin, at first pale green, with 
a white bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ; 
flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor: st07ie, oval, with flesh occa- 
sionally adhering — in good seasons and soils, it separates freely from the 
stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity. First Septem- 
ber ; at the South, July first. 

Imperial Ottoman. 
A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited it 
several years, and, as an early variety, have not met its superior. The 



436 THE PLUM. 

trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular, abundant 
bearers. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, regu- 
larly formed; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with darker shades in stripes 
underneath; if permitted to hang, it becomes mostly pale yellow, bloom 
thin ; suture, only half way down on one side ; Jiesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, 
sweet, delicious, and, when fully ripe, parts freely from the stone : stem, 
downy, three-fourths inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. 
Last July. 

Jefferson. 

An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany, N. Y., pro- 
bably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth, wood, &c., it 
closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively tested, both in this 
country and in Europe, and fully sustains the high character given it by 
the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham Cling-stone plum has occasionally 
been disseminated for this variety. In rich, high flavor it does not equal 
the Green Gage, but its large size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom 
from decay, and habit of hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it 
valuable for all collections. Branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, large, oval, 
slightly narrowed one side toward the stalk : skin, at first greenish yellow, 
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened cheek 
in the sun; bloom, thin, white : suture, slight: flesh, separating nearly free 
from the long pointed stone, yellow, almost orange yellow, juicy, with rich 
flavor; stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Last of August; 
at the South, last of July. 

Lawrence's Favorite. 

Lawrence's Gage. 

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by Mr. L. U. 
Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty growth, and 
bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling outwardly the Green 
Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy, short-jointed. Fruit, large, 
roundish; skin, dull yellowish green, clouded with streaks of a darker 
shade beneath, and in sun, around the stem a mottling or dotting of brown- 
ish red ; bloom, light bluish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, 
only surpassed by Green Gage, when fully ripe, separates freely from the 
stone ; stalk, half-inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Middle 
August. 

Lombard. 
Bleecker's Scarlet, | Beekman's Scarlet, ] Montgomery Prune ? 

An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy, and 
productive, while the fruit appears less attractive than most others to the 
curculio. It is, therefore, very desirable. Branches, smooth, bright purple, 
very thrifty ; leaves, much crumpled. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, slightly 
flattened at ends ; suture, slight ; akin, violet red, dusted thinly with 
bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy, not rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, 
three-fourths inch long, set in a broad, open cavity; adheres to the stone. 
Middle to last of August. 

Madison. 

An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y., and, 
according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker's Gage and Blue 
Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardihood, commend it 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 437 

Branches^ slender, smooth ; leaves^ light green, slightly downy. Fruity 
medium; roundish oval ; suture^ slight ; skin^ light orange, with a cast of 
greenish yellow, in sun, mottled and spotted with lake carmine ; bloom, thin, 
delicate ] fleshy yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, sepa- 
rates freely from the stone, w^hich is small, oval, pointed ; stalk., three- 
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. First to fifteenth 
October. 

McLaughlin. 

An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine. 
The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of four to six feet in 
a season, but forming a round, regular head. Originating so far North, it 
will unquestionably prove a most valuable variety for Northern culture. 
The fruit, in character of quality, resembles the variety just previously 
described. Branches.^ smooth ] leaves, broad, glossy. Fruit., above medium, 
roundish, flattened at ends • sutU7-e, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yel- 
low, sprinkled with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around 
the stalk; fleshy adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent; 
stone, roundish; stalk., three-fourths inch long, inserted without depres- 
sion. Middle to last of August. 

Morocco. 

Early Morocco, | Early Black Morocco, [ Black Damask. 
Black Morocco, | Early Damask, | 

Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit, medium, round- 
ish, shallow suture ; skin, dark purple; bloom, thin; flesh, greenish yel- 
low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk, half inch 
long. Early August. 

Purple Favorite. 

This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted and 
grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the trees are 
very hardy, and bear when young. For large market orchards it is not as 
valuable as some other varieties, but in private gardens it should always have 
a place. Branches, smooth, short-jointed. Fruit, medium, or rather above, 
roundish obovate ; skin, brownish purple, dotted with golden specks ; bloom, 
light blue ; flesh, pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating 
freely from the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, de- 
pression slight. Last of August. 

Purple Gage. 
Keine Claude Violette, | Violet Queen Claude, | Die Yiolette Koning Claudle. 
A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches, smooth, 
short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened; suture, shallow; 
skin, violet, dotted with' pale yellow: bloom, light blue ] flesh, greenish yel- 
low, firm, sugary, high flavor: s^one. oval, compressed, from which the 
flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch long, set in a narrow basin. About 
10th September, but will hang a fortnight, shriveling slightly. 

Prince's Yellow Gage. 
American Yellow Gage, | White Gage, | Harvest Gage. 
A variety produced in 1783, by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, N. 
Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries well fo market, 
and always sells readily. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does not 



438 THE PLUM. 

deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are not contem- 
plated. Branches^ smooth, short-jointed; leaves, glossy. Fruity slightly 
above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk; suture, a mere line; 
skin, golden yellow, little clouded ; bloom, white, abundant ; Jiesh, yellow, 
sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts freely from the stone : stalk, an 
inch long, set in a round cavity. Early in August : at the South, middle of 
June. It is stated, also, at the South, to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and 
of the best. 

Red Gage. 

An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the elder 
Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous habit, wood dark 
reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit rather small, yet of the 
best flavor. Branches, smooth; leaves, crimpled. J^nM?, hardly medium 
size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red ; bloom, slight ; flesh, parting freely 
from the stone, greenish amber, juicy, swe«t, delicious ; stalk, slender ; 
cavity, narrow. Middle August. 

PtEiNE Claude de Bavay. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, oval, greenish 
yellow, spotted with red ; flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly 
to the stone ; stem, short. Last September. 

Saint Martin's. 
St. Martin's Quetsche. 
A German fruit. The word quetsche or prune not applying to this fruit, 
we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The trees are good 
bearers and the time of ripening makes it profitable for market or preserv- 
ing. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, or rather above, ovate, broadest 
at base; skin, bright yellow, dotted a little with brownish red in the sun : 
bloom, white ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, excellent. First October, but 
will hang two weeks. 

Smith's Orleans. 
La Delicieuse. 
American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de- 
scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des- 
sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist, strong soils. Branches, 
stout, nearly smooth. jPnwV, large, oval oblong, largest at base; suture, 
half round; 5A;m, deep purplish red, with small golden specks and deep 
blue bloom : flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate 
stone ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August. 

Washington. 

Bolmar, 1 New "Wasliington, I Parker's Mammoth, 

Bolmar's Wasliiiigton, I Franklin, j Irving's Bolmai'. 

The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known as 

Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes a portion of New York city, known 

as the Bowery. It was introducfd to notice, grown and distributed by 

Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. 

Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardihood of the tree, with 

its productive habit, large size of fruit, and often freedom from attack of 

curculio, renders it a most popular variety, and for market deservedly so 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 439 

at the North. In Georgia, and other sections South, it is said to be entirely 
flavorless and dry. Branches^ downy. Fruity large, roundish oval ; suture^ 
obscure, except near the stalk ; skin^ dull yellow, with faint marblings of 
green, and on the sunny side some little red, often dotted : flesh, yellow, 
firm, sweet, and separating freely from a pointed stone : stalk, nearly three- 
fourths inch long, downy, planted in a wide, shallow basin. Last of 
August. 



CLASS IL — Embraces varieties, many of which are new and untested, and 
others suited only to certain localities, or very large orchards. 

Abricote Sageret. 

A seedling of Sageret. Tree, very vigorous ; branches, smooth. Fruit, 
rather below medium size, globular ; suture, medium, extending nearly all 
around ; skin, green, dotted, and slightly flaked with yellow ; stem, three- 
fourths of an inch long, set in a very slight cavity, apex, slightly dimpled '. 
flesh, green, juicy, very sugary, with a rich, delicious flavor. Separates 
from the stone. Ripens the first half of September. (Downing.) 

Albany Beauty. 

Denistons Albany Beauty. 

American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit, below medium, roundish 

oval ; skin, whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh, yellow, 

rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small, pointed stone j stalk, 

slender, one inch long. Last August. 

Angelina Burdett. 

English. Round, medium size, nearly black, spotted thickly with brown 
spots, very rich, juicy, and excellent ; skin, thick. Free-stone. Middle of 
September. (Riv. Cat.) 

Apple Plum. 

From the garden of D. U. Pratt, Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, medium, round- 
ish flattened, a little swollen on one side ; suture, medium ; skin, reddish 
purple, with a blue bloom and light dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted 
in a broad, deep cavity ; flesh, greenish yellow, a little coarse, ■ sweet, 
sprightly, with considerable austerity at the skin. Adheres partially to the 
stone. Ripens first of September. (Downing.) 

Autumn Compote. 
Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; branches smooth. Fruit, large, oval rounded, 
reddish purple ; '-good" October. 

Belgian Purple. 
Tree, vigorous ; branches, smooth ; buds, prominent. Fruit, medium, 
roundish ; suture, slight, one side a little swollen ; skin, purple, with a bloom ; 
stalk, rather long and slender, inserted in a cavity ; flesh, greenish, a little 
coarse, very juicy, sweet, luscious. Adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens 
first of September. (Downing.) 



440 THE PLUM. 

Belle De )S£ptembre. 
Tree, large, vigorous and very productive. Fruit, very large, oval, red- 
dish brown, an excellent kitchen fruit. Middle of October. (R,iv. Cat.) 

Blue Plum. 
Tree, productive ; branches, smooth; leaves, rather small. Fruit, me- 
dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture, obscure, dark blue ; light blue bloom ; 
flesh, yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; fitalk, three- 
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Middle July in Georgia ; 
middle August here. Propagated by suckers. Description by W. N. White, 
Athens, Ga. 

Bingham. 

American. Productive ; branches, downy. Fruit, above medium, oval, 
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, de- 
licious, adheres to the stone • stalk, three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk. 
Last August. 

Bricetta. 

Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; color, yellow, with spots of red in sun ; 
stalk, medium ; cavity, small; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, sugary, adheres 
to the stone. September. 

Buel's Favorite. 
American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, ovate ; suture, half round, 
pale green, little red next the stalk; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, juicy, 
adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last 
Augvist. 

Burgundy Prune. 

Prune de Burgoyne. 
Foreign. Fruit, medium, egg-shape, with neck ; color, reddish black 
blue bloom, and many small dots; stem, long; cavity, small ; flesh, fine, 
juicy, pleasant, separates from the stone. September. 

Burettes. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, long, oval : color, dull yellow ; flesh, melting, 
juicy, sweet, high flavor. September. 

Chapin's Early. 

Received of Mr. E. Chapin, of York, Pa. Origin unknown. Tree, 

healthy, but not vigorous. 

Branches downy. Fruit, small, roundish globular, slightly protuberant on 

one side ; suture, indistinct ; skin, pale red. covered with a light bloom ; stalk, 

half an inch long, inserted slightly in a ring ; flesh, yellow, rather coarse, 

sweet, juicy, and refreshing, adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens the 

middle of August. (Downing.) 

Cherry. 

Early Scarlet, | Der Virginia, I Prunus Cerasifera, 

Myrobolan, I D'Anicrique Rouge, Miser Plum, 

Virginian Cherry, ( Prunus Myrobolana, | Golden Cherry, 

A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly 
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental, 
and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands 



UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 4^1 

ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make it 
productive. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, yellow, and red, 
shaded and mottled ; flesh, greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an 
oval stone ; stalk, short ; cavity, narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw 
Plum {Primus Chicasi) is very similar to this. 

Columbia. 
Columbian Gago. 
American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ; 
branches downy. Fruit, large, globular, one side enlarged: skin, brownish 
purplish, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom; flesh, orange, rather coarse, 
dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, compressed; 
stalk, an inch long ] cavity, small, narrow. Last August. 

Cooper. 

Cooper's Bed, | Cooper's Large Eed, | Cooper's Large American. 

American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of Or- 
leans. Some writers state it to be identical with '" Smith's Orleans :" but 
we do not so consider it. Fruit, large, deep purple, with a bloom : suture, 
shallow and broad ; stem, three-quarters inch long; flesh, coarse, yellow; 
'• good." Last August. 

Cruger's Scarlet. 

Cruger's, [ Cruger's Seedling, | Cruger's Scarlet Gage. 

American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of curculio ; 
branches, downy. Fruit, little above medium, roundish oval ; skin, lilac 
red, w^ith thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one side, pale 
fawn color : flesh, orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from stone ; stalk, 
half-inch long: basin, shallow. Last August. 

Dana's Yellow Gage. 
American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow ; flesh, 
yellowish. Cling-stone. September. 

De Delice. 

Foreign. New ; branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, slight 
neck, little swollen one side ; suture, nearly indistinct ; skin, green, marb- 
led and shaded with violet, and covered with thin bloom ; stalk, medium 
length and size ; flesh, orange yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich flavor, 
adheres slightly to the stone. September. 

De Montfort. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, above medium, roundish, light pui'- 
ple. spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh, light yel- 
low, rich ; when fully ripe parts freely from stone ;' stalk, half-inch long. 
Middle August. 

Deniston's Red. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, 
half round ; skin, light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom, thin: flesh, am- 
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk, 
long, slender. Last August. 
19* 



442 THE PLUM. 

DoMiNE Dull. 
German Prune, | Dutch Prune, | Dutch Quetzen. 
A.merican. From seed of the Dutch Prune : productive and valuable for 
drying; branches, smooth. Fruit, medium size, long oval; skin, dark 
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy at first, if 
alloAved to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet, adheres to stone ; 
stalk, an inch long. September. 

Downing's Early. 

American. Branches, short-jointed, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, yel- 
low, roundish oval, sweet, juicy. Early in August. 

DowNTON Imperatice. 
Foreign. Branches, smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit, medium, 
oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow; flesh, yellow, melting ; unless 
fully ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch 
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg. 

Drap d'Or d'Esperin. 
Cloth of Gold d'Esperin. 
Foreign. Branches, smooth, slender ; biids, pointed, projecting. Fruit, 
medium, ovate, yellow; very productive. August. 

Dunmore. 
Foreign. Fruit, small, egg-shaped ; skin, thick, and green, becomes 
golden yellow at maturity; flesh, yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aro- 
matic ; separates from the stone. R,ipcns the first of October. (Al. Pom.) 

Early Cross. 
Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderately vigorous, 
productive. Fruit, small to medium, roundish ; skin, reddish purple, cov- 
ered with a thick bloom ; stalk, half an inch long; flesh, greenish yellow, 
juicy, sweet and good ; adheres to the stone. Ripens the second week 
in August. (Downing.) 

Early Royal, of Nikita. 
Tree, moderately vigorous : branches, smooth, gray. Fruit, small, round- 
_ish; skin, reddish purple, with a bloom; stalk, medium, curved; flesh, 
yellow, sweet, juicy, of pretty high flavor, adheres partially to the stone. 
Ripens middle of August. 

Early Purple, 
Sea. 
Foreign. Fruit, small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light- 
colored bloom , flesh, greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts 
freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in 
Horticulturist.) 

Early Yellow Prune. 

Tree, vigorous and very productive ; branches, downy. Fruit, rather 
large, oval ; skin, yellow, with a very slight bloom, and dotted with red in 
the sun ; stalk, of medium length, inserted in a small cavity ; flesh, yellow, 
sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon flavor, separates from the stone. 
Ripens middle of August. (Downing.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 443 

Elfrey. 

Elfrey's Prune. 
American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very fine 
for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches, smooth. Fruit, 
rather below medium size, oval, blue : flesh, greenish, sweet, parts freely 
from stone. Middle August ; South, first July. 

Emerald Drop. 
American. Productive ; branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, long oval, 
one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, adheres 
to the stone • stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August. 

English Wheat. 
Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, moderate ; skin, reddish purple, 
with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots ; stalk, half an inch 
long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse, 
juic)^ sweet, with a rich flavor, adheres to the stone. Ripens the last of 
August. 

Frost Gage. 

American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness ; 
requires rich, moist, clayey soil. Branches, slender, upright habit. Fruit, 
below medivim, roundish oval ; suture, half round, deep purple, bloom 
thin ; flesh, greenish yellow, sweet, adhering to stone : stalk, three-fourths 
inch long. First October. 

Fulton. 

Fruit, medium, yellow, roundish ovate, juicy, sweet ; hangs well, No- 
vember. 

Galbraith. 

An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near 
Boalsburg, Pa ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the 
best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long, by 
one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple; stem, five-eighths of an inch, 
by one-fourteenth ; flesh, tender, juicy, adherent to the stone ; flavor, lus- 
cious ; quality, " very good," if not "best.' (W. D. B.) 

General Hand. 

Montgomery. 
American. Branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, large, roundish oval, yellow 
marbled ; flesh, pale yellow. Free-stone. September. 

German Prune. 

Quetsche, I Turkisli Quetsche, Diimnsk. 

Common Quetsche, Leipzie, Quetsche Grosse, ■ 

True German Prune, | Sweet Prune, Prune d'Allemagen. 

A variety with numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is " Manning's 

Prune," previously described. Branches, smooth. Fruit, long oval, purple ; 

flesh, greenish. Free-stone. September. 

Gundaker Plum. 
Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the other a 
light color, heart-shaped, resembling a plum called Golden Drop, but larger 
in size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.) 



444 THE PLUM. 

GuNDAKER Prune. 
Groundacre. " 

Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Pa. The Gundaker is 
of a yellowi.sh white color, nearly as large as the Blue Prune, and of the 
same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a good bearer. 

Guthrie's Late Green. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, globular, swollen on one 
side ; skin, yellow, with splashes of green, thin bloom ; stalk, three-fourths of 
an inch long, inserted in a small cavity ; flesh, light yellow, firm, rather 
dry, but sweet and rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Middle of September. 

Guthrie's Tay Bank. 
Foreign. Branches, smooth; short jointed, Fruit, large, green, oval 
roundish, juicy : "very good." September. 

Guthrie's Topaz. 
Foreign. Tree, productive, moderate grower ; branches, brownish, 
smooth. Fruit, medium, ova], with slight neck ; stem, inch long, slender ; 
suture, slight, one side enlarged, golden yellow, thin bloom ; flesh, yellow, 
juicy, rich, sweet, adheres to the stone. September. 

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune. 
A new German variety. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, oval, with a 
neck narrowed at the crown ; suture, moderate ; skin, waxen yellow, with 
occasional red dots : stalk, long ; flesh, light yellow, fine, rich, sub-acid 
flavor, moderately juicy. Last of September. (Downing.) 

Highlander. 

Tree, vigorous and very productive. Branches, gray, smooth. Fruit, 
large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side ; suture, moderate, 
half round ; skin, deep blue, incling to reddish brown, covered with a thin 
bloom, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; stalk, very short, inserted 
in a slight cavity ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, vinous, refreshing, and 
excellent : adheres slightly to the stone. Last of September. (Downing.) 

Henry Clay. 
American. Fruit, large, bright yellow, with a carmine cheek ; stem, 
long, white bloom ; skin, tough ; flesh, yellow, sugary ; " very good ;'' half 
cling-stone. September. Originated at Albany : yet new. 

Howard's Favorite. 
American. A profuse bearer and hangs well. Fruit, large, roundish 
slight neck ; stem, one inch ; color, orange yellow, shaded with red, 
ish spots ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid ; "very good." Sept. 

Howell's Early. 

American. Branches, slender, gray, downy. Fruit, below medium, oval 
angular -. .suture, indistinct; light brown, greenish yellow in the shade, thin 
blue bloom ; flesh, amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely from a small 
oval stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, slender. Last July. 



obovate 
and reddish 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 445 

How's Amber. 
American. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, 
amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse, 
adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Last August. (Hov. Mag.) 

Hudson Gage. 
American. Somewhat like Imperial Gage, but earlier. Branches, 
downy. Fruit, medium, oval, enlarged one side ; suture, obscure ; skin, 
yellow, clouded. as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom, white; 
flesh, greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is 
small; stalk, half inch long. Early August. 

Huling's Superb. 
This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in 
the first class : at present it has been little grown ; Duane's Purple being 
almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves, broad, 
large : branches, stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud. 
Fruit, very large, roundish oval, shallow suture; skin, dull greenish yellow, 
covered with pale bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich, 
brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone ; stalk, an inch long, 
swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity. 
Middle August. 

ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE. 
Knight's No. 6. 
Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern 
States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its 
period- of ripening. Branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, obovate, 
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow; flesh, greenish yellow, 
sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone ; stalk, half inch long, 
thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid in 
a dry place, will keep a month. 

Imperial of Milan. 

Imperiale de Milan. 
Foreign. Fruit, large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T. 
Rivers, in Hort.) 

Isabella. 
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit, above medium, oval, dull red, mot- 
tled ; flesh, yellow, rich, juicy parting freely from the stone when fully 
ripe ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August. 

Italian Damask. 

Damas d'ltalie. 
Foreign. Productive ; succeeds finely South. Branches, smooth. Fruit, 
medium, roundish, flattened at the base ; suture, half round : skin violet, 
becoming brown ; flesh, yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a 
tliick oval stone : stalk, half inch long, slender ; cavity, small. Last August. 
Bears well in all soils. 

Ives' Washington. 
Ives' Seedling. 
American. Originated by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Branches, smooth; 
buds, prominent; good grower and productive, not as yet much known; 



446 TriE PLUM. 

promises valuable. Fruit, medium, yellowish, blush in sun, much resembles 
Jefferson. 

Jaune Hative. 



Catalonian, 
"White Primordian, 
Amber Primordian, 



Jaune de Catalogue, I D'Aroine, 

Prune de St. Barnabee, Picket's July. 



Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, oval, pale yellow; flesh, yel- 
low. Free-stone. July. 

Kirke's. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, round, dark purple, thick 
blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a 
broad, flat stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch long. Last August. 

Lady Plum. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree of slender growth, pro- 
ductive. It is quite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving, this 
being its chief quality. It is a rampant grower, an abundant bearer. 
Fruit, quite small, oval: stalk, short and stout; color, light yellow, spotted 
with red ; stone, free and small ; flavor, acid. First of September. (E. 
Dorr in Cult.) 

Langdon's Seedling. 

Raised by Reuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree, vigorous and 
productive ; branches, smooth. Fruit, rather large, roundish oval, with a 
moderate suture ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom ; stalk, 
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity ; flesh, green- 
ish yellow, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, and adheres mostly to the stone. 
Last of August. (Downing.) 

Long Scarlet. 

Scarlet Gage. 
American. Branches downy ; fruit, medium, oblong obovate, one side 
enlarged, tapers towards the stalk, bright red in shade ; bloom, lilac ; flesh, 
yellow, rich, juicy, adheres to stone : stalk, three-fourths of an inch long 
in a nairow cavity. Last of August. A good market sort, valued for 
making jelly. 

Mamelonne. 

Mamelonne Segerat. 

Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, with a knob-like protuberance where 

joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin, 

greenish, spotted with red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from 

the stone. Early August. 

Manning's Prune. 
Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, | Manning's Long Blue. 
American. A sub-variety of the German prune, and superior thereto. 
Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin, dark 
purple, thick blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet, 
pleasant, separates readily from a long, pointed stone; .stalk, long, slender. 
September. 

Martin's Seedling. 
American. Tree, vigorous ; branches, grayish, smooth. Fruit, very 
large, oblong irregular, yellow, with green stripes; suture, one side, deep, 
a little sunk at ape.x ; flesh, yellow, rather coarse, sweet, juicy; '-'very 
good ;" adheres to the stone. September. 



UNTESTED VAEIETIEB, ETC. 447 

Mediterranean. 

Fruit, obovate necked, irregular ; suture, shallow, light crimson ; stem, 
downy ; flesh, yellow, sweet, sprightly, not high-flavored. September. 

Meigs. 
Fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, indistinct : skin, dull reddish pur- 
ple, with numerous gray dots; stalk, long, ciu-ved, slender, set in a small 
cavity; flesh, greenish-yellow, juic}^, rich, sugary and excellent, adheres to 
the stone. Last of September. (Downing.) 

MiRABELLE. 
Mirabelle Petite, | Mlrabelle Jaune. 
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, obovate ; suture, distinct ; skin, 
yellow, spotted with red ; bloom, white ; flesh, orange, sweet, sprightly, 
separates from stone ; stalk, half inch long. Early August. 

Mirabelle d'October. 

Mirabelle Tardive. 
Foreign, Branches, downy, slender. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, 
juicy; very productive. Free-stone. October. 

Monroe. 
Monroe Egg. 
American. Originated with Miss Denham, Penfield, N. Y. Tree, vig- 
orous ; branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, oval, greenish yellow, 
rarely a blush in sun ; stalk, long, slender : flesh, greenish yellow, with a 
rich, sugary flavor. Last of August. 

Mulberry. 

American. Branches, stout, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, narrowing to 
the stalk, pale yellow, with dots of red in sun; fl^esh, greenish yellow, 
coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk, an inch long, 
slender. First September. 

NoTA Bene. 
Corse's Nota Bene, | Dictator ? 

Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit, large, round, pale lilac or brownish, 
dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh, greenish, rather 
firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk, half an inch 
long, in a round basin. First September. 

October Green Gage. 

Eeine Claude Tardive, | Eeine Claude d'Octobre. 

Foreign. Branches, slighlly downy. Fruit, small, round, yellowish 

green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh, yellowish, 

juicy, melting rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk, slender. First 

to 15th October. 

Orange. 
Orange Gage. 
American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, very large, oval, flattened at both 
ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh, yel- 
low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch 
long, in a narrow, round cavity. Last of August. 



448 THE PLUM. 

Orleans. 

Monsieur, I Old Orleans, I Italian Damask, of some. 

Monsieur Ordinaire, | Ked Damask, 1 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh, 
yellowish. Free-stone. August. 

Parsonage, 
American. Originated in Dutchess Co., N. Y. Comparatively new. 
Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium to large, oval, pale yellow, with 
splashes of green ; stalk, medium, depression slight ; flesh, yellow, juicy, 
rich, sugary flavor, separating freely from the stone. Last of August. 

Peach Plum. 

Prune Peche. 
Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, 
it having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was 
only recognised of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is 
tender at the North, and an indifl'erent bearer. Branches, smooth. Fruit, 
very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep, 
light brownish red, with small yellow dots , flesh, pale yellow, coarse- 
grained, slightly sub-acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round 
and much furrowed ; stalk, short. Last July, first August. 

Peter's Yellow Gage. 
American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree, rather longer jointed, and 
fruit separates freely from the stone. August. 

Penobscot. 
Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine. Tree, vigorous, hardy, 
productive : branches, sm.ooth. Fruit, large, oval, suture distinct ; stalk, 
three-fourths of an inch long, set in a small cavity : skin, yellow, tinged 
with green, and a faint red cheek ■. flesh, yellow, sweet and pleasant, 
adheres to the stone. Ripens the first of September. (Hort.) 

Pond's Seedling. 

Plum de rinde. 
English origin. Tree, vigorous ; branches, smooth, grayish. Fruit, very 
large, nearly egg-shaped, a little tapering towards the stem ; skin, thick, 
reddish violet, with numerous brown dots, and covered with a beautiful 
bloom ; flesh, yellow, a little coarse, abounding in juice, very sugary, not 
rich. Ripens middle of September. (Al. Pom.) 

Pond's Seedling. 

Pond's Purple. 

American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish, purple ; flesh, 
yellowish. Free-stone. Promises well. August. 

Precoce de Bergthold. 

Foreign. New. Branches, downy : slender, rapid grower. Fruit, large, 
oval rounded, yellowish green, juicy, sweet. Last of July. 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 449 

Prince Engklbert. 

A new Belgian sort. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, oblong oval, deep 

bluish purple, with a dense bloom : stem, slender, with a distinct ring at 

base; cavity, narrow and deep: suture, distinct; flesh, juicy, melting, 

moderately rich : stone, medium, separates freely from the flesh. August. 

Prince of Wales. 

Chapman's Prince of "Wales. 
Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, bright purplish pink ; 
bloom, abundant ; flesh, pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last 
August. 

Prince's Orange Egg. 

Originated by William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree, vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Fruit, large, oval : color, yellow, covered with thin bloom ; 
stern, rather stout, set in a small cavity : flesh, yellow, coarse, juicy, sub- 
acid, sprightly, adhering to the stone. September. 

Prune de Louvain. 

Plum of Louvain. 
Tree, vigorous, fertile. Origin, nursery of Van Mons. Fruit, large, egg- 
shaped, with a neck; deep purple, shaded with violet: suture, deep, half 
round ; flesh, rather coarse, melting, pleasant. Free-stone. Ripens end of 
August. (Al. Pom.) 

Prune of Agen. 



Prune d'Ast, I Robe de Sergrut, 
St. Maurin, Prune de Brignole ? 



Agen Date, 
Prune d'Agen, 
D'Agen, 

Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, 
obovate flattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, sweet ; 
stalk, short. October. 

QuACKENBOSS. 
Origin uncertain. Tree, a strong, upright grower; foliage, dark and 
glossy. Fruit, large, oblong oval ; skin, deep purple, profusely covered 
with a bluish bloom ; stalk, short, thin, crooked, and set in a slightly de- 
pressed cavity; flesh, greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little coarse- 
grained, sweet, and excellent, adheres slightly to the stone. Ripens the last 
of Octo ber. For market, it is unsurpassed. 

Eeagle's Ancient City. 
American. New ; probably from seed of Washington. Fruit, large, 
roundish oval, clouded orange, red in sun: suture, distinct; flesh, yellow, 
juicy, sweet, delicious, parts readily from stone. Last August. 

Keagle's Gage. 
American. New. Fruit, medium, round ; suture, distinct ; color, light 
green, marbled with deep green ; stalk, slender ; flesh, greenish, juicy, 
sweet ; separates from stone. Last of August. 

Keagle's Union Purple. 
American. Originated with C. Reagles, Schenectady. Fruit, of the 
largest size, rovmdish oval ; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thin bloom ; 



450 THE PLUM. 

suture, only perceptible near the stalk and apex; stalk, short and thick, set 
on a nearly even surface • flesh, greenish, a little coarse ; vinous, but 
when fully matured, sweet and rich • adheres to the stone on one side. 
September. 

Red Diaper. 

Diapree Eouge, I Eoche Corbon, 
Mimms, | Imperial Diadem. 

Foreign. Slow grower : branches, nearly smooth. Fruit, above me- 
dium, obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom : stalk, slender, 
slightly hairy; flesh, pale green, juicy, melting; very good; parts free 
from stone. Last August. 

Red Egg. 

Eed Magnum Bonum, I Purple Egg, I Purple Magnum Bonum, 

Askew's Purple Egg, | Eed Imperial, of some, \ Florence. 

Branches, smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by 
many others ripening at same time. Fruit, large, oval, deep red, with gray 
dots ; flesh, greenish, coarse. Free-stone. September. 

Red Saint Martin. 

Saint Martin Eouge, I Prunier de St. Martin, I Coe's Late Eed. 
Saint Martin, | Coe's Fine Late Eed, | 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium size, roundish : suture, half 
round, well marked ; skin, light purplish red, thin blue bloom : flesh, yel- 
lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone : stalk, three-fourths 
inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always ma- 
ture its fruit. 

Reine Claude Diaphane. 

Raised by M. Laff'ay, of Paris. Tree, of medium vigor; branches, gray. 

Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; skin, smooth, transparent green, 
shaded with red ; flesh, juicy, very sweet and aromatic. Ripens the mid- 
dle of September. (Al. Pom.) 

Reine Claude d'October. 

Tree, very vigorous ; young wood, smooth, stout, and short-jointed. 
Fruit, small, roundish ; suture, moderate ; apex, dimpled ; skin, greenish 
yellow ; stalk, stout, rather long ; flesh, green, juicy, sugary and rich ; 
separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October. 

Reine Claude Rouge of September. 

Eeina Nova. 
Tree, vigorous. Fruit, very large, roundish oval ; skin, smooth, reddish, 
shaded with purple on the sunny side, finely pointed with russet ; stalk, 
slender, set in a slight cavity; flesh, firm, juicy, sugarJ^ slightly acid, some- 
what aromatic ; very agreeable. Ripe, middle of September, and continues 
a month. (Al. Pom.) 

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune. 

An Italian fruit. Tree, very vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, 
oval, slightly necked; suture, slight; skin, yellow, occasionally a sunny 
cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, aromatic and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. 
Ripens the last of September. (Downing.) 



UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 451 

EivERs' Favorite. 

Elvers' Early No. 1. 
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, purple ; 
flesh, melting, rich, sweet. Early August. 

Rivers' Prolific. 

Elvers Early No. 2. 
Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, little above meditim. roundish oval, 
purple ; flesh, yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August. 

ROYALE. 
La Eoyale. 
Foreign. Branches, very downy. Fruit, medium or slightly above, 
roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick, pale bloom ; flesh, 
dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small, roundish 
stone ; stalk, three-fourths inch ; cavity, narrow. Last August, and hangs 
to middle September, 

Royal de Tours. 

Eoyal Tours. 
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish • suture, deep, giv- 
ing appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, min- 
ute golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk, stout ; cavity narrow ; flesh, greenish, 
firm,, with abundant juice ; adheres closely to large, oval flattened stone. 
Early August. 

Royal Hative. 

Mirian. 
Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches, downy. 
Fruit, medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh, 
amber color, rich, parts from stone ; stalk, half-inch long, stout ; stone, 
small. Last July. 

St. Catherine. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth ; valued in France for drying, surpassed 
here by varieties of later origin. Fruit, medium, obovate, pale yellow, 
little red in sun ; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September. 

Schenectady. 

Schenectady Catherine. 
An American Plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first intro- 
duced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, thrifty, 
hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender; fruit, above me- 
dium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at stem end ; suture, 
shallow; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted on the sunny side ; flesh, 
greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor; 
stone, small, thick, ovate, parts readily from the flesh: stalk, three-fourths 
inch long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Last- August. 

Schuyler Gage. 
American. Origin, Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright grower : branches, 
gray, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval; suture, indistinct; yellow, with small 
green splashes, dots and shades of red in sun, thin bloom; stalk, long, 
curved ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor, separates freely from 
the stone. September. 



452 THE PLUM. 

Sharp's Emperor. 

Denyer's Victoria, | Queen Victoria. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oval, lively red in 
sun, paler in shade; flesh, yellow, separates from stone, pleasant' flavor. 
Middle September. 

Thomas. 

American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., say? this is a seedling of Mr. 
Thomas. Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches, stout, 
slightly downy. Fruit, large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture, 
dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots 
and whitish bloom ; flesh, deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large, 
roundish ovate stone ; stalk, half-inch, stout, deeply inserted. September. 

Trouvee de Vouche. 
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous and very fertile. Fruit, medium 
or small, is regularly oval ; skin, thick, reddish violet, with a shady side, 
and a violet bloom on the sunny side ; flesh, juicy, sweet, and '• vei-y good.'' 
Ripens the end of August. (Al. Pom.) 

Wax Plum. 

American. Fruit, large, oval rounded: stem, long, downy; color, yel- 
low, mostly covered with carmine : lilac bloom ; flesh, greenish yellow, 
juicy, sprightly ; " good." Free-stone. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

White Damson. 

Late Yellow Damson, I Shailer's White Damson, 
White Prune Damson, | White Damascene. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, oval, pale yellow, few red 
spots; flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September. 

Wilkinson. 
Tree, vigorous. Branches, smooth, rather slender. Fruit, medium, 
oval; slightly necked; skin, reddish purple, covered with a thick bloom; 
stalk, medium, set in a small cavity ; flesh, dark yellow, rather firm, sw'eet. 
not rich or high flavored; adheres partially to the stone. Ripens the last 
of September. (Downing.) 

Woolston's Black Gage. 

Foreign. Fruit, round, below medium size, black, very juicy, rich and 
sugary ; a free grower and great bearer. This, and Angeline Burdett, are 
much alike in their fruit, but differ in the habit of the trees. Both have 
thick skins, which induces them to shrivel on the trees and become lusci- 
ous sweetmeats. Beginning of September. (Riv. Cat.) 



Yellow Magnum Bonum, 
White Magnum Bonum, 
White Egg, 
E£:g Plum, 
White Mogul, 



Yellow Egg. 

Askew's Golden Egg, I Dame Ambert, 

Col. Young's Seediihg, | " " Jaune, 

White Imperial, | " " Blanche, 

White Holland, I Grosse Luisante. 



Wentworth, 

Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing 
little from the parent. " Long's Yellow" is one considerably distributed 



SUPEESEDED BY BETTER SOKTS. 453 

West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches, 
smooth. Fruit, large, oval, narrowing at ends, suture distinct ; skin, yel- 
low, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh, yellow, adhering mostly to 
the stone; stalk, long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle to 
last August. 



CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. 

Admieal. 
Corse's Admiral. 

Canadian. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, light purple ; flesh, greenish yellow 
Cling-stone. September. 

Amekican "Wheat. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, blue ; flesh, greenish. Cling-stone. 
August. 

Apricot. 

Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee, I Bed Apricot. 

Abricotee de Tours, | Yellow Apricot, | 

Foreign. Branches, downy ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, with red ; flesh, yellow, bit- 
ter. Free-stone. August. 

Blue Gage. 
Azure Hativo, ] Black Perdrigon, | Little Blue Gage. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, round, blue ; flesh, greenish. Free-stone. 
August. 

Bretookt'b Pukple. 

New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar, | Brevoort's Purple Washington. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, yellowish. Cling- 
stone. September. 

Beach Plum. 
Native of the sea-coast. Fruit, small, reddish, astringent. 
Blue Pekdeigox. 

Violet Perdrigon, I Brignole Violette, 

Perdrigon Violette, ] Battle Monument. '' 

Foreign. Branches, downv. Fruit, medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow. 
Cling-stone. August. 

Btfield. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, light yellow ; flesh, yellow. Cling- 
stone. August. 

Cueston. 

Cheston Matchless, ] Matchless, | Violet Diaper. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, small, oval, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. August. 

COPPEK. 

French Copper. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, bluish copper ; flesh, greenish. Free- 
stone. September. 

Ceoft's Eaelt. 

A small, reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry, and devoid of flavor. August. 

DAjMSON. 

Common Damson, | Purple D.amson, | Early Damson. 

A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and .suckers; many sub-varieties, under 
names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, &c. Jiranches, downy. Fruit, 
small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh, greenish, partially free. September to November. 



454 THE PLUM. 

Diamond. 

Foreign. Brandies, downy. Fruit, large, oval, purplish black ; flesh, yellow, dry. Free- 
stone. September. 

DiCTATOE. 

Eaised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree, vigorous and hardy. Fruit, very large, brown- 
ish purple, covered with a bloom ; flesh, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. 

Field Marshal. 
Corse's Field Marshal. 
Canadian. Fruit, medium, oval ; flesh, greenish yellow. Cling-stone. August. 

FOTHERINGHAM. 

Sheen, | Grove House Purple. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish 
yellow. Free-stone. August. 

Ghiston's Eaklt. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, oval, yellow ; flesh, j-ellow. Free-stone. 
August. 

Gifpokd's La Fayette. 
American. Fruit, medium, long, oval, purplish blue ; flesh, yellowish. September. 

Goliath. 

Caledonian, I Steer's Emperor, 
Saint Cloiid, | Wilmot's Late Orleans. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, purplish red; flesh, yellow. 
Cling-stone. August. 

Gxttheie's Apkicot. 
Guthrie's Apricot Plum. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots; flesh, yellow. 
Cling-stone. August. 

G WALSH. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, obovate, dark purple; flesh, j'ellow, acid. 
Cling-stone. August. 

Holland. 
Blue Holland, | Holland Prune. 
Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh, yellowish. 
Free-stone. September. 

• noB6E Plum. 
Largo Early Damson, | Sweet Damson. 
American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches, downj'. Fruit, medium, 
oval, reddish purple ; flesh, greenish yellow. Free-stone. August. 

JUDSON. 

American. Fruit, small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled; flesh, yellowish; stone, 
large, free. August. 

Lakge Geeen Dkting. 
Knight's Largo Green Drying. 
Foreifn. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish. Cling- 
stone, insipid. September. 

Late Bolmee. 

Fruit, medium, roundish. Skin, yellow, mottled with red next the sun. Flesh, yellow, 
rather lirm, sweet, but not rich. Free-stone. September. 

Lewiston Egg. 

Oriirfn Lewiston, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Briinches, downy. Fruit, medi- 
um sfze'oval; skin, pale yellow, with a bloom; flesh, yellow, adhering closely to the stone, 
not very sweet, and only second-rate flavor. August. 



SrPEESEDED BY BETTER SOETS. 455 

Little Queen CiArDE. 

Tellow Gage (of the English), I Eeine Claude Blanche, I Gonne's Geeen Gage, 
Petite Eeine Claude, | Small Green Gage, | "White Gage. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, yello-\vish green, with red spots; flesh, 
pale yellow. Free-stone. August. 

LuCOJIBE'S iSTONSITCU. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ; flesh, greenish. 
Cling-stone. August. 

Muscle. 
Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit, oblong, dark red, large stone. 

Nectaeine. 
Caledonia ? | Howell's Large. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, large, roundish, jjurple ; flesh, greenish yellow, partially 
cling-stone. August. 

Peoly's Eaely Bltie. 

American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh, yellow, partly free 
August. 

Pkince's Okange Gage. 

Fruit, medium, roundish oval : suture, moderate ; skin, yellow ; stalk, long, set in an 
open cavity; flesh, light yellow, coarse, juicy, pleasant, but not rich, adheres to the stone. 
September. 

Queen Mothek. 

Eed Queen Mother, ] Pigeon's Heart, | Damas Violet. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, small, round, purplish red in sun, amber in shade 
flesh, yellow. Free-stone. September. 

Eed Impekial. 

Imperial Eouge, | Early Forcing. 

Foreign. Branches, slightly downy. Fruit, large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh, greenish yel- 
low. Free-stone. September. 

Eed Peedeigon. 

Perdrigon Eouge. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, deep red, lUac bloom ; flesh, 
yellow. Free-stone. August. 

Ehinebeck Yellow Gage. 

Origin, Ehinebeck, N. Y. Tree, very strong and vigorous. 

Fruit, large, oval ; suture, deep ; skin, yellow ; stalk, rather long, inserted by a fleshy 
ring, without depression ; flesh, coarse, adheres to the stone. Septembei-. 

Semiana op Boston. 

This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. We are not pre- 
pared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it worth looking after. 
Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh, harsh, acid. Cling-stone. Sep- 
tember. 

Siamese. 

American. Branches, smooth. Fruit, grows in pairs, which is its only merit, pale yellow; 
flesh, yellow. Cling-stone. September. 

St. John's. 

Prune do St. Jean. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, purplish blue; flesh, gi-eenish yellow. 
August. 



456 THE PLUM. 

Stabklee's Seedling. 

American. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, greenisli yellow, ■with white specks ; 
flesh, yellowish. Cling-stone. August. 

Suisse. 

Simiana, I Swiss Plum, I Prune d'Altesse. 

Prune Suisse, | Monsieur Tardif, | 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, above medium, round, violet red; flesh, greenish yel- 
lovi', acid. Cling-stone. September. 

Virgin. 

Virginale. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, roundish, purple ; flesh, yellow. Free-stone. 
September. 

White Apeicot. 

Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ; flesh, rather firm, not sweet, but pleasant. Cling-stone. 
Middle of August. 

WniTE Impeeateice. 

White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche. 

Foreign. Branches, smooth. Fruit, medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red spots ; flesh, 
yellow. Free-stone. September. 

White Peedeigon. 

Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, | Brignole. 

Foreign. Branches, downy. Fruit, medium, oval, greenish yellow, red spots in sun ; flesh 
pale yellow. Cling-stone. August. 

Wilde's. 

American. Fruit, large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh, yellowish green. Cling-stone. 
July. 



THE QUINCE. 

Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacecs of Botanists. 

The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and 
in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom, reaches 
a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will 
acquire a height of twenty-five to thirty feet. While young and in 
the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth ; but after the trees com- 
mence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading than 
upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its first 
attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest tree on 
record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New York, and 
is, according to the " Plorticulturist," thirty feet high, with a trunk 
girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle seventy-five 
feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London Horticultui'al 
Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, of which the 
fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and ripened, loses 
all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like a soft, ripe 
pear. jSTo such variety has, however, yet found its way to our 
shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, pale 
pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and appear- 
ing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it is 
almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit. 
We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush 
of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some secluded 
shaded corner. 

Propagation. — By Seed. The seed should be saved by cutting- 
out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days, 
or until they become soft, when, rubbing in water and passing the 
pulpy part through a sieve, leaves the seeds clear. They should 
then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a cool 
cellar or out-house until Spring — care being taken that they do not get 
dry, nor yet wet enough to decay, In Spring, sow thinly, in drills, 
good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep. 

By Cuttings. These are usually taken oiF in Spring, early, from 
wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The 
buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the cut- 
ting set erect, ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If ground 
is available where moisture can be insured in Summer, without over- 
plus in Winter, the month of September is best for making and put- 
20 457 



458 TIIK QUINCE. 

ting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, Avell shaded from 
noonday sun, and watered during the Summer season. 

By Layers. These are usually made in Spring, by bending down 
and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They 
usually "form roots the first season, and will answer the following 
Spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery 
rows. 

By Roots. Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches long 
each, taken off in Spring, and planted with the upper end about two 
inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the season. 
For propagating Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Quince, this is de- 
cidedly the best way. 

By Budding and Grafting. The Portugal and Orange Quince, 
being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and graft- 
ing ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, the 
common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing 
even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those who 
neglect cultivation. It is rendered more thrifty, Avhen worked on 
pear stocks — more hardy on thorn. 

Soil. The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say 
two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass 
or weeds. Barn yard manure, witli salt in abundance, mixed, and 
allowed to lie six months before being applied, and spaded-in around 
the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor 
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be made 
in old woi*n-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of virgin 
earth or leaf mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, applied 
during Winter and Spring, have to our knowledge kept a plantation 
of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of thirty years. 
Bog-earth, or salt-marsh mud, is frequently used in the States bor- 
dering on the ocean or .salt water. 

Situation. A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni- 
versally advised ; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on 
the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied with ma- 
nures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found. 

Transplanting, Pruniny. and Distance aj^art. The Quince is 
hardy, and the Fall is best for transplanting; but, when not conve- 
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even 
if left until late in Spring. Newly planted trees should be pruned 
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut 
away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the 
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of eigh- 
teen inches — ^just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate around 
it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees destined 
for an orchard, should be about twelve feet each way. The object 
of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head open and 



VARIETIES. 459 

regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. •' The bear- 
ing branches, or spurs >of the quince, are small twiggy shoots, pro- 
duced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, three, or 
more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three inches long, on 
the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These spurs have 
always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore should be 
shortened back the Spring after they have borne, in order to pro- 
duce new spurs at the same point." 

Insects, etc. " The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. 
It is the larva of an insect Avhich attacks the wood of the trunk, near 
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but 
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, 
during the summer season. 

" As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre- 
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the 
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained 
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the 
soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife, lengthwise, and not across 
the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the operation 
once a week for several times, as a part escape the first examination. 
Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of warm tar and 
ochre or brickdust. ' It is a great saving of labor to arrest early their 
progress ; hence, trees should be examined frequently. They may 
sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed wire, when cutting out 
would too much mutilate the tree." 

In Spring or early summer months the ends of ihe branches often 
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an 
insect {^scolytiis), and the remedy said to lie in the cutting oiF and 
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather 
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme- 
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will 
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in 
a very few hours. 

Uses. The Quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from the 
days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marmalade, 
preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple and of 
pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly taken in 
small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and stomachic. 
Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered carefully by hand, 
the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in a cool room, 
kept until near midwinter. 

VARIETIES. 

Of these there are very few really worthy of description, and, of 
these, three only worthy of cultivation to any extent. The Chinese 
Quince {Cydonia Sinensis') is cultivated only as ornamental. Its fruit 



460 



THE QUINCE, 



is egg-shaped, dull green, Avitla hard, dry flesh ; its flowers rosy red, 
very pretty. The Japan Quince {Gydonia-Japonica) is also only 
cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three varieties, bearing 
flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the latter, with 
flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, with a pleasant 
odor ; not eatable. 

Angers. 
This variety is mostly grown for the purpose of engrafting the pear upon. 
The fruit is. however, equal to the Pear-shaped, and much resembles it, 
only that it is larger, somewhat more rounded, and a lighter, brighter yel- 
low. The principal value, however, is for stocks on which to work the Pear. 

New Upright. 

Paris de Fontenay. 
A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, of 
Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from cuttings, but after 
the iirst year's growth, seems to lose vigor and afterwards grows very 
tardily. 

Orange Quince. 

Apple Quince, | Apjjle-shaped Quince, | Cydonia v. Malformis. 




This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. When 
fully ripe, its rich golden. yeJlow re.se)iibles more the color of an orange 



VARIETIES. 



461 



than its shape correspoiids to the general form of apples ; therefore ■we 
prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare to find it grown 
from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange Quince, when, in truth^ as 
many of the seedlings are likely to produce the pear-shaped or even far in- 
ferior fruit, as seedlings from a good pear or good apple, when the parent 
was grown hy itself. It is often gathered before ripe, which is not until 
from the middle to the last of October. If gathered too early they do not 
cook tender. Leaf, ovate pointed. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, 
varying to obovate conical ; stein, usually in a slight depression ; when 
well-grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow ; 
without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly ; core, large, and placed 
nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown, 

Portugal Quince. 

Cydonia Liisitanica. 




This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being round, 
or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true variety is yet 
scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a shy bearer, but trees 
in our grounds have produced equally as abundant as the Orange Quince. 
Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow 
than the Orange variety; core, medium, and placed near the centre; seeds, 
light brown ; flesh, mild, less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, 



462 THE RASPBERUY. 

and turns a fine purple oi; deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens 
about ten days earlier than Orange Quince ; requires rery rich, deep soil. 

Pear Quince;. 

Pear-shaped Quince, 1 Pyrifonn Quince, 

Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform, 

This takes its name from the Iruit being shaped much like many varie- 
ties of the Pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyriform, taper- 
ing to the stalk. Skin^ dull yellowy Jlcshj firm, tough, dry, but of high 
flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, and the flesh less lively 
in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong ovate. Last of October. 

Rea's Skedlino. 
Yan Slyke. 
New. Originated by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Green Co., N. Y. Tree, 
healthy, thrifty grower, productive ; said to be very valuable. Fruit, one- 
third larger than the Orange variety ) of same form and color, fair, hand- 
some and equally good. 



THE KASPBERRY. 

Ruhus idceus. JRomcece of Botanists. 

A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this 
country and Europe. The roots being permanent, and the stems 
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the 
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been 
produced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better 
than is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly 
farmers. 

Propagation and Transplanting. New varieties are produced 
from seed; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially 
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," 
produced from seed of a crimson berry. 

Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, 
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. 
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in- 
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro- 
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing 
cuttings of the rose; the care and attention requisite, making it only 
desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the 
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their 
branches bending over until the ends touch, and become covered in 
tlie ground. 



CULTUKE AND TKAINHSTG. 



463 



In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds 
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous 
season's growth. 

The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, 
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every 
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We 
think they become matted too soon in this way. 

Soil. All cultivators agree that, while the raspberry may be 
made to grow on gi-avelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can 
be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where 
there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For 
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep 
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the 
trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from 
the woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet 
seasons. 

Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light 
and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. 

Culture and Training. In large plantations, weeds are kept 
down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- 
vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single pruning 
in the Spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early 
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country 
where located ; and consists in cutting away tlie canes of last year's 
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for 
the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all 
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers, unless wanted for 
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have 
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of 
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in 
Spring. 

An English gardener, in our immediate neighborhood, has prac- 
tised the following modes of training, ever since our residence in the 
north of Ohio : 

Figure 1 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. 

The uprights are posts 

^.^ made of cedar or locust, 

four inches square at the 

bottom, and two inches 

at top. The horizontal 

lines may be of tarred 

rope, or annealed iron 

^°' ■ wire, coated with coal 

tar. To the horizontal wires, the canes are tied by strips of bass 

bark, such as is used in budding. 




464 



THE KASPBEEEY. 




Ill figuz-e 2, the 
arched portion tied to 
the stake in the centre, 
represents the canes of 
last year's growth pre- 
pared for fruiting the 
coming season. 

Figure 3 represents 
the plants in the Fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's 

growth, while the arch- 
ed ones are those Avhich 
have produced fruit, 
and must be cut away. 

Insects. The rasp- 
berry is generally free 
from destructive in- 
sects. Dr. Munson, of 
New Haven, Conn., in 
>- a paper to the Ameri- 
can Pomological Soci- 
ety, speaks as follows 
" It is a functus of a bright 




of one. 



We have not seen it West 
orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the common 
red raspberry, Rubus idceus, in Connecticut; and the exhaustion oc- 
casioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a multitude of 
spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. This aflection 
disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy.'' 

Protection. Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re- 
quire protection in Winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure 
a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two me,n passing along 
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other, 
with a shovel, throws two inches of earth upon them. 

Gathering Fruit. This should be done in tlie cool of the morning, 
when they are higher flavored than at midday. 

Uses. " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as 
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the 
dessert, but it is employed by almost every ikmily in making pre- 
serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by 
confectioners, for making syrups ; by distillers, for making raspberry 
brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as 
that of currant, is considered tlie most fragrant and delicious of all 
home-made wines." {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately succeeding 
the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermentation in the 
stomach, is regarded, and prescribed by many phy&icians, as a pro- 
moter of health. 

Profits. Seldom failing to produce a crop, when grown on suita- 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 465 

able soil ; requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep the 
plant in order ; always meeting ready sale, at fair prices, it is sur- 
prising that more attention has not been given the culture of the 
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which 
is mostly grown for the New York market by cultivators on the 
Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets, of one pint 
each, from three-fourths of an acre ; and s^l,500 has been realized, 
in a single season, from sale of product of thi'ee acres. A plantation 
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro- 
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a fresh 
piece of ground. 

Autumn Fruiting. Any variety may be caused to mature its 
fruit in the Autumn, by cutting away all shoots in Spring, and stop- 
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an 
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's 
fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one- 
half. 

Classification and Varieties. We have made but two classes of 
the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for a 
first class, which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. 
Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re- 
garded as finest for the dessert ; but, since the introduction of the 
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded 
as surpassed in delicacy. 

CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

iVMERicAN Black. 

Thimbleberry, 1 Common Black Cup, ] Black Easpberry. 
This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-corners in 
the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, iu tiie garden, it increases 
in size nearly one-fourth : and ripening very late, will always be profitable 
for market. For making jam, flavoring puddings, etc., it is preferred to the 
more delicate kinds. Shoots, long, rambling, recurved. Berries^ dark 
purple, nearly black, round flattened. 

American Red. 

Common Eed, | English Ked, o/ some. 
Well known. Shoots, upright, light brown. Fruit, medium, roundish, 
light red, sub-acid. Early. 

Belle de Fontenay. 
A dwarf-growing variety, with large and deep green leaves; bears large 
frnit all the Autumn, of good flavor, but requires warm soil and exposure. 
(Hort.) 

Catawissa. 
American. From Columbia Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, dark reddish 
purple, producing abundantly on the young wood, and commencing to ripen 
20* 



^66 



THE RASPBEEEY. 




early in August. This character will probably make it valuable when 
raspberry canes are liable to be destroyed by the colds in Winter. 

Antwerp. 

New Eed Antwerp, | True Eed Antwerp. 
Atthough universally desired, it is 
rare that the tnie Red Antwerp rasp- 
berry is found West of the State of 
New York. It is a Dutch sort, ori- 
gii ily from Antwerp city. An exa- 
mination of the Red Antwerp as im- 
ported from several sources, all of 
which prove incorrect, leads us to 
doubt whether it is better known in 
the old country than here. The 
common Red Antwerp is easily de- 
tected in its fruit being smaller and 
round, while that of the true is large, 
regularly long conical, dull red, with 
a rich, sweet flavor. Canes, mode- 
rately strong, yellowish green, be- 
coming pale brown or mouse color, 

early in Autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the upper 
portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens from first 
to tenth' July. The canes need protection in Winter throughout Northern 
sections, iix order to secure a full crop. 



Colonel Wilder. 

Another seedling of Dr. Brinckle's. 
Shoots, strong, light-colored. Fruit, 
above medium, roundish conical, light 
cream color, firm, with a sprightly, 
fine flavor ; moderately productive, 
ripening its fruit in succession, from 
early until quite late in the season. 
Raised from seed of the Fastolf, and 
named in honor of one of the best 
pomologists in America. 



Cope. 
A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's ; promises well. Foliage, light green. Frtiit, 
• arge, conical, crimson ; spines, red. 

CusriiNG. 
This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, by Dr. 
Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It promises well ; should receive atten- 
tion of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; prickles, brown : leaf, plaited, 
regular form. Fruit, large, roundish conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. 
Matures earl v. 




MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMKD. 



467 



Emily. 

A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigorous 
growth, "with "wiiite spines. Fruity large, round, occasionally shouldered ; 
light yellow. 

English Eed Cane. 

Allen? 1 False Eed Antwerp. 

A variety much grown and highly valued by market gardeners. The 
canes are pretty strong, tall, of a bluish red color, whitish gray bloom, very 
hardy and productive. Fruit, medium or above, globular, slightly conical ; 
dull red, large grains, and moderately firm, bearing carriage well ; flesh, 
juicy, pleasant, not high flavor. 

Fastolf. 

An English variety, in- 
troduced with high praise, 
which it has fully sustained 
in this country. It is proba- 
bly a chance seedling of the 
Red Antwerp, which it much 
resembles. Its name is from 
an old pile, called Fastolf 
Castle, near Yarmouth, Eng. 
Throughout most of North 
and Western States it will 
need protection in Winter, 
as its canes are not quite 
hardy. For small gardens, 
we prefer it to Red Ant- 
werp ; but for market cul- 
ture, the latter is best, on 
account of being more firm. 
Shoots, strong, are much in- 
clined to branch, light yel- 
lowish brown. Fntit, large, 
roundish, obtuse conical, 
bright purplish red, soft, 
rich, high-flavored, product- 
ive ; ripening its fruit in 
long-continued succession. 




Fkanconia. 
Introduced to this country from France, under this name ; but not to be 
found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. Its canes 
are nearly hardy; maturing good crops, without protection, four years out 
of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather 
stout bristles; leaves, rather narrow. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark 
rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; more firm than Fastolf, and not as much 
so as Red Antwerp. A few days later than the latter in ripening. It is 
said that in New Hampshire there is a wild variety similar if not identical. 



468 



THE EASPBEREY. 



French. 

Vice-President French. 
This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp: originated 
with Dr. Brinckle. Fruity large, round, crimson, matures late ; spines, red. 
It is one of the best of the Brinckle seedlings, and deserves extensive 
culture. 

Fulton. 

From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson: productive, and a 
vigorous grower : spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin. 

General Patterson. 
Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. Spines, red. Fruit, 
large, round, crimson. 

Knevett's Giant. 




Imported from England by 
Col. Wilder, in 1843. This 
raspberry has proved more 
hardy than any other foreign 
variety, requiring no protec- 
tion, and producing uniformly 
large crops of fruit. Its texture 
being firm, it will be found 
profitable to grow for market. 
Canes, strong, upright, dis- 
posed to branch. Fruit, large, 
obtuse conical or roundish, 
deep red and of excellent fla- 
vor. It is recommended for 
genera] cultivation by the 
American Pomological Society. 



Magnum Bonum. 

A white or yellowish fruit of large size, rather firm flesh, and finely 
flavored, similar to the old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive and 
vigorous. 

Merveille de Quatre Saisons. 

Large, bright red, and is, of all the Autumnal raspberries, the most 
abundant bearer ; its spikes of fruit are often twelve or eighteen inches 
long, and produced till the end of October. (Hort.) 

Merveille de Quatre S.-visons. 

Yellow fruit, new variety, raised from the above. It bears abundantly 
in the Autumn.' and its fruit is sweet and well flavored. (Hort.) 

Monthly. 

Large-fruited Monthly, ] Eiyers' Large-fruited Monthly. 
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dark 
purple spines. Fruit, hardly above medium, red. fine flavor. 



MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 469 

Mrs. Wilder. 

Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to require 
distinct description. 

Northumberland Fillbasket. 

A new foreign variety. A strong, vigorous grower, with numerous 
rather strong, crimson-colored spines. Fruit, somewhat globular or obtuse 
conical, deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor. Productive. 

Ohio Ever-bearing. 

Ohio Easpbeny. 
Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing 
two crops in a year. By many esteemed very desirable. 

Orange. 

This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On account 
of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow Antwerp, while 
its late period of ripening will render it highly valuable for marketing. 
Shoots, vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular. Fruit, large, ovate, 
beautiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor. Productive. By 
many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by Dr. 
Brinckle. 

Thunderer. 

A new variety lately introduced from England, and which very much 
resembles Franconia. It promises equally valuable. 

Yellow Antwerp. 

"White Antwerp, [ Double-bearing Yellow. 

This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there, we presume, 
will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It sometimes throws 
up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long time, whence its 
synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish 
spines. Fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, and excellent. Requires 
protection in Winter. In our Southern States, the Antwerp varieties are 
said to fail . 

Walker. 

Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as a 
market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruity large, 
round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in per- 
fection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines^ red. 

Woodward. 
Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, though 
larger than the ordinary wild raspberry. Fruit., round, sometimes roundi.sh 
ovate, crimson : red spines. Has ripened as early as the tenth of June, 
(Wilder in Hort.) 



4:70 THE EASPBEKKT. 



CLASS III. Superseded varieties. 

Ambkican "White. 
"White Thimbleberry. 
Varying from above, only in color. 

Baenet. 

Cornwairs Prolific, I Cornwall's Bed, I Lord Exmoutb's. 
Cornwall's Seedling, | Large Ked, | 

English. Shoots, long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit, large, soft, roundish conical, 
purplish red, agreeable. 

Bkentfoed Cane. 
English. Shoots, strong, branching. Fruit, medium, oval conical, dull red. Inferior. 

Cox's HONET. 

English. Fruit, medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. 

Cretan Eed. 
From the Mediterranean. Shoots, upright, hardy. Fruit, medium, round, deei) red, acid. 
Late. 

Double-Bearing. 

Perpetual Bearing, I Late Cane, 
Siberian, | Eed Double-Bearing. 

Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Eipens late. 

Nottingham Scarlet. 
English. Fruit, medium, obtuse conical, red. 

Eed Antwerp. 

Old Eed Antwerp, I Rowland's Eed Antwerp, I Burley. 
Knevett's Antwerp, | Framboisier a Gros Fruit, | 

This is the common Eed Antwerp of England and this country, and is quite distinct from 
the North Eiver variety, which is shorter iii growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes, strong 
and tall ; spines, light red, rather numerous, and pretty strong. Fruit, large, nearly globular, 
or obtuse conical ; color, dark red, with large grains, and covered with a thick bloom; flesh, 
juic}', with a brisk vinous flavor. 

Victoria. 
English. Medium, roundish conical, red. 

"Wood-ward's Eed Globe. 
English. Large, red, roundish conical. 

"Wilmot's Early Eed. 
English. Small, roundish, red. Early. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 

Fragaria, [of species,) L. — Rosacece of Botanists. 

During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed- 
ling to the vai'ieties of the Strawberry, there has arisen a furor for 
the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the 
United States has its " rare and unsurpassed seedling," cultivated and 
extolled with pi-aise and poetry equaling that of olden bard ; while 
savans, wise on Strawberry culture and the structure of plants 
botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural 
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical 
men. 

A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the 
varieties of the Strawberry are universally esteemed among the 
most delicious, as well as most wholesome, of the smaller fruits. 
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, 
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this 
country. 

As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full and 
satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every garden, 
farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square to the 
field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not sufiicient 
quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have been made 
of cures effected in the human frame from use of Strawberries. We 
consider the fact, that during strawberry season there is less of sickness 
in cities well supplied with that fruit, a piost agreeable testimonial to 
its healthful and invaluable qualities at the present day. The dis- 
tinctive name, Fragaria, is highly expressive of the fragrant scent 
emitted by the fruit. 

Raising from Seed. When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should 
be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed 
separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, Avhere only the morn- 
ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold-frame with 
the lights sloping to the North, Sow the seed at distances of about 
one inch, and cover lightly, by sifting fine sand, or, what is prefera- 
ble, vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants 
will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a 
frame, they should have tan -bark or decayed leaves strewed among 
them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans- 
plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable com 
post. 

471 



472 THE STIiAAVBEEEY. 

Propagation from Runners and Divisions. All varieties of the 
Strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by 
means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should 
be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be 
pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them, 
to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way, from fifty 
to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a 
season. 

To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while 
in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to renew ; 
after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light and room to 
form abundance of new plants. The Wood and Alpine varieties are 
propagated easily from seed with but little variation. They are 
also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster of roots early in the 
Spring. 

Fertile and Barren Plants. It is an old saying that " every person 
enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, of Cin- 
cinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in common 
phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms ; and so vigorously has 
the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power and speed, it has 
found its way into every journal in the country, whether horticultural 
or otherwise ; and so generally is the distinction of staminate (male) 
and pistillate (female) flowers understood, that we do not deem it 
necessary here to re-describe. 

" The European Wood and Alpine Strawberries always maintain a 
natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and there- 
fore every blossom gives a perfect fruit." 






Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 8. 

Sterile Staminate Blossom. Sterile PistilMe Blossom. Natural Stat* 

The " Scarlets," and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown 
from seed in higlaly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become 
imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence 
arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms, male and 
female. 

In the production of new varieties, even in our wiidlings, the seed- 
lino- plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in 
exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the 



VAEIETIES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 473 

other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly 
barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which, when once 
formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. 
Downing, " that the organs are always present, though imperfectly 
developed," and that when " deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 1,) they are 
called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female phmts, 
the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly 
accepted, that we have, for the better understanding, continued their use. 

This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original 
state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif- 
ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, 
when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and 
ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the 
habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con- 
struction in the flower of the Strawberry cannot be depended on from 
a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied 
cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich- 
j^ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, 
with corresponding decrease of fruit-stems ; hence, the necessity of 
forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, 
and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants 
from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from 
the root, being given to creation of new plants by means of runners 
instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. 

With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continually 
being produced, in which one organ is most prominently developed, 
and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-bearing 
flower, it has become a requisite in planting, to secure such propor- 
tion of fruit-bearing or -pistillate plants with the fructifying or stami- 
nate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pistillates, 
being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in new-ly formed 
beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. 

Varieties, however, exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old 
Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been class- 
ed as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. 
These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about 
three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her- 
maphrodite. 

Varieties and their Classification. The varieties of this fruit have 
within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome to the 
autlior who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman who 
grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few are 
retained as desirable to cultivate, where quantity of produce and char- 
acter, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. 

The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, 
yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more varie- 



474: THE STEAWBEKET. 

ties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and writers 
are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them. 

Authors have classed the Strawberry as Scarlets^ the original type 
being our wild Strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or Surinam 
Strawbei'ry; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood Straw- 
berry of Europe ; Hauthois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; Chili, 
from South America. 

The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ; 
long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, 
of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. 

The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green 
leaves ; fruit of pine-apple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds 
slightly imbedded. 

The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their organs ; 
small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit, small, sweet, and separating 
freely from the calyx. 

The Hauthois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, 
the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. 

The Ghili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit 
pale red and insipid. 

The Green Strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, 
solid flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this 
country. 

We have dropped the arrangement into classes, as many of the 
new varieties combine two of the above classes, and it is therefore im- 
possible to classify distinctly. 

Soil and Situation. Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils, 
are generally found to produce the largest berries, as well as most in 
quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of ani- 
mal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or rubbish, 
has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any recorded 
in the public journals. Deep, the soil must be, say twenty inches, to 
insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a moderately deep 
soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and perfect, while 
the heat and drought, so usual throughout the West and South-west 
in Strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, and prevent 
the filling and perfecting of the remainder. 

Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of straw 
or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well repay 
the labor, in the extra crop produced. 

Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig- 
ging in, liberally, of barn-yard manui'e, it frequently happens that too 
much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit- 
stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum 
(plaster of Paris), to every four feet square of ground, with two 
inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods 



TIME OF KIPENING. ' 475 

or old pastui-es, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that 
the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de- 
tected, as they flower some eight or ten days earlier than the pistil- 
lates, and may then be drawn out. 

The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or 
later maturity of a variety. A side-hill sloping soutii-east, witli 
springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has 
enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the •' Early 
Scarlet " strawberry, some ten days or two weeks in advance of 
others, who have the same variety on warm soils and upon level 
exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied 
liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product 
nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or 
springy, cold soils, should never be selected. 

Season for Transplanting and Preparation of Plants. South of 
Pliiladelphia, the best season for forming new plantations is either 
the last of September, first of October, or in March. In latitudes 
north of this range it will generally be found best to transplant in 
April or early in May. July or August planting in either section 
will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of our sun ; 
while September or later planting in the northern range will require 
additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust or the like; 
and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by frosts of 
Winter. 

The plants, when set, should be trimmed of all but two leaves, 
the roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy 
time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, 
one hermaphi'odite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. 

2\me of Ripening. This varies according to latitude. In the 
latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 25th 
May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree of lati- 
tude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier or 
later, as you go north or south. 

The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means 
of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. 
If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken, of eight feet 
square, the fii'st two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and fruit 
at its usual time; the next two feet shall have only its first fruit- 
stems plucked when just about to bloom; the third shall have its 
entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when the 
second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the second 
plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no moisture 
after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. The 
result will be a succession of fruit in order. 

Modes of Culture. Different varieties require measurably different 
modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. That of 



4:76 THE STEAWBEERT. 

cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a hill, the 
runners regularly desti'oyed, is most successful with the Wood and 
Alpine varieties, and is the only successful mode of growing any of 
the English varieties ; it also returns the largest and most perfect 
berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the price of 
labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to compare 
favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which have 
been successfully and largely practiced in this country, and are thus 
described by A. J. Downing : 

" Culture in Hows. The rows should be two feet apart, and the 
plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the 
rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, fi'om one foot to eighteen inches 
is sufficient. Tlie runners must be kept down by cutting them off 
at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order 
by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small 
vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every 
Autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should 
be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be 
omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. 

" A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late 
in the Fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the 
more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold Winter, 
Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be 
covered with straw or new-mown grass to keep it clean, A planta- 
tion in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must 
always be renewed after the fourth year." 

Culture in Alternate Strips. " Strike out the rows three feet 
apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the 
row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners 
should be allowed to take possession of every alternate strip of three 
feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all 
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The 
occupied strip, or bed of runners, will now give a heavy crop of 
strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from 
which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this 
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next 
season's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily 
cover the new space alloted to them, and will perhaps require a par- 
tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this 
is the case — say about the middle of August — dig under the whole 
of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be 
then sown with turnips or spinach, wdiich will come off before the 
next season of fruits. 

" In this way, the strips or beds occupied by the plants are re- 
versed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be con- 
tinued in a productive state for many years." 



SPECIFIC NUTRITION. 477 

Specific Nutrition. R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I 
fertilize the plants, on opening of Spring, with a liberal sprinkling 
of a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, 
Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to 
eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week, or ten days, until 
they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." 

An old recipe, published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, 
says that " a bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a 
week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin 
to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in 
full bloom, the following preparation : " Of nitre, of potash, of 
Glauber's salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, 
one-quarter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river 
water, one-third applied at a time, and the application made at 
evening." If dry weather, free application of clear soft water 
should be made between the times of using the preparation. 
Throughout most of the Western soils there is, as yet, no necessity 
for specific application of food to the strawberry, except it may be in 
old gardens. For field, or market culture, new clover-lye will be 
found better than specific manures on old grounds. The applying 
specific nutrition in solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly 
increases their susceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, 
and size of fruit ; yet we doubt the success of such increased action 
in the soils of the Western States, as combined with the great 
changes of climate. On the other hand, we advise such course as 
will rather check than enhance vigor. We append analysis of the 
Strawberry plant, made by Mr. Bilius Kirtland, for guidance of 
those whose grounds have become exhausted, and who prefer this 
method : 

Garden Strawberry. 

In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes : 

Grains. 

Silica 6.117 

Charcoal and Sand 3.103 

Perphosphate of Iron 1.515 

Lime 26 539 

Magnesia ., 8.908 

Sulphuric Acid 1.469 

Phosphoric Acid 6.970 

Chlorine 708 

Potash 33.154 

Soda 2.790 

Carbonic Acid 23.008 

114.281 
Organic matter and loss 1.739 

116.020 



478 



THE STEAWBEEET. 




CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. 

Boston Pine. 

American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation ; vines, vigorous. 
Fruity large, roundish, slightly conical; seeds^ yellow, slightly imbedded 
color^ deep, rich, shining red ; flesh, pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, with ? 
sprightly, agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey is the originator of this variety 
Its earliness and great productiveness make it highly valuable. 

Burr's New Pine. 



Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a clayey 
soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ] vines, 
hardy, vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit, large, obovate, or rounded, light pale red ; 
seeds^ slightly imbedded : fleshy whitish pink, deli- 
cate aromatic flavor, sweet, and delicious ; core^ firm, 
long rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly 
desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very ear- 
liest. 



Genesee, 
American. Hermaphrodite ; vines, luxuriant ; fruit-stalks, stout, sup- 
porting the fruit well. Fruit, large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc- 
tive. Ripens late. Originated with EUwanger and Barry. 

Hooker. 

Originated with H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Esteemed. Herma- 
phrodite ; vines, vigorous, large broad foliage, hardy, productive, long time 
in bearing; fruit-stalks, long; truss, large. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, 
generally regular, but sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, purplish red, 
surface soft, polished ; seeds, not deeply imbedded ; flesh, fine, sweet, rich, 
and excellent. 

IIovey's Seedling. 

American. Pistillate. Flowers, small ; vines, vigorous ; leaves, broad, 
roundish, distinct from all other varieties : leaf and fruit-stalks, short and 
stout. Fruit, very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short 
neck ; color, when' fully exposed to the sun, dark, rich, shining red ; seeds, 
dark; flesh, scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of 
flavor. In' rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, 
this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common or 
sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. The " Methven Scarlet" 
has been largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as 
Hovey's Seedling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in 
Winter. 



MOST G-ENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 



4Y9 



Hudson. 



Hudson's Bay, 
Old Hudson, 



Late Scarlet, 
American Scarlet, 



Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than an/ other variety ; its har- 
dihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine, rich, acid flavor, 
so valuable for preserving, will continue for years to bring it abundantly to 
the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around Cincinnati 
it gi-ows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for Hovey's. It 
must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as Longworth's Pro- 
lific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit, above medium, ovate, often with a 
neck: seeds, deeply imbedded; color, rich dark glossy red ; flesh, firm, of a 
high, brisk acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until fully matured. 
Season, rather late. 

Jennet's Seedling. 

Valuable for ripening late — say one week after 
'• Longworth's Prolific," or about same time as 
" Dundee " — and for its firm texture, and desirable 
qualities as a .variety for preserving. Flowers, 
pistillate : vines, very hardy; leaf and fruit-stems, 
both long, stiff, and upright ; calyx, very large, dis- 
tinctive. Fruit, large very regular, roundish 
conical ; color, rich, glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply 
imbedded : flesh, white, tinged with pink at the 
core, while the red of surface is shaded in one- 
sixteenth of distance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious; 
core, long conical, open texture, sometimes, hol- 
low. Season, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts 
having been gathered from less than three-quarters 
of an acre. 

Longworth's Pkolific, 

Sclmeike's Seedling. 

Originated at Cincinnati at the same time 
as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar ground ; 
both on the land of Mr. Longworth known as the 
•• Garden of Eden." For market culture we re- 
gard it of more value than McAvoy's Superior. 
Flowers, hermaphrodite; vines, hardy; foot- 
stalks, long, stout; leaf, broad, round, bold, up- 
right, with a curve ; trusses, large, full, stand up 
well from the ground ; productive, regular, and 
sure bearer. Fruit, above medium 'to large, gen- 
erally regular, roundish or obovate, sometimes 
slightly conical or coxcomb ; color, rich, dark 
uii.ii^un J seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; flesh, firm, bright red, with veins 
of white, and a white rim surrounding the core, which is obovate rounded, 
sub-acid, rich, high, not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long 
acuminate, and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season" 
or with " Hudson." 





crimson 



480 



THE STKAWBEREY. 



Large Eari.y Scarlet. 

Early Virginia. 

American. Hermaphrodite. With some this is regarded as the best 
early berry. Its chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate 
kinds. Fruity medium, roundish orate, bright scarlet ; seeds^ deeply im- 
bedded ■ fleshy tender, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. Vfe 
think '"Jenny Lind " will prove superior to this, and take its place. 

McAvoy's Superior. 

McAvoy's No. 13. 




Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid with 
limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati Horticultural 
Society. 1851. Flowers, pistillate; vines, hardy; foliage, broad, dark, 
wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ; trusses, full, and well- 
formed. Fruit, very large, exceeding by one-eighth that of any other va- 
riety ; form, varied, as shown in our drawings, generally roundish, irregu- 
lar conical, and occasionally slightly necked ; color, rich, dark, glossj^ 
crimson ; seeds, large, slightly imbedded : flesh, red crimson, lighted and 
veined with white, the white most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, 
with an exquisitely fine, high flavor; core, round oblong, rather open and 
coarse in texture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances; desirable 
for private gardens. Ripens at medium season. 

Monroe Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Plants, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, large, round- 
ish, short neck, fair flavor; flesh, firm. Valuable market sort. 

Walker's Seedling. 
American. Staminate. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical, very 
dark crimson; seed, moderately sunk; flesh, not quite solid, deeply stained 
with red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best ;" prolific for a staminate. 



MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 



481 



Prolific Hautbois. 



Laftiyette, of some. 
La Grange, of some. 




ay-^ 



Conical Hautbois, I Double Bearing, | 

Musk Hautbois, | Caperon Royal, j 

Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of strawber- 
ries, this \Ye regard as the only one worth cultivating ; 
and even this is only adapted to private gardens of 
those who relish its peculiar musky flavor. One pint 
of these berries, mixed with a dish of two quarts of 
any of the Scarlet or Pine varieties, imparts a richness 
and character that few can avoid liking, after once 
tasting. Plants of both sexes require to be carefully 
selected in order to give product. Foot-stalks, long, 
bearing the fruit above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and 
very ,^ productive. Fruity medium, sometimes large, 
rounded conical, dark purplish red ) seeds, light crim- 
son, prominent ; jlesh^ firm, musky, very rich, sweet 
and delicious: core^ ovate conical, partially hollow. Ptipens with "'Wes- 
tern Queen ;" and sometimes, when the season is rainy, gives a partial 
second crop. John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois 
of Myatt is a larger fruit and bearer than above. 

Western Queen. 

Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, in 
1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistillate; vines, 
very hardy; foot-sialks, long; foliage, dark, acumi- 
nate ; truss, well spread, very productive. Fruit. 
medium to largo, regular rounded conical, very little 
inclination to form a neck: color, rich dark glossy 
red ; seeds.^ dark : flesh., yellowish stained, firm, juicy, 
sub-acid, sprightly and agreeable flavor ; core., long, 
conical. This variety bears carriage well, and being 
less acid as well as larger than Hud,son or Willey, 
should supersede them. 

Willey. 
Wiley. 
American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants 
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its 
name.) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha- 
racter allied to. but yet varied. Fruit, medium to large, ovate conical 
rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red; flesh., firm, juicy, 
high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines.^ 
very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially 
lessened in size. 

Wilson's Albany. 
Ptaised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Flowers, pistillate ; 
vines, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit, large, broadly conic, 
pointed ; color., deep crimson ; fleshy crimson, tender,' with a brisk acid fla- 
vor: a promising variety. The introduction of this, as well as most other 
Northern varieties, at the Southwest, should be done cautiousl)', as it is 
doubtful whether they will bear the heat of Southern summers. 
21 




482 THE STRAWBERRY. 

CLASS II. New and untested varieties^ or adapted to certain localities. 

Admiral Dundas. 

English. New. Foliage, small. Fruit, large, irregular, conical flat- 
tened, pale scarlet, yellowish, seeds slightly imbedded ; flesh, pale red, hol- 
low, juicy : " good." (Hov. Mag.) 

Ajax. 
English. Staminate. Fruit, globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark 
crimson, fine flavor. New. 

Alice Maude. 

Princess Alice Maude. 
English. Hermaphrodite. Large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, 
flavor sprightly, abundant bearer; grown largely in some sections of 
Virginia. 

BicTON Pine. 

English. Staminate. Fruit, large, long oval, flattened, bluish white. 
For amateurs only. 

Bishop's Orange. 

Orange Hudson's Bay, | Bishop's New. 
Pistillate. Medium, light orange scarlet, conical; fruits in clusters, 
moderately prolific. Desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. 

Black Prince. 

Black Imperial. 
English. Pistillate. Large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds, 
slightly imbedded, very showy; flesh, rich, red, sweet; in some localities 
— as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit — 
proves of the very highest flavor; wants a rich, loamy clay; core, full, 
firm, surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black 
Prince, which is long, conical, somewhat acid. 

Brewer's Emperur. 

English. Staminate. Large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro- 
ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has not 
as yet been much disseminated. 

Brighton Pine. 

Raised by Mr. Scott, of Brighton. Mass. An early and prolific variety, 
much lauded by Mr. Hovey, from whose magazine we extract description : 
Vines, vigorous, hardy. Fruit, large, roundish conical, dark red ; flesh, 
tinged with scarlet, sprightly, high flavor. Ripens among the verv earliest. 

Brilliant. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Flowers, large. Fruit, large, conical, 
deep crimson; flavor, excellent. Productive; plants vigorous. (W. R. 
P., in Hort.) 



'^~ TUSfTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 483 

British Queen. 

Myatt's British. Queen. 
English. Stamiiiate. Large, roundisli, scarlet, rich : poor bearer. 

Burr's SEEOLiNa. 

Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, light green : vines, strong, 
vigorous and hardy. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; 
seed, light-colored ; color, light pale red ; flesh, tender, mild, and pleasant 
flavor, does not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in 
market. Productive, and, as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. 

Caleb Cope. 

American. Pistillate. Large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh, white ; flavor, 
good. Prolific. 

Captain Cook. 

English. New. Vines, said to be strong and haray ] great bearer. 
Fruit, large, firm, bright scarlet. 

Charlotte. 

American. Pistillate. Flowers, medium; foliage, broad. Fruit, large, 
obovate ; color, dark scarlet • flesh, sweet, sprightly flavor. Productive. 
(W. R. P., in Hort.) 

Cleveland. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Leaf, large, ovate rounded, dark green. 
Fruit, large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular ; color, 
dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion : seeds, 
ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh, firm, of pine-apple flavor, rich, and deli- 
cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Climax. 

Climax Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, slightly necked, light 
scarlet, rather acid. Very productive. (E. and B.) 

Cornucopia. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, conical, scarlet. Productive. (W. 
R. P., in Hort.) 

Crescent Seedling. 

A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We 
have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. 

Crimson Cone. 

Dutch Berry, | Scotch Pineapple. 

Pistillate. Flowers, medium. Fruit, large, conical, good flavor, slightly 
acid. Vines, vigorous, requiring .«pace : productive. An old market sort. 
Superseded. 



484 THE STEAWBEEET. 

Gushing. 
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large; color, light scarlet; form, 
obtuse conical ; flesh, fine; flavor, sprightly, agreeable. Productive. Ori- 
ginated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle. of Philadelphia. 

DuCHESSE DE TrEVISE. 

A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this 
country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus 
describes it : " Presented to the Society by M. Jamin. Bourg-la-Reine, near 
Paris, September 6th, 1851. Fruit, middle-sized, ovate, deep red : seeds, 
small, rather deeply imbedded ; flesh, pale red, juicy, with a brisk, rich 
flavor ; leaves, large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf- 
stalks, moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon- 
tally, but those on the scapes and runners are depressed. Appears to be a 
good bearer." 

Duncan's Seedling. 

English. New. Fruit, large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. 
Lately introduced. 

Dundee. 

Scotch. Pistillate; leaves, light green; foot and fruit-stalks, long, sup- 
porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit, medium to large, 
roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich acid, 
high flavor very productive : extremely valuable as market berry, its period 
of ripening being from five to ten days after Wiley or Hudson. Vines, very 
hardy. 

Duke of Kent. 

Duke of Kent's -Bcarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, | Early Prolific Scarlet. 

English. Staminate. Fruit, small, roundish conical, bright scarlet, sharp, 
rather acid flavor : valuable only on account of its early period of ripening. 
Vines, hardy. 

FiLLBASKET. 

English. New. Vines, strong. Fruit, large, round, bright scarlet, 
firm ; great bearer. 

Germantown. 

Young's Seedling. 
From Germantown, Pa. Vines, vigorous, hardy, productive, long time 
in bearing. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, regular, rich, dark 
crimson, firm, sweet, high flavor ; promises valuable for market pur- 
poses. 

Green Strawberry. 

Green Pine, | Green Wood, | Green Alpine. 
Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green. 

IIautbois Seedling. 

Pealiody Seedling. 

American. New. Origin, C. A. Peabody. Columbus, Geo. Herma- 
phrodite. Hardy, vigorous plant, withstanding both cold and heat without 
injury. Fruit, bonie upon tall stalks, and attached to the calyx by a coral- 



UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 485 

like neck, without ^ceds; size, large ; form, irregular, conical ovate, com- 
pressed ; color, rich, dark crimson : flesh, firm, melting, juicy, exquisite, 
pine flavor ; prolific, and bears carriage well. 

Hooper's Seedling. 

English. Staminate. Fruit, medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor ; 
productive. Late. 

Iowa Male. 

"Washington. 
American. Staminate. Fruit, medium, I'ound conical ; seed.s, deeply 
imbedded; color, pale red; core, ovate conical, marked with a greenish 
line • flesh, yellow ; flavor, delicate ; moderate bearer. 

Tenny Lind. 

Staminate. Size, rather large ; form, conical, perfect, generally with 
short neck ; seeds, moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color, bright light 
scarlet ; flesh, white, nearly solid, heavy, tender, and juicy ; flavor, plea- 
sant sub-acid, and, under favorable circumstances, highly perfumed ; quality, 
"very good." Early, ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. 

Magnifique. 

American. Pi.stillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant 
flavor : productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

McAvoy's No. 1. 

McAvoy's Extra Eed. 

American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place 
as •• McAvoy's Superior.'' They are yet comparatively untested, but, with 
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large, 
roundish, scarlet; seed, deeply imbedded ; flesh, stained with red; flavor, 
agreeable ; the extra red. sub-acid. 

Methven Scarlet. 

Methven Castle, 1 Southampton Scarlet, I Ilovey's Seedling, of some, "West, 

Methven, | Keen's Seedling, of some, "West, | Stoddart's do. •' 

Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish or cock's- 
comb shaped; seed, slightly imbedded; color, dull scarlet; flesh, coarse, 
open texture ; core, large and hollow ; flavor, very indifferent. It some- 
times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the height 
of strawberry season. 

Montevideo Pine. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, large ana vigorous ; flowers, very- 
large. Fruit, large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. 
P. in Hort.) 

Moyamensing. 

American. Pistillate. Foliage, large, crenate serratures. Fruit, large, 
roundish conical, deep crimson; seed, crimson, set in rather deep depres- 
sions, with rounded intervals; flesh, red; flavor, fine. Valuable market 
sort in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 



4:86 THE STRAWBEKKT. 

Necked Pine. 

Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, always necked, light 
scarlet ; flesh, white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant whcji fully ripe ; little 
grown, except in private gardens at Cincinnati. 

Omar Pacha. 
English. Vines, vigorous : a seedling from British Queen. Fruit, large, 
roundish, cock's-comb form; bright red, with many small, yellow seeds j 
flesh, white, juicy, sweet. New. 

Orange Prolific. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, orange scarlet, acid; produc- 
tive, late. (E. & B.) 

Pennsylvania. 

American. Pistillate. Leaf, large, deep green. Fruit, large, broadly 
conical, dark crimson : seeds, crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im- 
bedded ; flesh, red ; flavor, fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So ) 

Prince of Wales. 

English. New. Said to be very early. Fruit, medium, deep scarlet, 
fine flavor ; productive. 

Primate. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; pro- 
ductive, fine for market. (W. Pt. P. in Hort.) 

Primordian. 

American. Pistillate. Flowers, small. Fruit, large, conical, deep 
scarlet; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Prolific Hudson. 

American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor; 
ripens gradually. (W. 11. P. in Hort.) 

Prolific Swainstonk. 

American. Hermnphrodite. Fruit, large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor, fine ; 
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Red Alpine. 

Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth. 
Flowers, perfect. Fruit, small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar 
flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long 
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos- 
soms. The " White Alpine " varies only in the color of its fruit. 

Red Wood. 

EnglisTi Rod Wood. 
The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of 
long continuance; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The 
White Wood varies only in color. 



untested varieties, etc. 487 

Refulgent. 
American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor; 
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 

Richardson's Late. 
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, roundish, short neck, light 
scarlet, rich sub-acid, sprightly flavor ; moderately productive. Ripens in 
succession, until about middle of July. (M. P. W., in Hort.) 

Rival Hudson. 

Burr's Rival Hudson. 
American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, bright scarlet ; flesh, red, firm, sub 
acid ; very productive. Originated same time as '• Burr's New Pine,'' and 
is much like "Hudson," its parent. 

Ross Phcenix. 
American. Staminate. Fruit, large, roundish, compressed, dark red; 
flesh, firm, good flavor : generally a poor bearer. 

Ruby. 

English. Fruit, medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Salter's Versaillaise. 

English. We copy description of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. So- 
ciety : 

Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter. Nurseryman, Hammer- 
smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit, large, ovate, somethiies flattened or cock's 
comb-shaped, dark red; seeds, rather deeply imbedded: flesh, pale, juicy, 
and rich ; leaves, middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks, 
scapes, and runners, hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A good 
bearer. 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

English. New. Vines, vigorous. Fruit, large, regular roundish, coni- 
cal, glossy red ; delicate perfumed flesh. 

Scott's Seedling. 
From Brighton, Mass. Staminate. Vines, dwarfish, hardy ; light yel- 
lowish green foliage. Fruit, medium, conical, crimson scarlet, hollow at 
core ; flesh, pale red, wanting in flavor. 

Sir C. Napier. 
English. Vines, vigorous ; foilage, medium. Fruit, large, roundish 
cock's comb, glossy scarlet; seeds, yellowish; flesh, pinkish, juicy, slightly 
musky. 

Sir Harry. 

English. Vines, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, cock's-comb form ; 
flesh, red, solid, delicious, perfumed : fruit-stems, stout. New. (Hov. Mag.) 

SOUTHBOROUGH. 
Southlborougli Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. 
English. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, sometimes pointed, 
rich deep scarlet; seeds, small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor; firm 



488 TPIE STEAWBEERY. 

flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con- 
nection with ''Large Early Scarlet "' (to which it is a good mate), and 
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines, 
hardy : fruit and foot-stalks, short. 

SwAiNSTONE Seedling. 
English. Staminate. Fruit, large, ovate, light crimsou, rirni fleshed, 
rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. 

Unique Scarlet. 
American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious 
flavor. Moderate bearer. 

Victoria. 

Trollope's Victoria. 
English. Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit, medium to large, 
round, conical, rich scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. 
Season, with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this 
variety, but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as 
any variety under different name. The vines are hardy ; prosnise well. 

White Alpine. 
Varies from Pted Alpine only in the color of its fruit. 

White Bush Alpine. 
This and Red Bush Alpine diflier from the Alpine previously described, 
only in not forming runners, but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are 
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing through- 
out the entire season, renders it desirable. They are propagated by divid- 
ing the roots early in Spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, N. Y., first 
introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. 



CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. 



Aberdeen Bee Hive. 
English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. 

Bain's Extka Eaely. 
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh, tinged with red, sweet and pleasant. 

BOSTOCK. 

llostock. 
English. Roundish ; poor hearer. 

BuiSTS Prize. 

American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm ; moderately productive. 

Cole's Late Scaklet. 

English. Medium, deep color; moderate bearer. 

Cole's Pkolifio. 
English. Large, conical, good flavor. 



SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 489 



Cox'3 Seedling. 
English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. 

COLTJMBtrS, 

American. Pistillate ; large, dark red, sweet, too tender. 

Ceimson Pine. 
Hermaphrodite ; resembles Hudson. 

Deptfokd Pine. 

Myatt's Deptford Pine. 

English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet ; poor bearer ; partially hardy. 

DOWNTON. 

Knight's Seedling. 
English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet; unproductive. 

Ebeelein's Seedling. 

American. Hermaphrodite ; vines, vigorous ; flowers, medium ; fruit, medium, conical 
compressed; seeds, light colored, prominent ; color, dark scarlet ; good, slightly acid flavor. 

Elton. 
Elton Pine. 
English. Staminate; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender; unproductive. 

Giant Alpine. 
Medium, globular, tasteless. 

Globe Hatjtbois. 

English. Small, globular ; unproductive. 

GOLIAU. 

German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous; there is also an English 
Tariety. 

Gbove End Scarlet. 
Atkinson's Scarlet. 

English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, acid ; early ; pr«- 
ductive. 

Huntsman's. 

American. Pistillate ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Staminate : Medium, 
dark scarlet, good flavor ; poor bearer. 

Keene's Seedling. 

English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, high flavor, 
lender ; unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, received by N. Long- 
worth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. 

La Liegoise. 
French. Staminate; medium, bright scarlet; unproductive. 

Late Pkolific. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet, 

Lizzie Eandolph. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet ; indifferent grower. 

Myatt's Eliza. 

English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, high flavor ; poor 
bearer. 

Mottier's Seedling. 

American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." 

Melon. 
Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color ; dwarf. 

21* 



490 THE 8TKAWBEEKY. 

Mtatt's Elbanoe. 
English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. 

Mtatt's Globe. 
English. Large, roundish, ilne flavor, tender. 

Mtatt's Mammoth. 
English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, poor bearer. 

^Mtatt's Prince Albekt. 
English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. 

Mtatt's Pine. 
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor ; poor bearer. 

Mtatt's Prolific. 

English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor ; not prolific. 

Ohio Mammoth. 

American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient in flavor ; pooi 
bearer. 

Old Pine, or Caroline. 

Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, | Pineapple. 

American. Staminate ; medium, conical, with a neck, bright scarlet, rich flavor, ripens when 
there are many better varieties. 

Profusk Scarlet. 

Areerican. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. 

Proftision. 

American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. 

Prince of Orleans. 
Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. 

Eoseberrt. 
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor ; jjoor bearer. 

Richardson's Early. 
American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. 

Scioto. 
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. / 

Scarlet Melting. 

American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy, good. 

Taylor's Seedling. 

American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet and agreeable, 
hollow core ; unproductive. 

True Chili. 

Patagonian, | Greenwell's New Giant, | Greenwell's French. 

This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit, large, conical, dull 
red, firm, hollow core. 

"Wilmot's Superb. 

English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet ; poor bearer. 

Wilmot's New Scarlet. 
English. Large, oval, bright scarlet ; poor bearer. 

William Henrt Harrison. 
American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh, reddish. 

Tbllow Chili. 
Fruit, large, irregular, yellow, firm. 



SELECT LIST OF FEUITS. 



We have prepared the following list of Fruits, as most desirable for 
growing in the several sections of country we have designated. It is not 
presumed to be a perfect list, or to embrace all the valuable varieties, but 
it is believed to embrace those most known, proved and esteemed, and 
comprisable within the bounds of our numbers. Our list embraces, of 

Apples 40 varieties. 

Peaches 12 market do. 

Peaclies 12 gardeu do. 

Pears 80 varieties. 

Pears on Quince 20 do. 

Sweet Cherries 12 do. 

Duke Cherries. 6 do. 

Morello Cherries 6 do. 

Plums 15 do. 

Nectarines 3 do. 

Quinces 3 do. 

Apricots 4 do. 

Currants 6 do. 

Hardy Grapes 4 do. 

Strawberries 6 market sorts. 

Strawberries 6 garden sorts, 

Easpberries 6 varieties. 

Gooseberries 6 do. 

We have divided the territory as follows : 

Sec. 1. Embracing Northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Northern Ohio, 
New York, most of Pennsylvania, and the States east. 

Sec. 2. Embraces Southern Pennsylvania, Southern and Central Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, 
and Northern Missouri. 

Sec. 3. Includes all territory south of what is noted in the two pre- 
ceding sections. 

These sections we use only with the Apple and Pear. With Cherries, 
and other fruits, we give selections of the best. Perfect drcsnage, and 
trees with branches near the ground, is essential to successful culture of 
the Cherry at the South and South-west. Propagated on Morello stocks, 
they are more hardy, and succeed better than on Mazzard or Mahaleb. 

We have also endeavored to give the use for which the variety is most 
adapted, and also its time of ripening. In our illustrations necessary to 
this end, T stands to designate that it is used for the table, or dessert ; M, 
that it is profitable as a market variety ; C, that it is among the best for 
cooking purposes ; b, for baking of sweet apples. 

Apples tor Section 1. 



T. 



Name of Variety. 

Amer. Summer Pear- I 

main f 

Early Harvest T. M. C. 

Bed Astrachan M. C. 

Sweet Bough T. b. 

Primate T. 

Gravenstein T. CM. 

Fall Pippin T. M. 

Lowell T. M. 

Garden Boyal T. 

Autumn Bough T. M. 

Mother T. M. 

Myer's Nonpareil T. M. 

Jei-sey Sweet. T. b. 



Time of 
Ripening. 

Aug., Sept. 

July. 

July, Aug. 
Aug. 

Aug., Sept. 
Aug., Oct. 
Oct, Dec. 
Sept., Oct. 
Sept., Oct. 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Jan. 
Sept., Nov. 
Sept. 



Name of Variety. Uses. 

Jeffries T. M. 

Fameuse T. M. 

Baldwin T. M 

King of Tompkins' Co . T. M. 

Belmont T. M. 

Bellflower T. M. C. 

Bullock's Pippin T. 

Melon T. M. 

Kambo T. M. 

Esopiis Spitzenberg T. M. 

Westfleld Seek-no- ( 

further ) 

Domine 

Hubbardstown Non- I 

such f 

491 



T.M. 
T.M. 
T.M. 



Time of 
Eipening. 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Nov 
Dec, Feb. 
Dec, Mar 
Dec, Feb. 
Dec, Feb. 
Jan., Mar. 
Dec, Feb. 
Nov., Jan. 
Jan., Mar. 

Dec, Feb. 

Jan., Mar. 

Dec. Feb. 



492 



SELECT LIST OF FEUITS. 



Name of Variety. 

Jonathan 

Lady Apple 

Newtown Pippin 

Paradise Winter Sweet 

Peclv s Pleasant 

Ehode Island Greening 

Swarr 

Ked Canada 

Eichmond 

London Sweet 

Cogswell 

Winesap 

Newtown Spitzen- 
berg 

Vandervere of Dow- 
ning 

Ladies' Sweet 



T.M. 
T.M. 
T.M. 
T. M. b. 
T.M. 
T. M. C. 
T.M. 
T. M. 
T. M. b. 
T. M. b. 
T.M. 
T. M. C. 



Time of 
Eipeni7ig. 

Jan., Mar- 
Dec., Mar. 
Feb., May. 
Dec., Feb. 
Dec, Feb. 
Nov., Mar. 
Jan., Mar. 
Jan., Mar. 
Oct., Dec. 
Dec, Mar. 
Jan., Apr. 
Dec, Feb. 



T. M. Dec, Mar. 



. T. M. b. Dec, Apr. 



Apples fok Section 2. 

Ainer. Summer Pear- | m 

main ) 

Early Harvest T. M. C. 

Ked Astrachan M. C. 

SweetBough T.b. 

Primate T. 

Iligb Top Sweet b. 

Ke4 June M. 

Fall Pippin T.M. 

Garden Koval . '. T. 

Giavcustein T. C. M. 

Mother T.M. 

Porter T. M. 

Fall Wine ,. T. 

Eambo T. M. 

Smith's Cider T.M. 

Smokehouse T. M. 

Jeffries. T.M. 

Paradise Winter Sweet T. M. 

Willow Twig M. 

Newton Spitzenberg. .. T. M. 

Vaudervere T. M. 

Winesap T. M. C. 

Domino T.M. 0. 

Bullock's Pippin T. M. 

Talman's Sweet M. b. 

Pougbkeepsic Eusset. . T. M. 

Myer's Nonpareil T. M. 

Ortley T. M. 

Bellflowor T. IVL 

Esopus Spitzenberg T. M. 

Jonathan T. M. 

Lady Apple T.M. 

Newtown Pippin T. M. 

Swaar T. M. 

Maiden's Blush M. C. 

Keswick Codliu M. C. 

Prior's Red M. T. 

White Pippin T. M. 

Eaulc's Janet T. M. 

White Winter Pear- ( rp j^j- 

main j 

Apples foe Section 8. 

Early Harvest T. M. C. 

Ked June T.M. 

Julian T. M. 

Ked Astrachan M. C. 

Toccoa T. M. 

Sweet Bough T. M. 

Am. Summer Pearmain T. 



Aug. 

July. 
July. 

July, Aug. 
Aug. 

Jul)', Aug. 
July. 

Sept., Oct. 
Aug., Sept. 
Aug., Sept. 
Sept., Dec. 
Sept., Oct. 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Jan. 
Nov., Feb. 
Nov., Feb. 
Aug., Sept. 
Nov., Jan. 
Jan., Mar. 
Dec, Mar. 
Nov., Jan. 
Nov., Feb. 
Dec, Mar. 
Nov., Jan. 
Nov., Feb. 
Dec, Feb. 
Sept., Oct, 
Jan., Mar. 
Dec, Jan. 
Dec, Feb. 
Dec, Feb. 
Nov., Jau. 
Jan., Mar. 
Nov., Jan. 
Sept., Oct. 
Aug., Sept. 
Jan., Mar. 
Jan., Mar. 
Feb., Apr. 

Jan., Fob. 



May. 

June. 

July. 

June, July. 

July. 

June. 

July, Aug. 



Name of Variety. Uses. ^^^g^^ 

Maiden's Blush C. Julyi Aug. 

Garden Koyal T. July, Aug. 

Autunm Pcarmain T. M. Aug., Sept. 

Carnation T. M. Aug. 

Fall Queen M. C. July, Aug. 

Bohanoa M. C. Aug., Sept. 

Fall Wine T. Aug., Sept. 

Fall Pippin T. M. Aug. 

Dutch Mit;nonne T.M. Sept., Oct. 

Mala Carle^ T. M. Aug., Sept. 

White Spanish Keiuette T. M. Oct., Nov. 

Ne Plus U Itra T. M. Oct. 

AVaddeirs Hall T. M. Oct., Jan. 

Mangum T. M. Dec, Mar. 

Bentley's Sweet T. M. b. Dec, Feb. 

Nickejack T. M. Dec, July. 

Carolina Winter Queen T. M. Nov., Jan. 

Ben Davis T. M. Jan., Mar. 

Hall T.M. Jan. 

Disharoon T. M. Oct., Nov. 

Green Skin T. M. Jan., Mar. 

Camaks' Sweet T. M. Dec, Mar. 

Maverack Sweet T. M. b. Jan., Feb. 

Duckett T. M. Oct., Feb. 

Berry T. M. Nov., Feb. 

Bachelor T. M. Oct., Dec. 

AVhite C. Nov., Jan. 

HamphiU T. M. Nov., May. 

Callasaga T.M. Oct., Jan. 

Eaule's Janet T. jM. Nov., Jan. 

Jonathan T. M. Oct., Dec 

Limber Twig T. M. Jan., Mar. 

Carter .". T. M. Oct., Jan. 

Peaks fob Section 1. 

In this we have one column to designate the 
Stock upon which the variety succeeds best. 
P, stands for Pear Stock, and Q, for Quince 
Stock. 

Stocks. Uses. Jfaturity. 

Ananas d'EtP .... P. T. M. Aug., Sept. 

Hartlett P. T. M. Aug., Sept. 

Belle Lucrative.. P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. 

Buffum P. T. M. Sept., Oct. 

BourreLan.gliev.. P. Q. T. M. Nov., Jan. 

Beurrc Moire.... P. Q. T. M. Nov. 

Brandvwine P. T. M. Aug., Sept. 

Bcurre Bosc. ... P. T. Sept., Oct. 

Beurr«Coit P. T.M. Oct., Nov. 

Beurre d'Anjou.. P. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. 

Black Worcester.. P. Cooklug. Nov., Feb. 

Bloodgood P. T. Aug. 

Bon Chretien ) ^ T. M. Sept., Oct. 

Foudantc ) ^ '■ 

Dearborn s l P T Au" 

Seedling i ' ' "' „ 

Doyenne White.. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. 

Flemish Beauty.. P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. 

GloutMorcwi... Q. T.M. Dec, Feb. 

Jalousie deFon- I q rp -^ q^^ 
teenay Vendee ) ^ 

Kirtland P. T. M. Sept., Oct. 

Lawrence P. T. M. Nov., Jan. 

Louise Bonne de ) q T M Oct. 

Jersey f ^" 

Long Green of (. p q rp j^j_ Qgt. 

Coxe ) ■ ^ 

Novcau Poitcau.. P. Q. T. M. Nov. 

Dovenued'Ete... P. T. July, Aug 

Madelaine P. Q. T. M. Aug. 

Pound P. Cooking. Dec, Mar. 



SELECT LIST OF FllUITS. 



49J 



Stooka. 
Soldat Laboureur j q 

•d'Esperin f ^' 

Stevens' Genesee P. Q. 

Tyson P. Q. 

'WinttrNelis P. 

Jamiuette P. 

Y/ashington P. 

Urbaaisto Q. 

Vicar of Winkfield Q.. 
Doyenne d'A- j f^ 

lencon ) "' 

Beurre St. Ni- ( ^ 

cholas j ^' 

Beurre d'Arem- I t> 

berg f ^• 

Zoar Beauty P. 

Payenoy Q. 

Skinless P. 

Kostiezer P. 



Uses. 


ifaturity. 


T.M. 


Dec., Jan. 


T.M. 


Sept. 


T.M. 


Aug. 


T.M. 


Nov., Feb. 


T. M. C. 


Dec, Mar. 


T. M. 


Sept, 


T. M. 


Ocu, Nov. 


M. 0. 


Nov.. Jan. 



Peaks for Section 
Stocks. Uses. 



T.M. 
T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 
T.M. 
T. 
T. 



PzAns FOK Section 2. 

Ananas il' E te P. T. M. 

Bartlctt P. T.M. 

Belle Lucrative... P. Q. T.M. 

BL'urreLanglier... P. Q. T. M. 

Beurre Moire Q. T. M. 

Beurre Bosc P. T. 

Beurre dAnjou... P. Q. T.M. 

Beurre Easter. Q. T. M. 

Buffum P. T.M. 

Black Worcester . . P. Cooking, 

Bloodgood P. T.M. 

BonChret'nFon- I p, m -«t 

d.ante f ^- '■■^^• 

Dearborn Seedling P. T. 

Doyenne White. . . P. Q. T. M. 

Fal.'^^u P. T.M. 

Flcmisli Beauty. . . P. Q. T. M. 

Glout Morceau.... Q. T.M. 

Jalousie de Fon- | ^ ,„ -. r 

tonay Vendee, f ^- -^- ^^• 

Louise Bonne I q T jSI 

de Jersey \ "' " 

Lawrence P. T. M. 

Long Green of ( p m -.r 

Coxe (■ ^* ■^•'^^• 

Lewis P. T.M. 

Nouvcau Poiteau. P. Q. T.M. 

Beurre Giffart.... P. Q. T. 

Beurre St. Ni- / /-> m at 

cholas.... f *-^- ^•^^■ 

Pound P. Cooking. 

SoldatLaboureur I /-> rp -., 

d'Esperin f ^- ^•^^• 

Urbaniste Q. T. M. 

Vicar of Winkfleld Q. M. 0. 

Seckel P. T.M. 

Stevens' Genesee. P. Q. T.M. 

Tyson P. Q. T. M. 

St. Ghislain P. Q. T. M. 

Winter Nelis P. T.M. 

Jaminette P. T.M. 

Duchess d'An- ] rt w -\r 

gouleme f ^^^ ^'^'■^ 

Washington P. T.M. 

Madeleine P. Q. T. M. 

Beurre d'Arem- I jj rn -\r 

berg f ^- ^-^^l- 

Skinless P. T. 

Bostiezer P. T. M. 



Nov., Jan. 
Nov. 

Dec, Feb. 

Aug. 
Oct, 

Aug. 
Las't Aug. 



Aug. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct., Nov. 

Oct. 

Sept., Oct. 

Oct. 

Jan., Mar. 

Sept. 

Nov., Jan. 

July. 

Sept. 

July. 

Sept., Oct. 
Oct. 

Sept. 
Nov., Jan. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Nov. 

Sept., Oct. 

Oct., Jan. 
Oct., Nov. 
July. 

Oct., Nov. 

Nov., Dec. 

Nov., Dec. 

Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Dec 
Sept., Oct. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

Nov., Jan. 
Nov., Feb. 

Aug., Sept. 

Aug., Sept. 
July, Aug. 

Nov., Jan. 

July, Aug. 
Aug. 



T.M. 

T. M. 
Q. T. M. 
Q. T, M. 
Q. T. M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 



Aiumas d'Etc P. 

Bartlctt P. 

Belle Lucrative. . . P. 

Beurre Langlier.. P. 

Beurre Moire P. 

Brandy wine P. 

Beurre Bosc P. 

Beurre d'Anjou... P. Q. T.M, 

Beurre d'Arem- / -n 
berg f ^• 

Beurre Easter Q. 

Buffum P. 

Black Worcester. P. 

Bloodgood P. 

BonChrofnFon- 
dante 

Doyenne White 

Duchess d'An- 

goulemo 

Doyenne d'Alen^ 

con 

Beurre St. Ni- '( q 

cholas ( ^' 

Doyenne d'Ete P. 

Franklin P. 

Fulton P. 

Glout Morceau... Q. 

Forelle Q. 

Jaminette P. 

Jalousie de Fon- j 
tenay Vendee. (" 
Louise" Bonne de j q 

Jersey f ^' 

Lawrence P. 

I^ong^^reen of I p_ q ,j,_ j^j_ 



Q. 



T.M. 

T.M. 
T. M. 

Cookinc 
T. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T. 

T. M. 
T.M. 
T. M. 
T. M. 
T.M. 



ifaturiiy. 
July, Aug- 
Early Aug- 
Aug., Sept. 
Oct. 
Sept. 
July. 
Sept. 
Sept. 

Nov., Dec. 

Dec, Mar. 

Aug., Sept. 

'. Oct., Jan. 

Last June, 

Aug., Sept. 

Aug., Sept. 

Aug., Sept. 

Oct. 



Sept. 

June. 
Jan. 
Sept. 

Nov., Jan. 
Sept. 
Nov., Dec. 



Q. T. M, Sept. 



T.M. 
T.M. 



Nouveau Poiteau 
Martin Sec. 

Pound P. 

Rostiezer P. 

Skinless P. 

Seckel P. 

Stevens' Genesee.. P. 
SoldatLaboureur \_ ^ 

d'Esperin I ^• 

St. Ghislain P. 

Paycncy Q. 

Urbaniste Q. 

Winter Nelis P. 

Washington P. 



P. Q. 



T.M. 
T.M. 
Cooking, 
T.M. 
T. 

T.M. 
Q. T.M. 

T. M. 

Q. T.M. 
T.M. 
T.IVL 
T.M. 
T.M. 



Aug., Sept 

Oct., Nov. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct., Dec. 

July. 

June. 

Aug., Sept. 

Aug., Sept. 

Oct., Nov. 

July. 
Sept. 
Sept. 

Oct., Nov. 
Aug. 



The Ttvelte best Sweet Citerries. 

All Cherries ripen, at the South, about one 
month earlier than the date we have fixed. 
These are all good market varieties, with the 
exception of " Delicate," and " Early Purple 
Guigne." 

Uses. Maturity. 

Bello of Orleans Table . . Early Juno, 

Brant " .. Mid. June. 

Black Tartarian " . . Last June. 

Black Hawk " . . Last June. 

Coe's Transparent, j ,. Last June. 

or Carolme j 

Delicate " . . First July. 

Downer's Late " .. Mid. July. 

Early Purple Guigne " . . First June. 

Elton r... " .. Last June. 

Governor Wood " .. Mid. June. 

Kii'tland's Mary " .. Last June. 

Kockport " . . Mid. June. 



4U 



SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. 



The Six best Duke Chekeibs. 

Uses. Maturity. 

Arch Duke Table & Cooking. Early July. 

Belle de Choisy Table. Last June. 

Belle Magnifiquo Cooking. July & Aug. 

May Duke Table. Mid. J uly. 

Eeine Hortense. Table. June. 

Vail's August 
Duke Table & Cooking. Aug. 

The Six best Morello Chekeibs. 
Carnation (for ) 

South) and J- Table & Cooking. July. 

West I 

Early Kichmond Cooking. June. 

Shannon Table & cooking. Mid. July. 

Donna Maria. . . Cooking. Mid. July. 

Imperial " Aug. 

Louis Phillippe " Mid. July. 

The " Large Morello," originated by Pro- 
fessor Kirtland, will probably supersede Car- 
nation, but it is not yet sufficiently tested. 

The Fifteen best Plums. 

Maturity at South. At North. 

Bleecker's Gage First July. Last Aug. 

Coe's Golden Drop. . . Early Aug. Last Sept. 

^South^""'^'"' ^"""^ Early June. 

Early Orleans Last June. First Aug. 

Green Gage Early July. Mid. Aug. 

Imperial Gage First July. First Sept. 

Jefferson Last July. Last Aug. 

McLoughlin Last July. Last Aug. 

Imperial Ottoman Mid. June. Last July. 

Purple Favorite Mid. July. Last Aug. 

Purple Gage Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept. 

Prince's Yellow Gage Mid. June. Early Aug. 

Eed Gage July. Mid. Aug. 

Saint Martins Last Aug. First Oct. 

Washington July. Last Aug. 

Smith's Orleans July. Last Au_g. 



The Twelve best Peaches foe Gaedens. 

Sturtevant Early July. Early Sept. 

Cooledge's Favorite.. Early July. Last Aug. 

Early York Mid. June. Mid. Aug. 

Grosse Mignonne Early July. Mid. Aug. 

Heath's Cling-stone ( ^^^ g ^ 

(for the South) . . . ) ' 

llyslop Cling-stone... First Sept. First Oct. 

Large Early York Mid. July. Last. Aug. 

Monis's White, for ( ^^^ j , j^j;^ g ^ 

preserving j ■' ^ 

Old Mixon Cling-stone Last July. Early Sept. 
Old Mixon Free-stone Mid. July. Early Sept. 
AVard's Free-stone.. . Mid. Aug. Last Sept. 

Yellow Bareripc Early July. I-ast Aug. 

YanZandt's Superb. . Early July. Early Sept. 



The Twelve best Market Peaohbs. 

Maturity at South, At North. 

Sturtevant Early July. Mid. Aug. 

Crawford's Early Mid. July' Early Sepi. 

Crawford's Late Early Aug. Last Sept. 

Columbia Early Aug. Early Sept. 

Heath Cling-stone, \ a„„ 

(for South) f ^®P- 

Lemon Cling-stone.. . Early Aug. Sept. 
Large Early York.. . . Mid. July. Last Aug. 

President Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept. 

Ward's Free-stone... Early Sept. Early Oct 

Yellow Kareripe Early July. Last Aug. 

Walter's Early Early July. Last Aug. 

Troth's Early Eed Mid. June. Last July. 

Hyslop's Cling-stone Last Aug. Early Oct 

The Six best Stkawbekeies, foe Peivatb 

Gardens. 
Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson's 

Albany. 
Burr's New Pine, McAvoy's Superior, 

Boston Pine, Jenney's Seedling. 

The Six best Steawbeekies, foe Market 

Gaedens. 
Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson's 

Albany, 
Large Early Scarlet, Genesee, 
Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen. 

In the Southern States, " Moyamensing," 
and "Bishop's Orange," are to be-prefei-red to 
" Longworth's Prolific," and " Genesee." 

The Six best Easpbeeeies. 
Fastolf, Knevett's Giant, 

Eed Antwerp, Franconia, 

Yice-Presid't French, Orange. 

The Three best Quinces. 
Orange, Portugal, Eea's Seedling. 

The Foue best Apricots. 
Breda, Moorpark, Large Early, Hemskirke, 

The Thkee best Nectarines. 
Boston, Early Yiolet, Elrige. 

The Six best Currants. 
Cherry, White Dutch, 

Victoria, Eed Dutch, 

Knight's Sweet Eed, Black Naples. 

The Six best Gooseberries. 
Champagne. Pale Eed, 

Houghton's Seedling, Green Gage, 
Crown Bob, Whitesmith. 

The Four best Habdt Grapes. 
Delaware, Kebecca, Catawba, Isabella. 



INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. 



[The standard names are in Italic letters. The synouj'mous names in Roman.] 



ALMONDS. 

PAGE 

Amaude Commune 43 

Amande Pistache 43 

Amande SuUane 43 

Amandiei- a coque tendre .... 43 
Amandier a gros fruit . . . .43 

Amandier a gros fruit doux . . .43 
Amandier a petit fruit , . . .43 
Amandier des Dames . . . . .43 

Amandier Peclier 43 

Bitter Almond 43 

Common Almond 43 

Common Sweet 43 

Doux a coque tendre 43 

Great-fruited Sweet 43 

Great Soft-Shell 43 

Ladies' Thin-Shell 43 

Languedoa 43 

Large Persian 43 

Long Hard-Shell 43 

Long Hard-Shell Almond . . . .43 

Ou Amande Princesse 43 

Peach Almond 43 

Pecher 43 

Pistachia Sweet 43 

Soft-Shell Sweet 43 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond . . . .43 

Sultan 43 

Sultan a coque tendre . . . .43 

Sultana Sweet Almond . . . .43 

APRICOTS. 

Abricot Commun 46 

Abricotier 49 

Abricotier blanc 49 

Abricotier Hatif 49 

Abricot Peche 46 

Abricot Precoce 49 

Abricot lloyal 48 

Alherge 48 

Albergier 48 

Amande Aveline 45 

Ananas 45 

Angoumois 47 

Anson's 46 

Anson's Imperial 46 

Blick 47 

Blenheim 48 

Blotched Learned Turkey . . . .48 

Breda 45 

Broion^s Early 47 

Brown Masculine 49 

BniSKeU 48 

Burlington 47 



PAGE 

D'Alexandrie 46 

De HoUande 45 

De Nancy 46 

De Nancy 48 

De St. Jean 46 

De St. Jean Rouge 46 

Dubois' Early Golden 47 

Dubois' Early Golden Apricot . . .47 

Dunmore 46 

Dunmore's Breda 46 

Du Papa 47 

Early Golden 47 

Early Orange 49 

Early Slasculine 49 

Early AVhite Masculine . . . .49 

Germine 46 

Gros d' Alexandria 46 

Gros Fruhe 46 

Gros Musch 46 

Gros Precoce 46 

Gros Germine 46 

Ilasselnassmandel 45 

Hemskirke 45 

Hunt's Moorpark 46 

Kaisha 47 

Lafayette . 47 

Large Early 46 

Large Bed 47" 

Large Turkey 48 

Moorpark 46 

Musch 46 

Musch-musch 46 

Newhall's Early 48 

Noir 47 

Oldaker's Moorpark 46 

Orange 49 

Peach 46 

Peche 46 

Peche Grosse 46 

Persian 49 

Persique 45 

Purple 47 

Bed Masculine 49 

Ringold 48 

Rom,an 46 

Royal 48 

Royal George 49 

Royal Orange 49 

Royal Peach 46 

Royal Persian 49 

Shaker Para 48 

Shipley''s 48 

Shipley's Large 48 

Sudlow's Moorpark 46 

Temples 46 

4£>& 



496 



INDEX OF FiOriTS. 





PAGE 


Texas 


48 


Transparent 


46 


Turkey 


48 


Violet 


4T 


Walton Moorpark .... 


46 


AVhite Algiers 


49 


AVhite Apricot 


49 


White MasciUine .... 


49 




46 


IPPLES. 




Aliiott 


121 


Abbot Seedling 


121 




121 


Adams Pearmain 


121 


Agnes 


121 


Ailes 


121 


Albemarle Pippin .... 


121 


Alexander 


121 


AUeii's Choice 


121 


Alluin 


121 


Alprision 


184 


American Golden Russet . 


68 


American Golden Pippin . 


81 


American Mammoth 


190 


American Benuiy .... 


122 


American Newtown Pippin 


93 


American Pippin .... 


184 


American Red Juneating . 


74 


American Summer Pearmain 


61 


American White Winter Calville 


193 




184 


Anglo American .... 


122 


Api 


87 


Api noir 


184 




190 


Aromatic Carolina .... 


. 122 


Ashland 


122 


Ashmore 


122 




136 


Augustine 


184 




122 


Aunt Hannah 


. 122 


Aurore 


187 


Autumn Bough .... 


62 


Autumn Pearm.ain 


63 


Autwnn Pippin .... 


123 


Autumn Roman .... 


184 


Autumn Heek-no-fariher 


62 




62 


Autumn Sweet Bougli 


62 




62 


Autuinnal Swaar .... 


62 


Autumnal Sweet Swaar 


62 


Averill 


123 


Avery Sweeting .... 


137 


Baer 


123 


Baker's Sweet 


123 


Bailey Golden 


123 


Bailey Sweet 


123 


Bailey Spice . . . . 


123 


Bald9.vin 


63 


Baltimore Pippin . . . . ( 


4,190 


Baltimore 


64 


Baltimore 


113 


Barbour 


123 


Bard Apple 


73 


Eardin 


186 


I!:irs . 


184 


J!,lrr 


184 


Barrett 


184 



PAGE 

Bartlet 185 

Barlow 133 

Barnhilt 184 

Batchelor ....... 64 

Bay Apple 72 

Beefsteak 124 

Bean Sweet 124 

Beaxiiy of America .... 184 

Beauty 173 

Beauty Red 71 

Beauty of Kent 184 

BeaxL,ty of the West 184 

Beard Burden . . . . . .73 

Bedfordshire Foundling . . . 184 

Belden Sweet 124 

Belmont 65 

Bellflower 66 

Belle-Fleur 191 

Eelle-Fleur Rouge 191 

Belle et Bonne 81 

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain .... 169 

Belpre Russet 109 

Beleer 124 

Ben 187 

Ben Davis 124 

Bentley's Sweet 65 

Bennington 170 

Benoni 64 

Berry 66 

Bethleheinite 67 

Better than Good 124 

Betsey's Fancy 82 

Betsey^s Fancy 124 

Bervan 124 

Bevan Favorite 124 

Big Hill 101 

Big Komanite 191 

Big Sweet 193 

Black Annette 1S4 

Black Coal 125 

Black Detroit 185 

Black Gimflower 184 

Black Lady Apple 184 

Black Oxford 184 

Black Tom 186 

Blakely 125 

Bledsoe 125 

Bledsoe Pippin 125 

Blenheim Orange 184 

Blenheim Pippi)i 184 

Blood 125 

Blockley 128 

Blue Pearmain 125 

Blue Sweet 190 

Blush June 105 

Boalsburg 125 

Boas 125 

Bohanon 67 

Bonne du Mai 72 

Bonum 126 

Borsdorff 185 

Borsdorffer 186 

Boroviisky 185 

Bough Ill 

Boston Russet 109 

Bourassa 126 

Bowkea, 126 

Bonding's Sweet 126 

Boxford 185 

Brabant Bell/fower . . . .127 

Brabant Belle Fleur 127 

Bracken 83 



INDEX OB'' FEUITS. 



497 









PAGE 


Bracy's Seek-no-farther . . . .116 


Brandy Apple . 






. . 1ST 


Bread and Cheese Apple 






. 103 


Bre,unnam,aib . 






. 127 


Brewer 






. 185 


Brigg''s Auburn 






. 12T 


Broadwell 






. 67 


Broadwell Sweet 






. 67 


Brittle Htoeet . 






. 127 


Bromley's Rum 






. 167 


Brooke's Pippin 






. 127 


Brown's Golden Sweet 






. 112 


Brown's Late Queen . 






. 153 


BitePs Mivorite 






. 129 


Buchanaii's Pippin 






. 128 


Buchanan Seedling . 






. 128 


Baff .... 






. 127 


Bi.tffuigton's Early . 






. 128 


BuokingliMn . 






. 128 


Buokman's Pearmain 






. 187 


Buck's County . 






. 127 


Buck's County Pippin 






. 127 


Buck Jfeadoto . 






. 12S 


Bullock's Pippin . 






. 63 


Bullripe 






. 73 


Bullet 






. 185 


Burbacker 






. 75 


Burlington Spitzenberg 






. 04 


Burlington Greening 






. 106 


Burr's Winter /Sweet 






. 128 


Burnhap Greening 






185, 129 


Butter 






173, 190 


Butter Apple . 






. 128 


Bush .... 






. 128 


Cable's Gilliflower . 






. 64 


Cain .... 






. 1S8 


Oake Apple 






. 185 


Callasagsb 






. 129 


Calville Blanch de Iliver 






. 193 


Calville Rouge . 






. 191 


Calville Rouge de Hiver 






. 191 


Camack's Sweet 






. 129 


Camack's White Sweet 






. 129 


CampflelcL 






. 129 


Canada Reinette . 






. 69 


Canadian Reinette . 






. 69 


Cane .... 






. 183 


Cann .... 






. 129 


Cannahan's Favorite 






. 129 


Cannon Pearmain . 






. 129 


Carpenter 






. 130 


Capendu . 






. 132 


Capron's Pleasant . 






. 129 


Carnahan 






. 129 


Carnation 






. 69 


Caraway Russet 






. 186 


Carolina 






. 179 


Carolina Red June . 






. 105 


Carolina June . 






. 105 


Carolina Winter Queen 






. 70 


Caroline . 






185, 130 


Caroline . 






. 179 


Carter 






. 130 


Carthouse . 






. 143 


Cash Sweet 






. 185 


Cat Pace . 






. 130 


Cat Head Greening . 






. 185 


Cat Head . 






. 189 


Catshead Beaufin 






. 190 


Catooga . 






. 180 


Catline .... 






. 185 


Cat Pip} in 






. 130 



PAGE 

Catshead Beauflli 190 

Cattail Apple 92 

Cayuga Red Streak .... 180 

Caywood 131 

Champ Sweeting 144 

Champlain 131 

Challenge 70 

Chandler 185 

Chalmer's Large 186 

Charles Apple 157 

Cheesebo rough Russet .... 185 

Chester 131 

Chief Good 132 

Christiana 181 

Claremont Pippin . . . . . 186 

Churchill Greening .... 131 

Clyde Beauty 131 

Clarke's Pearmain 181 

Coate's Greening 115 

Cocklin's Favorite 132 

CogsioeU 70 

Cogswell Peirmain 70 

Cole 132 

Cole's Quince 165 

Colman 130 

Concombue Ancien 179 

Connecticut Seek-no-further . . . 114 

Connecticut Apple 81 

Connecticut Summer Stoeet . . . 185 

Conneit's Sweet 183 

Conway 182 

Cooper's Early Wldta .... 71 

Cooper 71 

Cooper's Market 132 

Cooper's Redling 132 

Cornish Arom,atia 71 

Cornell's Fancy 1.83 

Cornish Gilliflower .... 185 

Cornell's Favorite 182 

Cornish July-flower 185 

Coriandra Rose 1-33 

Cos or Caas 185 

Cour Pendu Plat 132 

Cour Pendu Extra 132 

Cour Pendu 133 

Cour Pendu Rouge Musque . . . 182 

Cour Pendu Rond Gros .... 183 

Cour Pendu Musque .... 182 

Court of WicJc 183 

Court of Wick Pippin .... 183 

Court de Wick 138 

Cracking 183 

Crane's Pippin 96 

Cranberry 133 

Cranberry Pippin 1S6 

Crimson Pippin 135 

Crooked Limb Pippin .... 186 

Gulp 133 

Cuinberland 134 

Cumberland Seedling . . ' . . 134 

Cumberland Spice 184 

Curtis Sweet 134 

Dainty Apple 188 

Danger's Winter Sweet .... 72 

Dapper 134 

Darlington 184 

Davis 184 

Darlington Russet 134 

Davis 96 

De Bretasjne 69 

D'Espagne 179 

Delight 185 



498 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



PAGE 

Dernj NonaurJi 134 

De Ratteau 179 

Detroit 135 

Detroit 96 

Devonshire Quarrenden .... 166 

Derrick's Graft 166 

De Witt 135 

Dickson's Emperor .... 134 

Dinsmore 134 

Dillingham 135 

Disharon 73 

Doctor 135 

Domine 73 

Donnelans Seedling .... 186 

Downing's Paragon 162 

Doximton Pippin 186 

Downton Golden Pippin .... 186 

Downy 188 

Dow's 82 

Douse 82 

Drap cVOr 72 

Ducket 135 

Dumelow's Crab 186 

Dumelow''s Seedling .... 186 

Dumpling 186 

Dunlap's Aurora 130 

Duches of Oldenburg .... 73 

Dutch Codlin 1S6 

Dutch Codlin 75 

Dutch Mignonne 73 

Dutch Pearmain 187 

Dyer 73 

Eaily Crofton 188 

Early Joe 74 

Early June 83, 136 

Early May 179 

Early Pennock 136 

Early French Reinette . . . .83 

Early Long Stem 136 

Early Harvest 83 

Early Red Juneating .... 136 
Eiirly Red Margaret . . . .136 

Early Spice 136 

Early Strawberry 74 

Early Summer Pearmain .... 61 
Early Summer Pippin ... .72 

Early Sweet 136 

Early Sweet Bough Ill 

Easter Pippin 186 

Edgerly Sweet 123 

Edmonton's Aromatic .... 188 

Egg Top 186 

Egg Top 185 

Eighteen Ounce Apple .... 130 

Ellis 186 

Elton Pippin 186 

Emperor Alexander 121 

Enfield Permain 136 

English Nonsuch 190 

English Vandevere ..... 109 

English Summer Pearmain ... 63 

English Sweeting 187 

English Golden Russet .... 186 

English Russet 100 

English Golden Pippin . . . .187 

English Winter 73 

Esquire 164 

English Codlin 190 

Epsy 186 

Epsis Sweet 72 

Eqiiintely 74 

ErnsVs Pippin 137 



PAGE 

Eustis 137 

Exquisite 138 

Esten 137 

Excel 137 

Esopus Spitzenburgh .... 75 

Ewalt 137 

Eve 186 

Evening Party 137 

Eve Apple 136 

Faldwalder 75 

Fallawater 75 

Fairbanks 138 

Fall Beauty 77 

Fall Bough 62 

Fall Cheese 186 

Fall Genneting 138 

Fall Harvey 138 

Fall Jennetting 138 

Fall Pearmain 138 

Fall Queen 77 

Fall Queen of Kentucky . . .77 

Fall Pippin 76 

Fall Wine 122 

Fall Wine 78 

Fall Wine Sap 68 

Fall Seek-no-further . . . .138 

Fall Vandervere ..... 113 

Fama Gusta 186 

Fameuse ....... 78 

Father Abraham 139 

Farley^s Red 138 

Favorite 139 

Fay''s Russet 139 

Feriouillet Gris 186 

Fenoxdllet Ro^ige 186 

Fenton Sweeting 177 

Ferdinand 139 

Ferris 139 

Ferris 186 

risk's Seedling 139 

Flat Pippin 164 

Fleiner 139 

Father Apple 164 

Flint Russet 164 

Flower of Kent . ■ . . . .187 

Flushing Spitsenhurgh . . . 140 

Flushing Seek-no-further . . . 116 

Ford Apple 139 

Forever Pippin _ 185 

Fort Miam.i 79 

Focht .140 

Formosa Pippin 107 

Foundling 140 

Fulton 79 

Funtling 140 

Fra7iklin Golden Pippin . . . 140 

French Crab 186 

French Pippin . . . 161, 186, 107, 147 

Frenches Sweet 141 

French's Sweet 102 

Frith Pitcher 189 

Fronclin 141 

Fry's Pippin 138 

Gabriel 141 

Garden Apple 124 

Garden Royal 80 

Garret-son's Early 141 

Garnon's Apple 132 

Gate 65 

Gavir.i Bellflower 187 

George 141 

German Green 69 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



499 



PAGE 

Giant 187 

Gibbon's Smathhouse .... 109 

Gibbon's Smokehouse .... 109 

Giles 142 

Gilpin 142 

Gillet's Seedling 108 

Glace de Zelande 193 

Gloucester Cheese 186 

Gloucester Permaia 131 

Gloucester White 142 

Gloria Mundi 190 

Glory of York lOT 

Goble Russet .142 

Golden 18T 

Golden Apple 18T 

Golden Ball 81 

Golden Drop 133 

Golden Goss 142 

Golden Harvey 187 

Golden Pippin of Michigan . . . 100 

Golden Pippin G5, 96 

Golden Pippin . . . . 81, 187 

Golden Pearmain .... 131, 183 

Golden Pearmain 187 

Golden Reinette 187 

Golden Russet 68 

Golden Russet of New York . . . 136 

Golden Spice 73 

Golden Sweet 80 

Goodyear 187 

Goodyear's Seedling .... 187 

Governor 187 

Governor Seward 130 

Grandfather 142 

Granny Buff 127 

Granniwinkle 142 

Granny Earl 142 

Grand Sachem 187 

Grape Vine 129 

Gravenstein 81 

Grave Slije 81 

Gray Apple 99 

Gray Pippin 129 

Gray Yandervere 82 

Greasy Pippin 89, 96 

Green Bellflower 96 

Green Cheese 142 

Green's Choice 142 

Green Domine 187 

Green Everlasting Synonym . .184 

Greenskin 143 

Green Mountain Pippin . . . 143 

Green Mountain Pippin .... 75 

Green Newtown Pippin .... 93 

Green Sweet 82 

Green Seek-no-further .... 116 

Green Winter Pippin .... 93 

Green Vandevere 82 

Gregson 185 

Greyhouse 187 

GriTne's Golden Pippin .... 143 

Grindstone 184 

Grise 99 

Gross 64 

Gros Api Rouge 87 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre ... 69 

Groton 140 

G%My 143 

Hain ■ . . .143 

llagloe 143 

Hallum 121 

Uall 143 



PAGE 

Hall's Red . 143 

Hamphill 143 

Hampshire Greening .... 106 

Hampshire Yellow 183 

Hannah 187 

Hardingham's Russet .... 164 

Harkness' New Favorite .... 191 

Harmony 136 

Harnish 144 

Harrison 144 

Harris 143 

Harrigan 159 

Hartford Sweeting .... 144 

Harvest Red Streak .... 187 

HaskM's Sweet 144 

Hawley 82 

Hawtlwrnden 144 

Hay Maker ,130 

Hay's AVinter 116 

Hay's Winter Wine 116 

Hearfs Pippin 144 

Hector 144 

Heicke's Winter Sweet .... 88 

Helen's Favorite 144 

Henrick Sweet Ill 

Henry Sweet Ill 

Henry 145 

Herman 145 

Hepler 187 

Hepper 187 

Herefordshire Red Streak . . . 191 

Herefordshire Pearmain ... 84 

Hess 145 

Heteriah 188 

HexcitVs Sweet 188 

Highy^s Sweet , 145 

Highlander 146 

High Top Sweet 85 

Hill's Favorite 146 

Hilton 146 

Hinchman 161 

Hixon's Fivorite 146 

Hocking 146 

Hogan 73 

Hoary Morning 188 

Hog Island 175 

Hog Pen 162 

Holden Pippin 162 

Holden 162 

Holland Pippin 147 

Holland's Sweet 188 

Holladay^s Seedling .... 146 

HoUandsberry 188 

Hollandburgh 188 

Hollow Brown Pearmain .... 116 

Hollow Core Pippin 96 

Homony 172 

Hommacher Apfel ..... 130 

Hornemaker Pippin 130 

Horse Apple 77 

Horse Apple 77 

Horse Block 156 

Honey Greening 82 

Honey Sweet 97 

Hooker . . . . . . . 146 

Housom^s Red . .... 147 

Hoover 146 

Howe Apple 182 

Howard Russet ...... 185 

Howard's Sweet 123 

Ho^oe's Russet 147 

Uuhhardston lifonauch .... 84 



500 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



Hubbardton Pippin 
Hughes 
Hunge 
Hunger 
JIunier 

Hunt's Russet . 
JIunVs Jlusset . 
Jliirlbut 
Hurlbut Stripe . 
Hyde's Sweet 
Imperial Vandervere 
Indian Apple 
Indian Queen 
Indiana Jannetting 
Indiana I'a'vorite 
Inman 

lola ... 
Irish Peach Apple 
Irish Pitclier 
Iron Apple . 
Iron Stone Pippin 
Jabez Sioeet 
Jackson 
Jacksonia . 
Jack Murphy- 
James River 
Januarea . 
Jenny's Seedling 
Jenkins 
Jennette 
Jeniton 
Jefferson . 
Jefferson Covnty 
Jeffries 

Jersey Greening 
Jersey Pippin . 
Jersey Sweeting 
JeweiVs lied 
Jewett's fine Red 
JeweWs Best . 
Joe Berry . 
JoJiJi's Sweet 
Johnson 
Johnson's Fine AVinter 
Jonathan 
Jones' Pippin 
John Garretson's Early 
Jucy Bite . 
Juneating . 
June . 
Julin . 
Juling 
July Pippin 
JunnliesTca 
Kaighn^s Spit^enhuri 
Kane . 
ICeiser 
Keim . 

Kelley AVhite . 
Kelsey 

Kenrirl-^x A iii\imn 
KenitiKh. FlUlHiKket 
Kerry Pippin . 
KetehnnVs Favorite 
Kes%cii;k Cocllin 

K'lham ma . 

King . 

King Apple 

King George the Thirc 

King Pliilip 

JCing of the Pippins 

King of Pippins 



148 
1S8 
188 
148 

68 
148 
143 
148 
IIT 
113 

82 
13G 
103 
148 

96 
148 
ISS 
189 
127 
186 
148 
149 
135 
190 
155 

09 
143 
149 
103 
103 

85 
149 

86 
96, 106 
150 

85 
149 
149 

86 

94 
150 
150 
183 

86 
102 
141 
124 
179 
136 

87 

87 

83 
150 
151 
188 
150 
150 

G5 
150 
188 
188 
188 
151 

87 
ISS 
64, 87 
152 
185 

80 
188 

81 



King of TompTcin's County 

Kingsiey . 

Kingsbury Russet 

Kirk's Golden Reinette 

Kirk's Lemon Pippin 

Kirkbridge White . 

Kirke''s Lord Kelson 

Klaproth . 

Knight's Codlin . 

Knight's Golden Pippin 

Knightwick Pippin 

Kountz 

Kohl .... 

Krowser 

Lacker 

Ladies'' Plush . 

Ladies' Blush 

Ladies' Sweet 

Ladies^ Sioeeting 

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. 

Lady Apple 

Lady Finger . 

Lady Finger 

Lady de Grey's . 

Lady Washington 

Lake .... 

Lane's Red Streak . 

Lancaster 

Lancaster Greening . 

Lancaster Queen 

Landon 

Lane Sweet 

Landr^im . 

Laquier 

Large Golden Pippin 

Large Red Sweeting . 

Large Romanite 

Large Striped Pearmain 

Large White Juneating 

Large Yellow Bough . 

Late Baldwin 

Late Bough 

Late Queen 

Late Golden Sweet . 

Late Golden Strawberry 

Leather Coat Russet 

Lecker 

Ledge Sweet 

Leicester Sweet 

Leland Pippin . 

Leland Spice . 

Lemon Pipjnn 

Levels 

Liberty . 

Limber Twig . 

Lincoln Pippin . 

Little Pearmain . 

],lpi)incot . 

Loan's English Peartnain 

Locy .... 

Londonderry 

London Sweet . 

Loudon AVinter Sweet 

Long Idand Pusset 

Long John 

Long John 

Long Pearmain 

LongviU's Kernel 

Long Stem 

Long Stem Sweet 

Lop-sided Pearmain 

Loring Siceet . 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



501 









PAGE 


Loudon Pippin 156 


Loure Queen 






. 159 


ZovetVs Sioeet . 






. 186 


ZotDre Queen . 






. 156 


Lowell 






. 89 


Zuoe's Early Joe . 






. 189 


Lucomhe^s /Seedling 






. 189 


Lyman's Pumpl^in Sweet 






. 102 


Lyscom 






. 156 


Macomber 






. 156 


Macliie's Clyde Beauty 






. 131 


Magnum Bonum 






. 126 


JTaynolia . 






. 156 


Maiden's Apple . 






. 156 


Maiden^s Blmh 






. 89 


Maiden's Bo5oni 






. 16i) 


Maiden's Favorite . 






. 156 


Major 






. 158 


Male Carl . 






. 157 


Mamma Beam . 






. 65 


Mangmn . 






. 90 


3fank\'i Codling 






. 189 


Manomet Sioeet 






. 156 


Mnnsijield Russet 






. 156 


Marhle Sweeting 






. 189 


Margai-etha Apfel 






. 136 


Margil 






. 189 


Marietta Russet 






. 109 


Mar^ton^s Red Winter 






. 158 


Marks 






. 158 


Marks ... 






. 157 


Maria Busk 






. 157 


Martin 






. 90 


Maverack''s Sweet , 






. 90 


Matchless . 






. 94 


Mattliew's Stripe 






. 156 


Mauok 






. 189 


Maxfleld . 






. 90 


May .... 






. 158 


May Apple 






. 189 


3fay Seek-no-farther 






. 189 


McAfee's Nonsuch . 






.. 158 


McEntire's Sweeting . . 






. 189 


Mc Henry . 






. 158 


McLMan . 






. 90 


Meachum's Sweet 






. 160 


Mfach 






. 15S 


Meigs 






, 158 


Mela Carla 






. 157 


Mela di Carlo . 






. 157 


3feister 






. 159 


Melon .... 






. 90 


Melting 






, 159 


Mett-iii-the-mouth . 






. 159 


Melting-mouth . 






. 159 


Melting Pippin . 






. 96 


Meloin Sweet . 






. 159 


Meniigere . 






. 189 


Menagerie . 






. 189 


Merrill's Sweet 






. 189 


Methodist . 






. 189 


Michael TTenry Pippin . 






. 91 


Mifflin King 






. 159 


MiTlcreek .... 






. 109 


Miller's Best Sort 






. 164 


Miller Apple 






. 159 


Millcreelc Vandervere 






. 109 


Milam .... 






. 159 


Mini>,ter .... 






. 91 


Molasses .... 






. 190 


Monarch .... 






. 159 


Monk's Favorite 






. 159 



Monmouih Pippin 

Monstrous Pippin 

Montreal . 

Moore's Sweeting 

Moose 

Morrison''s Red 

MoVier 

Mother Dairies . 

Mountaineer 

Mountain Pippin 

^fountain Sprout 

Mouse 

Munson Sweeting 

Murphy . 

Murphy's Red . 

Murray 

Musk Melon 

Musk Spice 

Myer's Nonpareil 

Mygatt's Bergamot 

Nantchulee 

Neisley's Winter 

Ne Pius Ultra . 

Nequassa . 

Neverfail . 

Neversink . 

Newark Pippin 

Neivark King . 

Newark Sweeting 

New Jersey Red Streak 

New Scarlet Nonpareil 

Newtown Spitsetiberg 

Newtown Greening . 

Newtown Pippin 

Newtown Pippin ofSandert 

New York Gloria Mundi 

New York Greening 

New York Spice 

Niac Pippin 

Nicke jack 

Niger 

Nix's Green 

Nodhead 

Noll's No. 1 

Nonpareille . 

Nonsuch 

Norfolk Beaupin 

Northern Sweet 

Northern Golden Sweet 

Northern Spy . 

Norton's Melon 

Nyack Pippin 

Oconee Greening 

Ohio Favorite . 

Ohio Nonpareil . 

Ohio Pippin 

Ohio Wine . 

Ohio Red. Streak 

Old English Codlin 

OWfield . 

Oldfield 

Old Golden Pippin 

Old Pearmain . 

Old Nonpareil 

Old Nonsuch 

Old Royal Russet 

Old Town Crab 

Onstine 

Orange 

Orange 

Orange Sweet 

Oregon Spitzenbergh 



502 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



Orne's Early . 

Orndorf . , 

Oriley 

Ortley Pippin 

OshorrVs Sweet 

Osborn's Fall Sweet 

Osceola 

Osgood's Favorite 

Odin . 

OvermaiVs Sweet 

Owen's Golden Beauty 

Ox Apple 

Ox Eye 

Oxford Peach . 

Paradise Winter Sweet 

Paragon . 

Parmain d'Ete . 

Parmin Royal . 

Pai^son's Early 

Patterson Sweet 

Pawpaw . 

Peach Pond Sweet 

Pecker 

Pectus Pleasant 

Penick 

Pennock. . 

Pennock's Red Winter 

Pennsylvania Vandervi 

People^s Giioice 

Petersburg Pippin 

Petit Api 

Petit Api Rouge 

Pfeiffer . 

Philadelphia Pippin 

Philadelphia Sweet 

Phillip's Reinette 

Philip Rick 

PhiUp''s Sweet . 

Phili23pi . 

Pickman . 

Pickinan Pippin 

Pie Apple . 

Pillikin 

Pirn's Beauty of the West 

Pi7it Sweeting . 

Pine Apple Jiusset 

PiitsMirgh Pippin 

Pitzer Hill . 

Pole Cat . 

Polly Bright . 

romme d'Anls . 

Poniine de Berlin 

Pomine de Charles 

Pomrae de Caen 

Pomine d'Api Rouge 

Pomnie d'Api 

Pomme de Neige 

Pomme de Rose 

Pomme Grise . 

Pomme Finale . 

Pomme Regelans 

Pomme Royal . 

Pomme Rose 

Pomme Roye 

Pomme AVater . 

Pompey 

Porter 

Portugal 

Potter's Sweet . 

Potter's Large Grey Seedling 

Poughkeepsie Pusset 

Pound Sweet, of some West 



PAGE 

162 

162 

96 

96 

162 

162 

162 

156 

190 

162 

179 

190 

94 

169 

97 

162 

63 

84 

190 

123 

162 

98 

63 

97 

191 

191 

191 

113 

99 

93 

87 

87 

163 

76 

62 

183 

86 

163 

163 

163 

163 

147 

189 

75 

163 

164 

164 

101 

192 

191 

186 

132 

157 

69 

87 

87 

78 

191 

99 

157 

185 

T3, 116 

87 

191 

73 

193 

100 

69 

153 

188 

100 

173 



PAGB 

Pound . . * 191 

Pound . . . . . . 66, 75 

Pound Royal 89, 116 

Pound Sweet 102 

Pownal Spiteenhurgh . . . .164 

Press 190 

Press Moing 164 

Pride of September 169 

Priestley 191 

Priestley 185 

Priestley's American 191 

Priest's Sweet 190 

Priinate 101 

Prince's Harvest 83 

Prince's Red and Green Sweet . . 191 

Princesse Noble Zoete .... 182 

Prior's Red 101 

Progress . . .... 164 

Prolific Beauty .'.... 191 

Prolific Sweet 190 

Pryor's Red 101 

PuTnpkin Russet 164 

Pumpkin Sweet 102 

Putnam Russet 109 

Putnam Harvey 164 

Putney ite 190 

Quaker Pippin 191 

Queen's 185 

Queen Anne 89, 91 

Quince 165 

Ragan 165 

Rambour d'Ete 192 

Rambour Franc 192 

Ramdells' Sweet 137 

Ramsdell's Sweeting 137 

Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin — Sweet . . 187 

Randel Bert . ■ 165 

RmideVs Rest 165 

Raritan Sxveet . ... . . . 166 

Raul's Gennetting . . . . . 103 

Raul's Janet 103 

Raule's Janette . .... 103 

RawFs Janet . .... 103 

Rawle's Jennette 103 

Ray Apple 160 

Read's Baker 190 

Rebecca 166 

Red Ashmore 122 

Red AstHcan 104 

Red Belle Fleur 191 

RedBellflower 191 

Red Bough 191 

Red Canada 105 

Red Cal'ville 191 

Red Cathead ... . . 191 

Red Cathead ... . . 165 

Red Cheek 92, 162 

Red Cheek Pippin 92 

Red Detroit . . . . . .134 

Red Doctor 13£> 

Red GilUfloxoer 191 

Red Gloria Mundi 77 

Red Hazel 66 

Red Ingestrie 191 

Red June 136 

Red Jtme 105 

Red Juneating ' 74, 136 

Red Pearmain 151 

Red Pennock 191 

Red Phoenix 151 

Red Pippin 151 

Red Pumpkin Sweet 137 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



503 



PAGE 

Hed Quarrenden 166 

Red Republican 166 

lied Russet 106 

Red Russet 18T 

Red Seek-no-further .... 150, 191 

Red Streak 73 

Red Streak 191 

Red Sioeet 166 

Red Sweet Pippin of Indiana . . . 173 

Red Spitzenberg 151,166 

Red Winter Pearmain . . . 114, 151 

Red Winter Calville 191 

Red and Green Sweet . . . .191 

Red Vandervere 113 

Reinette blanche d'Espagne . . . 179 

Reinette du Canada 69 

Reinette du Canada Blanche ... 69 

Reinette du Canada a Cortes ... 69 

Reinette Grosse du Canada ... 69 

Reinette d'Holland 147 

Reinette Triomphante . . . .193 

RepiMioan Pippin .... 166 

Rhode Island (freening .... 106 

Ribbed Pippin 81 

Ribstone Pippin 107 

Richfield Nonesuch 105 

Richard's Grajt 166 

Riclimond 107 

Ridge Pippin 167 

Riest 167 

Ritier 166 

Rival Golden Pippin 133 

River 167 

Roadstoton Pippin 167 

Rockingham Red 121 

Rock Remain 103 

Rock Riramon 103 

Roclc Apple 167 

Rock.port Sweet 167 

Roelc Sweet 167 

Rome Beauty . . . . los 

Roman Beauty 103 

Romanite 102 

Romanite of the West .... 142 

Roman Stem. 107 

Roseau 192 

Roseau 191 

Roseau d'Automrie 191 

Ross J^onpareil lOS 

Rough and Ready 101 

Round Catshead 1S5 

Round Top 1S6 

Roxbury Russet 109 

Royale d'Angleterre 84 

Royal Pearmain . . . . 63, 84 

Royal Pippin 64, 130 

Rule's Su,m,m.6r Sweeting . . . 192 

Rum Apple 167 

Rumbo 102 

Russian 182, 151 

Rymer 191 

Sack Apple 166 

Sailly Autumn 168 

Sam's Crab 189 

Sam Rawlings 188 

Sanguineus 78 

Sapson 170 

Sassafras Sweet 144 

Scandiana Mala 79 

Scarlet Perfume 132 

Scarlet Pearmain 151 

Scarlet Pearm^ain 169 



PAGE 

Scarlet Nonpareil 192 

Schockley 177 

Schoomacker 169 

Schoolmocker 169 

Scollop G-illifiower 168 

Scudamus Crab 191 

Seago 90 

Seek-no-further .... 71, 102, 114 

Seek-no-farther of Coxe .... 116 

Seever 168 

Seever's Red Streak 168 

Selvia 168 

September 169 

Shaker's Yellow 136 

Sharp's Spice 78 

Sharp e's Early 172 

Sheep Nose . . . 188, 68, 151, 186 

Sheppard''s Sweet 169 

Shipley Green 192 

Shippen's Russet 192 

Shirley 140 

Siberian Crab 169 

Sigler's Reel 63 

Sinclai)''s Yellow 169 

Sine-qua-non 109 

Skutik 192 

Slingerland Pippin .... 170 

Smalley 170 

Smathhouse 109 

Smith's Cider 110 

Smithfield Spice 73 

Smith's Superb 110 

Smokehouse 109 

Snorter 171 

Snow 78 

Sol Carter 74 

Sops in Wine 170 

Sops of Wine 170 

Sour Bough 172 

Spencer Sweeting 144 

Spice 170,191 

Spice Apple of Va 162 

Spiced Oxeye ...... 94 

Spice Sweeting 170 

Spice Russet 170 

Sponge ....... 170 

Spotted Pippin 129 

Sprague 192 

Spring Grove Codlin .... 192 

Spring Pippin 170 

Springport Pippin 170 

Springer's Seedling . . . • 192 

Staalclubs 113 

Stanard 170 

Standard's Seedling 170 

Steel's Sweet 192 

Stehly 171 

St. Lawrence 171 

Sterling Beauty 122 

Steele's Red AVinter 63 

Steele's Red Winter of Michigan . . 105 

Straat 171 

Stillman's Early 171 

Straudt 171 

Stroat 171 

Strawberry 62 

Striped Ashmore 122 

Striped Belle Fleur 191 

Striped June 124 

Striped Juneating 136 

Striped Mohawk, 192 

Striped Pearm,ain 171 



504: 



INDKX (IF FKUITB. 



PAGE 

Striped Rhode Island Greening . . TS 

Striped Vandervere 113 

Siurnier Pippin 171 

Sudlow's Fall Pippin 140 

Sugar Loaf Greening .... 192 

Sugar Loaf Pippin .... 192 

Sugar Sweet 172 

Summer Eellefleur 172 

Summer Bellflower 62 

Summer Bellflower 172 

Summer Cheese 186 

Summer Golden Pippin .... 192 

Summer Hagloe 143 

Summer Hoise 77 

Summer Pearmain 63 

Summer Pippin 101, 147 

Summer Pippin . . . . .172 

Summ,er Queen 172 

. Summer Bambo Synonym . . . 192 

Swmm.er Rambour 192 

Suinmer Russet ' 192 

Summ.er Rose 109 

Summer Sweet of Ohio .... 85 

Summeroui 161 

Slimmer Sweet Paradise . . . 172 

Summer Bellflower 172 

Summum Bonum 132 

Superb Sweet 172 

Superb 173 

Surprise 193 

Sutton Beauty 173 

Sicaar 110 

Sweet Baldwin 193 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County . 173 

Sweet Bellflower 173 

Sweet Bough Ill 

Sweet Golden Pippin .... 62 

Sweet Harvest Ill 

Sweet Fall Pippin 173 

Sweet Harvey 173 

Sweet June of Illinois .... 85 

Sweet Nonsuch 174 

Sweet Pearmain Ill 

Sweet Pippin 1T5 

Sweet Pippin 173 

Sweet Roinaniie 174 

Sweet Red Streak 173 

Sweet Russet 164, 170 

Sweet Ramho 175 

Sweet and Sour 192 

Sweet Seek-no-further . . . .142 

Sioeet Wine Sap 174 

Sweet Swaar 62 

Sweet Wine 78 

Stceet Wine Sap 174 

Sweet Vandevere 173 

Swiss Apple 104 

Switzer Apple 104 

Sylvan Russet 109 

Sylvester 175 

Tabnan^s Sweeting . _ . . . . 112 

Tollman's Sweeting 112 

Tallow Apple 89 

Tallow Pippin 89 

Tart Bough ...... 193 

Terry's Red Streak 102 

TeiopsJcy 1J5 

Tew/csbury Blush 176 

Tewksbury Winter Blush .... 176 

T/i6Ap]}le 68 

Them's Red Streak 193 

Tiffs Sweet 113 



PAGE 

Tinmouth ... ... 176 

Titus Pippin 193 

Toecoa 176 

Tolman's Sweeting 112 

Tompkins 73 

Tom Woodward Pippin .... 96 

Townsend 176 

Transparent Ppippin .... 133 

Transparent de Moscovie .... 193 

Transparent de Zurich .... 193 

Travers 107 

Trenton Early 176 

TrumbxiU S%Keiinq 177 

Turner's Green 142 

Turkey Greening 193 

Tulpahocken 75 

Twenty Ounce 130 

Twenty Ounce Apple 130 

Twenty Ounce Pipj)in . . . .393 

Twenty Ounce Pipjiin .... 130 

Twitc'helPs Sweet 177 

Uncle Sam's Best 78 

Vandevere 118 

Vandervere 94 

Vandervere Pippin ... .82, 113 

Vandyne 177 

Vandyne 96 

Vaughan''s Winter 177 

Vermont 178 

Yictorieuse ReineUe .... 193 
Victuals and Drink . . . .193 

Virginia Greening 177 

A'ireinia Sweet 189 

Vrai Drap d'Or 72 

WaddeVs Ball 177 

Wage7ier 114 

Wahr Reinette 69 

Waldower 82 

Walpole 177 

AV'aldener 75 

Walworth 17S 

AValtz Apple 97 

Walker's Yelloto 177 

Warren Pennock 136 

Warren Pippin Synonym . . .96 

Washington Ill 

Washington Royal 178 

Watermelon 90 

Watkin's Early 61 

Watson's A'andervere .... 113 

Watson's Dumpling 186 

Waxen 65 

Waxeii . . 178 

Weeks' Pippin 133 

AVelcome 125 

AVell Apple 73 

Wells 73 

Well ford's Yelloio 178 

WeWs Sweeting 178 

WelUngton Apple 186 

Westfleld Seek-no further . . .114 

Westchester Seek-no-further . . . 139 

Wesier7i Spy I'i'S 

Weston 178 

West's Spitzenberg 130 

Wetherell's White Sweeting . . .180 

Wheeler's Sweet 179 

White Apple 65 

W/iiie 1T9 

White Astrarhan 193 

M'hite Beant)/ 179 

White BellUower ..... 96 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



505 



White Bellefleur . 
White Calville . 
White Detroit . 
White Doctor . 
White Doctor . 
White Golden Sweet 
White Hawthornden 
Wliite Jun eating 
White Margil . 
White Pippin 
White Pippin . 
White Rambo . 
White Seeli-no-fm-ther 
White Seek-no-fiirther 
White Spanish Reinette 
White Spice 
White Sweeting 
White Vandervere 
White Wine 
White Winter Calville 
White Winter . 
White Winter Pearmain 
Whitewater Siceei . 
Wkitney^s Russet 
William's Early . 
William's Early Red . 
William's Favorite . 
William's Favorite Red 
William's Red . 
William Penn . 
William Tell 
Wilis' Sweet 
Willow 
Willow Leap 
Willoin Twig . 
Willow Leaf Pippin . 
Wine .... 
Wine .... 
Wine Apple 
Wine of Cole 
Wine Sap . 
Wine Sap . 
Wine Sop . 
Wine Strawberry 
Windower . 
Wing Sweeting. 
Winn's Russet . 
Winslow . 
Winter Chandler 
Winter Cheese . 
Winter Cheese . 
Winter Genneting 
Winter Grixon . 
Winter Harvey 
Winter King 
Winter Pearmain 
Winter Pearmain . 
Winter Pippin of Vermont 
Winter Pippin of Geneva 
Winter Queen . 
Winter Queen . 
Winter Queening 
Winter Russet . 
Winter Seek-no-further 
Winter Sweet . 
Winter Wine 
Winihrop Greening 
Winthrop Pearmain 
Wolf's Den 
Wollaton Pippin 
Wolman's Harvest . 
Wonder 



PAGE 

96 
193 

96 
193 
179 
128 
144 
179 
1S9 

96 

lis 

ISO 
96 
116 
179 
73 
ISO 
S2 
113 
193 
179 
118 
ISO 
ISO 
119 
119 
119 
119 
119 
ISl 
164 
191 
US 

lis 

118 

96 

186 

116 

116 

TS 

86 

iir 

117 
166 

82 
182 
ISl 
181 
185 
142 
194 
103 
185 
182 

87 
84, 159 
182 
182 
182 
194 

77 
194 
100 
138 

88 
116 
182 
182 
123 
132 
109 
182 



PAGE 

Woolman's Harvest 109 

Woolman's Long. 96 

Wood's Greening ..... 115 

Wood's Huntingdon 133 

Wood's Sweet 117 

Woodpecker 63 

Woodstock Pippin 184 

Woodward's Pippin 96 

Wormsley Pippin 194 

Wright Apple 182 

AVyker Pippin 187 

Yacht 183 

Yankee Apple 102 

Yellow 183 

Y"ellow Bellefleur 66 

Yellow Bellflower 66 

Yellow Grank 183 

Yelloxo German Reinette . . . 187 

Yellow Harvest 83 

Yellow Horse 77 

Yellow Ingestrie 194 

Yellow Janette 103 

Yellow Juneating 83 

Yellow Jleadow 183 

Yellow Newtown Pippin .... 69 

Yellow JVewtown Fippin . . . 119 

Yellow Pippin 96, 161 

Yellow Pearmain 183 

Yellow Vandervere 118 

Yopp's Favorite 183 

York, Imperial 183 

York Russet 164, 185 

Yorkshire Greening .... 194 

Young's Long Keeper .... 186 

Yost 183 

Zane 194 

Zane Greening 194 

Zieber .194 



BLACKBERRIES. 

Bush Blackberry 196 

Crystal White 196 

Dorchester 196 

High Blackberry 196 

Lawton 196 

Neicman's Tliornlei .... 197 

New Rochelle 19G 

Ruhus Villosus 195 

Rubus Villosus 196 

Seacor's Mammoth 196 



CHERRIES. 

Adams' Crown 219 

Allen's Sweet Montmorency . . . 231 

Ainerican Amber 219 

Am,erican Heart 204 

Amber Gean 219 

Amber Heart 222 

Amber or Imperial 212 

Amber a petit fruit 231 

Ambree do Choisy 205 

Ambree a gros fruit 205 

Anne 219 

Ausell's Fine Black 220 

Apple Cherry 229 

Arch Duke 204 

Arden's Early White Heart . . .222 

Arden's Heart 222 



606 



LNDEX OF FKUITS. 



Armstrong's Bigarreau 

Bauman^a May 

Belle Agatha . 

Belle Audigeoise 

Belle de Bavay . 

Belle da Glioisey 

Belle Magnijique . 

Belle et Magnifique . 

Belle de Orleans 

Belle of Orleans 

Belle de Petit Brie . 

Belle de Sceaux 

Bella Vezzouries 

Benham's Fine Early Duke 

Bigarreau .... 

Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont 

Bigarreau Belle d'Esperin 

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Ilildesheim 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 

Bigarreau Common . 

Bigarreau Gaubalis . 

Bigao^reau Gros 

Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc 

Bigarreau Gros Couret 

Bigarreau Gros Montreux 

Bigarreau a Gros fruit Kouge 

Bigarreau Gros Noir . 

Bigarreau d'Holland . 

Bigarreau Lauermann 

Bigarreau de Lyon . 

Bigarreau de Mai 

Bigarreau Marbree de Ilildesheim 

Bigarreau Noir . 

Bigarreau Noir Tardif 

Bigarreau Noir Tardive 

Bigarreau de Rocmonfc 

Bigarreau Royal 

Bigarreau Tardif 

Bigarreau Tardif de Ilildesheim 

Bishop's Large . 

Black Bigarreau . 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy 

Black Circassian 

Black Eagle 

Black Hawk 

Black Heart 

Black Honey 

Black Mazzard 

Black Orleans . 

Black Russian . 

Black Spanish . 

Black Tartarian 

Bleeding Heart 

Bloodgood's Amber . 

Bloodgood's Honey . 

Bloodgood's New Honey , 

Boreatton .... 

Bouquet Amurelle 

Brandy Wine . 

Brant .... 

Bristol Cherry . 

Brcnneman's May 

Brown's Seedling . 

Buchanan's Early Duke . 

Bullock's Heart 

Burr's Seedling 

Butner''s Black Heart . 

Butner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche 

Butner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche 

Butner's Herr Kirsche 

Butner's October 

Butner's October Morello 



206, 



PAGE 
215 

219 
219 
209 
21T 
205 
20T 
207 
205 
205 
21T 
219 
219 
215 
212 
209 
221 
212 
209 
209 
215 
212 
209 
214 
214 
230 
222 
215 
215 
214 
219 
212 
22S 
212 
222 
209 
212 
212 
212 
206 
228 
214 
206 
206 
205 
220 
228 
228 
229 
,220 
223 
206 
228 
219 
219 
219 
229 
229 
220 
206 
228 
221 
228 
215 
230 
220 
220 
220 
220 
220 
228 
228 



ng 



Butner''s Yellow 

Carmine Stripe 

Carnation 

Caroline . 

Cerasus Serrulata 

Cerise Ambree . 

Cerise a Bouquet 

Cerise a Courte Queen 

Cerise Doucette 

Cerise Guigne 

Cerise ludulle . 

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre 

Cerise a Noyau Tendre 

Cerise de la Palembre 

Cerise de Portugal 

Cerise de St. Martin . 

Cerise Tardive . 

Cerise de Xamer 

Cerisier a fleurs doubles 

Cerisier Pleurant 

Champagne 

Chatenay . 

Chevereuse 

China Bigarreau . 

Chinese DouMe Floweri. 

Chinese Heart . 

Christiana 

Circassian , . 

Clarke's Bigarreau . 

Clarke's Superb 

Cleveland . 

Cleveland Bigarreau 

Cluster 

Coe's Late Carnation 

Coe's Transparent . 

Cosur de Pigeon 

Common English 

Common Red 

Common Sour Cherry 

Commune . 

Conestoga . 

Corona 

Coroun 

Corwin 

Coularde . 

Couronne . 

Cream 

Crown 

Cuniberland 

Cumberland Seedling 

Davenport 

Davenport's Early 

Davenport's Early Black 

De HoUande 

Delicate . 

D'Espagne . 

D'Esperin . 

De Prusse . 

DeSpa 

De 16 a-la-livre . 

Doctor 

Donna Mana . 

Double Heart . 

Double Flowering Kentish 

Downer 

Doicner^s Late 

Downer's Late Red . 

JDowning's lied Cheek 

Downtcm . 

Dredge's Early 'White Heart 

Duchess of Pallua 

Dutch Morello . 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



507 









PAGE 


Du Nord 228 


Du Nord Nouvelle 






228 


Dwarf DouhU Flowering 






229 


Eai-ly Black 






220 


Early Duke 






. 215 


Early May 






222 


Early Richmond 






211 


Early Prolific . ; 






222 


Early Purple Griotte 






208 


Early Purple Giiigne . 






208 


Early White Heart 






222 


Elizabeth .... 






22.S 


Elliott's Favorite 






22.S 


Elkhorn .... 






222 


Elton 






209 


English Amber 






22.S 


English Morello 






226 


Everflowering Cherry 






231 


Favorite .... 






223 


Fellow's Seedling 






212 


Flemish .... 






229 


Flesh Colored Bigai-reau . 






209 


Florence .... 






210 


Four to the Pound 






281 


Eraser's Black Heart 






20fi 


Fraser's Black Tartarian . 






206 


Eraser's White Tartarian . 






231 


Fraser's White Transparent 






231 


G-ascoigne's Heart 






228 


Gean Amber 






219 


German May Duke . 






208 


Governor Wood 






211 


Graffion .... 






212 


Great Bigarreau . 






211 


Gridley .... 






229 


Griotte de Portugal . 






204 


Griotte de Villenues . 






207 


Groote Princesse 






212 


Gros Bigarreau Blanc 






209 


Gros Bigarreau Rouge 






230 


G-ros Couret 






214 


Gros Gobet 






229 


Grosse Bigarreau Ooleur-du-Ch 


air 




209 


Grottier Rouge Pale . 






2or 


Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale 






207 


Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel 






222 


Guigne Gros Blanc . 






209 


Guigne Grosse Noir . 






220 


Guigne Noir Luizante 






214 


Guigne Noir Luizante . 






223 


Guigne Noir Tardive 






222 


Guigne Rouge Hative 






228 


Guinier a fruit Noir . 






220 


Harrison Heart 






228 


Herefordshire Black . 






229 


Herefordshire Heart . 






228 


Herefordshire White . 






222 


Ilildesheim, 






212 


Hildesheim Bigarreau 






212 


Hoadley .... 






224 


Holland Bigarreau . 






215 


HoUandische Grosse 






212 


Honey .... 






229 


Hovey .... 






224 


Hyde's Red Heart . 






229 


Hyde's Late Black . 






229 


Hyde's Seedling 






229 


Hyde's Jaurie de Prusse 






224 


Imperial .... 






225 


Imperial Morello 






225 


Italian Heart 






■212 


Jamie de Prusse 






224 



PAGE 

Jbo-osot 212 

Kennicott 224 

Kentish 211, 229 

Kentish 280 

Kentish Red 211, 230 

Keokuk 224 

Kirtland's Large Morello .... 225 

Kirtland's Mam^moth .... 213 

Kirtland's Mary 213 

Knevett's Late Bigarreau • . . . 210 

Knight's Early Black .... 213 

Knight's Late Black .... 230 

Lady of the Lake 225 

Lady Southampton's Duke . . . 230 

Lady Southampton's Golden Drop . . 2.30 

Lady Southam,pton's Yellow . . . 230 

Large Black Bigarreau .... 222 

Large Double Flowering . . . 230 

Large Heart-Shaped .... 214 

Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau . 209, 214 

Large Honey 229 

Large May Duke 215 

Large Morello 225 

Large Morello 226 

Large Prool 211 

Large Red Bigarreau .... 230 

Large White Bigarreau .... 228 

Large Wild Black 229 

Late Arch Duke 204 

Late Bigarreau 225 

Late Duke 204 

Late Honey 229 

Late Kentish 230 

Late Morello 226 

Lauermann's Kirsche .... 215 

Leather Stocking 226 

Lemercier of Eand B 217 

Lindley 225 

Lion's Heart 230 

Logan 214 

Louis Phillip 226 

Lundie Gean 2oO 

Maocarty 229 

Madison 226 

Madison Bigarreau 226 

Manning's Early Black . . . 230 

dfaiming's Late Black .... 230 

Manning's Late Black Heai-t . . . 230 

Manning's Mottled 215 

jVary 226 

May Cherry 222 

3Iay Duke . . . . ■. .215 

Mazzard 228 

Merisier a fruit Blanc .... 229 

Merville de September .... 226 

Millett's Late Heart Duke . . . 215 

Monstrouse de Bevay .... 217 

3fo7istrouse de Meeel .... 215 

Monstrous May 221 

Montmorency 229 

Montmorency a gros fruit . . . 229 

Montmorency a longue queue . . . 211 

Morello 226 

Morris' Duke 215 

Morris' Early Duke 215 

Mottled Bigarreau 215 

Mnyer's Honey Heart .... 220 

Muscat de Prague 211 

Napoleon 215 

Napoleon Bigarreau 215 

New Large Black Bigarreau . . . 214 

Ohio Beauty 215 



508 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 





PAGE 


Osceola 


. 216 


Ostheim 


. . 230 


Ortheimer Weichsel . 


. 230 


Ox Heart ..... 


. 230 


Ox Heart 


. 228 


Pie Cherry 


211, 230 


Pierce\'i Late .... 


. 226 


Pink. Heart .... 


. 230 


PliMnstone Morello . 


. 227 


Pontiac 


. 216 


Portugal Duke .... 


. 204, 215 


Poiohattan .... 


. 216 


Precoce 


. 222 


President 


. 227 


Princess Dulce .... 


. 230 


Prinzessin Kirsche . 


. 212 


Proud foot 


. 227 


Proudfoot's Seedling . 


. 227 


Red Bigarreau 


. 230 


Red Heart 


. 22S 


Ped Jacket .... 


. 217 


Peine Horten,S6 


. 217 


Remington .... 


. 230 


Remington Heart 


. 280 


Remington White Heart . 


. 230 


Richardson ..... 


. 227 


RoherVs Red Heart . 


. 227 


Rockport 


. 218 


Rockport Bigarreau . 


. 218 


Ronald's Black Heart 


. 206 


Ronald's Heart . ^ . . 


. 206 


Ronald's Large Black Heart . 


. 206 


Ronald's Large Morello 


. 226 


Royal Hative .... 


. 215 


Rumsey^s Late Morello . 


. 230 


Schone von Choisy . 


. 205 


Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche . 


. 220 


Serrulated-leaved Cherry . 


. 229 


Shannon 


. 218 


Small May 


. 222 


Spanish Black Heart . 


. 220 


Spanish or Yellow 


. 230 


/Sparhaick's Honey . 


. 227 


Sparahawk's Honey . 


. 227 


Spotted Bigarreau 


. 215 


Steret's May .... 


. 221 


Superb Circassian 


. 206 


Sussex 


. 211 


Sweedish 


. 222 


Sweedish Red Heart . 


. 22-2 


Sweet Monimorency 


. 231 


Tardif de Hildesheim 


. 212 


Tardive de Mons 


. 226 


Tartarian 


. 206 


Tecumseh 


. 21S 


The Doctor .... 


. 209 


Thompson's Duke 


. 215 


Toliacco Leaved 


. 231 


Townsend 


. 227 


Tradescant Black Heart . 


. 222 


Transparent .... 


. 281 


Transparent Gean 


. 231 


Transparent Gidgne 


. 281 


Triomph of Cumberland . 


. 221 


Turkey Bigarreau ... 2; 


2, 215, 228 


VaiVs August Duke 


. 218 


A'ery Large Heart 


. 230 


Virginia 3Iay Duke, 


. 281 


Virginian May 


. 211 


Virginian Wild Cherry 


. 231 


Walsh's Seedling . . . . 


. 227 


Ward's Bigarreau . . . . 


. 214 



PAGE 

Warren''s Transparent .... 231 

Watei^loo 228 

Wax Cherry 207 

Weeping or All Saints .... 231 

Wellington 231 

Wendell's Mottled 219 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau . . . 219 

Werder's Marly Plack .... 228 

Werdersche Frue Schwarze Herz Kirsche 228 

W^est's White Heart 212 

AVhite Bigarreau 212 

White Bigarreav, 228 

White Ox Heart 128 

White Tartarian 231 

White Transparent 222 

Wild English Cherry 228 

Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai . . . 219 

Wilkinson 231 

Yellow or Golden 230 

Yellow Honey 229 

YeUow Spanish 212 

Yung To 229 

CURRAHTS. 

American Black 285 

Attracior 285 

Black English 285 

Black Grape 284 

Black Naples 284 

Black Transparent 236 

Ghainp)agn& 285 

Cherry 234 

Common Black 235 

Common Red 235 

Common White 235 

Fertile Currant of Palnau . . . 236 

I'ertille d' Angers 235 

Goliath 285 

Gondouin White 285 

Gondouin Red 235 

Houghton Castle 235 

Jeflerson 236 

KnighVs Early Red .... 286 

KnighVs Large Red .... 236 

KnighVs Sn.oeet Red .... 284 

La Caucasse 236 

La Haytive 236 

Large Red Dutch 284 

Lm. Versaillais 286 

Large White 235 

Long Bunched Red Dutch . . .234 

May's Victoria 235 

Missouri 236 

Missouri Eatable 286 

Missouri Fragrant 236 

Missouri Large-fruited .... 286 

Morgan's Red 234 

Morgan's White 235 

New Red Dutch 234 

New AVhite Dutch 285 

Ogden's Black Grape .... 234 

J'alnau 236 

I^rince Albert 234 

Raby Castle 285 

Red Dutch 284 

Red Grape 236 

Red Grape ....... 284 

Red Provens 236 

Reeve's AVhite 235 

Rivers' AVhite Grape 236 

Short Bunched Red 236 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



509 



PAGE 

Striped Frmted 236 

Trmuparent 236 

Victoria 235 

White Clinton 235 

White Crystal 235 

White Dutch 285 

White Grape 285 

White Leghorn ...... 235 

White Pearl 23T 

White Antwerp 237 



GOOSEBERRIES. 



BuerdsilVs Duclwing 
Capper'' 8 Bunker's Hill 
Ohdmpagne 
Collier''s Jolly Angler 
Crompton Sheba Queen 
Early Sulphur 
Green Walnut . 
Houghton'' 8 Seedling 
Ironmonger 
Kee7i's Seedling 
Massey's Heart of Oak 
Melling''8 Crown Bob 
Pale Red . 
Parkinson''s Laurel 
Pitmaston Oreen Gage ' 
Bed Warrington 
Boaring Lion . 
Taylor's Bright Venus 
White Honey . 
Woodward's White Smith 



240 



240 
240 
241 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
240 
241 
241 
239 
241 
241 



GRAPES. 



Ada 25T 

Alexander 262 

Alicant 268 

Amber Bluscatine 269 

American Muscadine .... 263 

Amiens 269 

Arkansas 255 

August Traube 268 

Black Burgundy 268 

Black Cluster 268 

Black Frontignac 268 

Black Frontignan 268 

Black Hamburgh 267 

Black Lisbon 268 

Black Morillon 268 

Black Orle.ans 268 

Black Portugal 268 

Black Prince 268 

Black Spanish 268 

Black Valentia 268 

Bland 257 

Bland's Madeira 257 

Bland's Pale Red 257 

Bland's Virginia 2.57 

Boston 268 

Bourdales dos Hautes Pyrenees . . 268 

Brlnckle 258 

'Brown Hamburgh 267 

Bull or Bullet 262 

Bui-gunder 268 

Camby's August 258 

Cambridge Botanic Garden . . . 268 

Canadian Chief 258 

Cape Grape 262 

Carter 258 

"Catawba, 255 



PAGE 

Catawba Tokay . . . . . 255 

Cassady . 258 

Charter Oak 263 

Chasselas 269 

Chasselas Blanc 269 

Chasselas Dore 269 

Chasselas de Fontainebleau . . . 269 

Ohilicothe Seedling 263 

Child's Seedling 258 

Clara 258 

Clarence 261 

Clermont 263 

Clifton's Constantina .... 262 

Clinton 253 

Columbia 259 

Cojicord 269 

D'Arbois 269 

Decimanner 269 

Delaware 256 

De St. Jean 268 

Bevereux 259 

Diana 257 

Dutch Hamburg 267 

Early Black 268 

Early Black July 268 

Early White Teneriffe .... 269 

Elsenborough 259 

Elsinboro' 259 

Elsingb'Urgh 259 

Emily 259 

Fox Grape 263 

Frankendale 267 

Fromentean 269 

Fromentin Rouge 269 

Frontniac of Alexandria .... 269 

Garrigues 260 

Gibraltar 267 

Golden Chasselas 269 

Graham 260 

Gris Rouge 269 

Grizzly F'rontignac 268 

Grizzly Frontignan .... 268 

Hull's Grape . ... . . .260 

Hampton Court Vine .... 267 

Hirtford Prolijic 260 

Heath 256 

Herbemont 260 

Herbemont Madeira 260 

Hudson 260 

Hyde's Eliza 263 

Imitative Hamburg .... 260 

Isabella 2,57 

Jacob's Traube 268 

James' Seedling 263 

Jerusalem Muscat 269 

July Grape 268 

Kleinbranner 269 

Lebanon Seedling 255 

Lee's 263 

Lenoir 261 

Logan 261 

Longworth's Ohio 263 

Louisa 261 

Lunel 269 

Madeira . . . . ■ . . . 263 

Madeleine 268 

Madeleine Noir 263 

Malaga 269 

Mainmoth 268 

Mammoth Catawba .... 263 

Marion 261 

Marzimmcr 269 



510 



INDEX OF FRTJIT8. 











PAGE 


Minor''s Seedling 268 


Missouri . 






. 261 


Missouri Seedling 






. 261 


Morellon Hatif . 






. 208 


Moscado Bianco 






. 269 


Moscatel Common 






. 269 


Moschata Bianca 






. 269 


Muscadine . 






. 262 


Muscat of Alexandria 






. 269 


Muscat d'Alexandria 






. 269 


Muscat Blanc 






. 269 


Muscat Blanc de Jura 






. 269 


Muscat Gris 






. 268 


Muscat Noil- 






. 268 


Muscat Noir de Jura 






. 268 


Muscat Noir Ordinaire 






. 268 


Muscat Rouge . 






. 268 


Muscateller 






. 269 


Nepean's Constantia 






. 269 


Northern Muscadine 






. 263 


Northern Muscadine 






. 261 


Norton's Seedling 






. 261 


Norton^s Virginia 








. 261 


Ohio . 








. 262 


Passe longue Musque 








. 269 


Passe Musque . 








. 269 


JPiiuline 








. 2C2 


Pennsylvania . 








. 263 


Pineau 








. 268 


Pocock's Damascus 








. 268 


Pond''s Seedling 








. 263 


Powell 








. 257 


Purple Constantia 








. 268 


Purple Frontignan 








. 268 


Purple Hamburg 








. 26T 


Raahe, 








. 262 


Kaab'se No. 1 . 








. 258 


No. 2 . 








. 259 


No. 3 . 








. 262 


No. 4 . 








. 258 


Raisin de Champagne 






. 269 


Raisin de Frontignan 






. 269 


Raisin Precoce . 






. 268 


Ranfolak . 








. 269 


Ranfoliga . 








. 269 


Rebecca 








. 262 


Red Constantia . 








. 268 


Red Hamburgh . 








. 267 


Red Muncy 








. 255 


Red Traminer . 








. 269 


Roanoke . 








. 262 


Rothclauser 








. 269 


Rothedel . 








. 269 


Rothfranken 








. 269 


Roth Reifler 








. 269 


Rother Klevner . 








. 269 


Rother Traminer 








. 269 


Royal Muscadine . 








. 269 


f^ali.sliurv Violet 








. 267 


Srinn/lk-m. 








. 262 


t^chuylkiU Muscadell 








. 262 


Scuppernong . 








. 262 


Segar Box . 








. 262 


Shaker Grape . 








. 260 


Sherman . 








. 268 


ShuriUps Seedling 






. 263 


Singleton .... 






. 255 


Sir A. Pytohe's Black 






. 268 


Sir William Rowley's Blac 


c 




. 268 


Small Black Cluster . 






. 268 


Smart's Elsingburg . 






. 259 


Spring Mill Constant! 


d, 






. 262 



PAGE 

St. Clauser 269 

Stewart's Black Prince .... 268 

Sumpter 261 

Tajt 263 

Tasker's Grape 262 

To Kalon 263 

Tokayer 269 

Tottenham Park Muscat .... 269 

Traminer 269 

Troy Grape 263 

True Burgundy 268 

Union Village 260 

Valentine's 267 

Warren 260 

Warren's Black Hamburgh . . . 267 

Warrenton 260 

White Catawia 263 

White Chasselas 269 

White Constantia 269 

White Frontinac 269 

White Frontignan 269 

White Muscat 269 

White Muscat of Alexandria . . . 269 
White Muscat of Lunel . . . .269 

Winne 262 

Worthington 258 

York Madeira 263 

2cLne . '. • 263 



KECTARINES. 

Anderson's 271 

Anderson's Round 273 

Aromatic 271 

Barker 271 

Black Murry 273 

Boston 270 

Broomfield 273 

Brugnon Hatif 271 

Brugnon Red at the Stone . . .271 

Brugnon Musque 272 

Brugnon Violette Musque . . . 272 

Clairmont 271 

Common Elruge 271 

Cowdry 'White 272 

Botvnton 270 

Due Du Telliers 271 

Due de Tello 271 

Due de Tilly 271 

Duke of Telliers 271 

Du Tilley's 271 

Du TiUiers 271 

Early Brugnon 271 

Early Black 271 

Early Black Newington .... 271 

Early Newington 271 

Early Violet 271 

Elruge 271 

Emerton's New AVhite .... 272 

Fairchild 273 

FairchikVs Early 273 

Fine Gold-Fleshed 273 

Flanders 272 

French Newington 273 

FrenchYelloxo 271 

Genoa or Genoese 273 

Golden 273 

Hampton Court ...... 271 

IJardwieke 272 

Hardwicke's Seedling .... 272 

Hunt's Early Tawny ..... 272 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



511 



PAGE 

Hunt's Large Tawny .... 272 

Runfs Tawny 272 

Jaune Lisse 273 

Large Early Violet 272 

Large Scarlet 271 

Large White 272 

Late Greea 273 

Late YeUow 273 

Lewis 270 

Lord Selsey's Elruge 271 

Lucombe's Blacli 271 

Lucombe's Seedling 271 

3lurrey 273 

Murry 273 

JsTeaVsWliite 272 

JSTewington 273 

New Early Newington .... 271 

New Scarlet 271 

New White 272 

Oatland's 271 

Old Newington 273 

Old Roman 272 

Oldenburg 272 

Orange 272 

Orange 273 

Perkin's Seedling 270 

Peterborough 273 

Petite Violet Hatire 271 

Pitmaston's Orange . . . . ' . 272 

Prince's Golden 273 

Bed Roman 272 

Roman 272 

Rough Roman 273 

Scarlet 273 

Scarlet Newington 273 

Sion Hill 273 

Smith's Newington 273 

Spring Grove 271 

Stiinwicke 272 

Sweet Yellow 273 

Temple's 271 

Vermash (of some) 278 

Violet Grosse 272 

Violet red at the Stone . . . .271 

Violet Musk 271 

Violette Hative 271 

William's Orange 272 

Williams' Seedling 272 

PEACHES. 

Abricotee 308 

Acton Scott 305 

Admirable 305 

Admirable Jaune 303 

Admirable Tardive 305 

Alberge 285 

AlbergeJuane 285 

Algiers Winter 806 

Algiers Yellow 306 

Almond 805 

Allen 293 

Anne 805 

Apricot Peach ...... 302 

Astor . 292 

Atwater 298 

Austin's Late Bed 292 

Avant Blanche 308 

Avant Rouge 80T 

Bachelder 293 

Bagby's Large 293 

Baldwin's Late 293 



PAGE 

Baltimore Beauty 805 

Baltimore Rose 289 

Barnard 293 

Barrington ...... 293 

Baugh ....... 293 

Beauty of Beaucaire .... 293 

Beauty of Salisbury .... 305 

Belle Beaute 2ST 

Belle de Beazicaire 293 

Belle Ghevreuse 305 

Belle de Paris 289 

Belle de Vitry 805 

Belle de Vit/^ ...... 805 

Bellegarde ...... 293 

Bellis 805 

Belzar's Early Rareripe . . . 805 

BennetVs Rareripe 305 

Bergen's Telloto 285 

Blanton Gling 293 

Blood Cling 294 

Blood Glingstone 294 

Bordeaxix Cling 294 

Boudin 288 

Bourdine 288 

Brentford Mignonne . . . .293 

Brevoort 285 

Brevoort's Morris 285 

Brevoort's Seedling Melter . . . 285 

Bnggs 293 

Brown Nutmeg 307 

Buckingham Mignonne .... 293 

Bullard's Clingstone .... 305 

BiMard's Seedling 305 

Burgess Beauty 290 

Cable's Early 806 

Cable's Earlv Melocoton .... 806 

Cable's Late 294 

Cable's Late Melocoton .... 294 

Cable's Medium Meloeoton . . . 805 

Cambridge Belle 294 

Canary 305 

Carmine 294 

Carpenter's White 294 

Cdrey's Mammoth Cling . . . 306 

Catharine Cling 306 

Chancellor 806 

Chancelliere 306 

Charlotte 806 

Chillian 305 

Chinese Gling 294 

Chinese Peach 294 

Claret Clingstone 294 

Clarke 294 

Clinton 295 

Cole's Early Red 295 

Cole's White Maloooton .... 288 

Colonel Ausley's 293 

Columbia 286 

Columbus June 295 

Congress 306 

Congress Cling 806 

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe . . 285 

Cooledge's Favorite .... 285 

Crawford's Early 285 

Crawford's Early Melocoton . . . 285 

CroAoford's Late 285 

Crawford's Late Melocoton . . . 285 

Crawford's Superb Melocoton . . . 285 

Crawford's Superb Malacatune . . 285 

Cutleaved 806 

Doctor Cooper 29T 

Doonahoo Cling ..... 295 



612 



INDEX OF FETJITS. 



Dorsetshire 

Double Swalsh . 

Double Mountain 

Double Montague . 

Douglas 

Down Easter . 

Druid Hill 

Early Admirable 

Early Anne 

Early Barnard . 

Early Crawford 

Early Chelmsford, . 

Early G-alaude . 

Early Maiden . 

Early May 

Early Newington 

Early Newington . 

Early Newington Freestone 

Early Purple 

Early Purple Avant . 

Early Red Rareripe . 

Early Red Nutmeg . 

Early Hobinson Crusoe 

Early Royal George . 

Early Sweet Water . 

Early Tillotson 

Early Vineyard 

Early "White Nutmeg 

Early York, 

Early York of New Jersey 

Eastburn . 

Eastburn's Choice 

Edgar's Late Meltirig 

Edioard''s Late White 

Eliza 

Elmira 

Emperor of Russia 

Favorite . 

Favorite Red 

Fine Ileath 

Flat Peach of China . 

Flewellen Cling 

Fox's Seedling 

Freestone Heath 

French Bourdine 

French Magdalen 

French Mignoune 

French Rareripe 

French Royal G-eorge 

Fulkerson 

Fulkerson's Early 

Oalade 

George the Fourth . 

GesVs Superb . 

Gest's Large Freestone 

Gold Fleshed . 

Golden Ball . 

Golden Mignonue 

Golden Rareripe 

Gorgas . . . 

Green Catharine . 

Green Nutmeg . 

Green Rareripe 

Griffin's Mignoune . 

Grifli'h's Melocoton . 

Grimwood's Royal Geor^. 

Grimwood's New Royal George 

Grimwood's Royal Char' 

Griswold . 

Gros Melocoton 

Grosse Mignonne . 

Grosse Pei'rique Rouge 



293 



PAGE 

2S9 
SOT 
295 
295 
290 
306 
295 
305 
305 
293 
2S5 
295 
293 
299 
28T 
SOT 
2S6 
286 
2ST 
28T 
290 
SOT 
306 
SOT 
SOT 
286 
2ST 
SOS 
286 
288 
295 
295 
306 
295 
296 
296 
S06 
296 
296 
2ST 
294 
296 
296 
288 
288 
299 
28T 
285, 292 
293 
296 
296 
296 
286 
306 
306 
285 
306 
285 
285 
296 
29T 
305 
29T 
SOT 
304 
2ST 
2ST 
306 
29T 
300 
EST 



PAGE 

Haine's Early Red ..... 288 

Hale 29T 

Hale's Melocoton 29T 

Hall's Down Easter 306 

Hardy Galande .... 285, 296 

IIarker''s Seedling . . . . . 29T 

Hartshorn . . . . . . 29T 

Hastings 29T 

Hatch 29T 

Hative de Ferrieres .... 29T 

Heath Free 299 

Heath Clingstone 2ST 

Heath Freestone 299 

Henry Clay 29T 

Hill's Madeira 299 

HiWs Chili 298 

Hoffman'sTound 300 

Hoffner 298 

HolTner's Seedling 298 

Hogg's Melocoton 290 

Honest John 288 

Honey Feach 293 

Horton's Delicious 298 

Hovei/s Cambridge Belle — Synonym . 294 

Hubbard's Early 298 

Hyslop's Clingstone 2ST 

Imperial i^Middleton'' s) .... 298 

Imperial (PetiVs) 298 

Incomparable 298 

Indian Peach 286 

Ispahan 306 

Italian Peach 285 

Italian 289 

Jackson Cling 298 

Jaques' Rareripe 2ST 

Jagues' Rareripe 2ST 

Jaquish 28T 

Java Peach 294 

Johnson's Early Purple .... 2ST 

Jones'' Early 299 

Jones'' Large Early .... 299 

Jose Sweet 299 

Judd's Melting 288 

Kennedy's Carolina 288 

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone . . . 288 

Kenrick's Heath . . . . . 299 

Kew's Early Purple . . . . ' . 306 

L' Admirable . 3li5 

Lady Anne Stewart 2SS 

Lady Gallatin 290 

Lady Parham 299 

Lafiyette SOT 

Lafayette Clingstone .... SOT 

La Grange 299 

La Koyale 283 

Large American Nutmeg .... SOT 

Large Early York 288 

Large French Mignonne .... 28T 

Large Melting 30T 

Large Newington 301 

Large Red Rareripe .... 2S9, 290 

Large Violet 293 

Large White Clingstone . . . .292 

Large Yellow Rareripe .... 292 

Largest Lemon 288 

Late Admirable 2S8 

Late Admirable Cling . . . .298 

Late Chancellor 806 

Late Red Rareripe 290 

Late Yellow Alberge .... 306 

Lemon Clingstone 283 

Lincoln ..,..-• 299 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



513 



LiTingstone's N. T. Rareripe 
Lockyer's Mignonne 
Long Yellow Pine Apple 
Lord Montague's Noblesse 
Luscious White Kareripe 
Madeira . 
IMadeira Freestone . 
Madelaine de Coursou 
Madeline of Courson 
Madeline Kouge 
Magistrate 



INIajestrate 

Malacatune 

iUalagatune 

Maiden 

Malta 

Malta de Normandie 

Mammoth . 

Maria Antoinette 

Mellishe'a Favorite 

Melting 

Merriain . 

Mignonne . 

Millet's Mignonne 

Molden's White 

Monstrous Clingstone 

Monstrous JPreestone 

Monstrous Pavie 

Monstrous Pompone 

Montague . 

Montauban 

Montgomery's Late 

Moore's Favorite 

Moore's June . 

Morrisania 

MoiTisiana Pound 

Morris Bed Rareripe 

Morris White 

Morris White Freestone 

Morris AV'hite Rareripe 

Morrison's Pound 

Motteux's . 

Mrs. Poinsett . 

iVlulatto 

Narbonne . 

NeiU's Early Purple 

New Cut Leaved 

Newington 

Newington Cling 

Newman . 

New Royal Charlotte 

New Royal George . 

New York Rareripe 

New York White Clingstone 

Nivette 

Nivette Veloute 

Noilesse . 

Noisette 

Nonpareil 

October Y^ellow . 

Oldmixon Clearstone 

Oldmixon Glingsione 

Oldm,ixon Freestone 

Old Newington 

Old Royal Charlotte . 

Orange 

Orange Clingstone 

Orchard Queen 

Owen .... 

Owen's Lemon . 

Owen's Lemon Rareripe 

Paragon . 



286, 



PAGE 

238 

SOT 

383 

301 

2SS 

299 

299 

299 

299 

299 

SOT 

SOT 

290 

290 

299 

239 

239 

295 

292 

301 

3uT 

300 

2ST 

SOT 

800 

800 

SOT 

800 

800 

295 

295 

800 

800 

800 

800 

800 

239 

238 

238 

288 

800 

283 

800 

286 

238 

2ST 

306 

301 

SOI 

801 

806 

SOT 

238 

292 

239 

2S9 

801 

806 

801 

306 

239 

239 

2S9 

801 

806 

SOS 

801 

801 

301 

301 

801 

801 



Pavie Admirable . . . 
Pavle Caum . . . . 
Pavie Monstreux 
Pavie de Pomponne . 
Pavie de Pomponne Gross 
Pavle Rouge de Pompone 
Peche Jaune . . . . 
Peche Malte . . . . 
Peche Royale . . . . 
Pecher d'Ispahan 

Peen-To 

Phfieiger 

Philadelphia Freestone 
Pine Apple Clingstone 

Poinsett 

Poole's Large Y'ellow 
Poole's Late Yellow Freestone 
Poole's Yelloio . . . . 
Pourpree Hative 
Pourpree de Normandie . 
Pourpree Tardive 
President . . . . 

President Ghurcli, . 
Prince John .... 
Prince's OliTnnm 
Prince's Eoocelsior . 
Prince's Paragon 
Pritice's Red Rareripe . 
Purple Alberge . . . . 



Purple Avant 

Red Alberge 

Red Avant 

Red Cheek ...'.'.'. 

Red Cheek Malocaton 

Red Heath 

Red Magdalen ..... 29£ 
Red Magdaline . . . . . 

Red Nutmeg 

Red Rareripe 

Red Rareripe ...,', 

Reeve's Favonte 

Reid's Weeping 

Reine's des Verger's . . . . 

Rodinan's Red 

Ronald's Mignonne 

Ronald's Seedling Galande 

Rosanna 

Rose 

Rosebanlc ...!,! 

Rouge Paysanne . . . . " 

Royal 

Royal George \ 

Royal Sovereign ....'. 
Royal Kensington ....'. 

Scott's stagnate 

Scott's Nectar \ 

Scott's Early Red . . . . . 
Scott's Nonpareil . . . . ' 

Selby's Cling \ 

Serrate Early York . . . . . 

Serrated 

Siebott [ I 

Site's Old Zack '.'.'.'.'. 

Shanghai \ 

Skinner's Superb . '. . '. . 

Slocum's Early 

Smith's Favorite ...'.'. 

Smith's Newington 

Smith's Neioington 

Smith's Early Newington . . . . 

Smock 

Smock Free ..'.'' 



PAGE 

. 298 
, 300 
, 800 
, 300 
. 800 
, 800 
, 235 
289 
, 283 
, 806 
29-1 
SOT 
238 
288 
301 
303 
303 
803 
28T 
2ST 
238 
290 
803 
802 
302 
303 
301 
290 
235 
2ST 
285 
SOT 
290 
290 
28T 
•; 299 
SOT 
SOT 
289 
290 
303 
808 
801 
803 
293 
23T 
SOT 
303 
290 
299 
288 
SOT 
2ST 
28T 
302 
802 
SOT 
301 
293 
236 
806 
808 
803 
303 
803 
808 
803 
286 
SOT 
SOT 
303 



514 



INDEX OF FSUITS. 



Smock Clingstone ..... 307 
Smooth-leaved Royal George . . . 293 

Snow 803 

Spring Grove 808 

St. George 803 

Stftsan'fi Seedling 803 

Stewart's Late Galande .... 806 
Straviberry ...... 803 

Sturtevani 290 

Sulhainstead 808 

Superb SOT 

Superb Royal 2S7 

Swalze ....... 807 

Sioalsh 307 

Sweettoaier 807 

Swiss Mignonne 287 

Stephenson Cling ..... 303 

Stump the World 804 

S^isquehannah 304 

Tat^bell 304 

Teton de Venus 2S8 

Tice 308 

Tice's Red and Yellow . . . .308 

Tippecanoe 304 

Troth' fi Early lied 304 

True Early York 2S6 

True Red Magdalen . . . .299 

Tufls Early 304 

Tuff's Rareripe 304 

Unique 306 

Tandermark 308 

Vanguard 801 

Tan ZandVs Superb .... 291 

Veloutee Tardive 289 

Vineuse 287 

Vineuse de Fromentin .... 287 

Violette Hative 293 

Violette Hative Grosse . . . .293 

Walberton 304 

Walberton Admirable .... 804 

Walter's Early 291 

Ward's Free 291 

Ward's Freestone 291 

Ward's Late Free 291 

Washington 291 

Washington Clingstone .... 804 
Washington Rareripe .... 291 
Washington Red Freestone . . . 291 

Waxen Rareripe 291 

Weeping 308 

Weld's Freestone 291 

White Avant 808 

White Blossom 308 

Wliite Blossomed Incomparable . . 308 

117(/7<' Ornigstone 292 

WliilelU-ath 287 

Wliite Imperial 291 

AVliite Malacaton 288 

White Nutmeg SOS 

White Rareripe .... 288, 289 

Williamson's New York .... 292 

Willow Peach 308 

Yale's Early 808 

Yellow Admirable 308 

Yellow Alberge 285 

Yellow Barnard 293 

Yellow Malagatune 290 

Yellow Melocoton 290 

Yellow Phie Apple 288 

Yellow Rarerijie 285 

Yellow Jiareripe 285 

Yellow Red Rareripe . . . .292 
Zoar Beauty ...... 808 



FEABS. 

PAGE 

Abbe Edouard 357 

Abbe Mongein 857 

Abbot 857 

Adams ....,,.. 857 

Adele de St. Denis 857 

Adelaide de Meves 857 

Admiral 417 

Ah 1 Won Dieu 420 

Alexander 857 

Alexandrine Douillard .... S5S 
Alexander Lambre .... 858 

Alpha 359 

Althorpe Orasanne 859 

Amanda's Double 417 

Amande Double 417 

Amadotte 423 

Amirette 417 

Ambrette d'Hiver 417 

Ambre Gris 417 

Amhrosia 417 

Amiral 417 

Araire Joannet 381 

Amoselle 417 

Ananas de Courirai .... 353 

Ananas 823, 890 

Anaiias d'Ete 323 

Andrews 358 

Angleterre 417 

Angleterre Noisette .... 417 

Archduc d'Ete 3bl 

Aston Town 417 

Auguste de Maraise .... 859 
Autumn Bergam,ot .... 417 

Autumn Colmar 417 

Auguste Van Krans 349 

Badham's SliO 

Bankerbine 359 

Baronne de Mello 357 

Barry 859 

Bartlett 824 

Beadnell 2.61 

Beadnell's Seedling 807 

Beauchamps 3(56 

Beau Present 893 

Beau Present d'Artois .... 365 

Begy de Vetrans 405 

Bein Armudi 807 

Belle Angevine 346 

Belle Apres Noel 359 

Belle d'Aout 418 

Belle deBruxelles 418 

Belle of Brussels 41S 

Belle et Bonne 417 

Belle Crainese 359 

Belle Epine Dumas . . . .800 

Belle Excellent 859 

Belle de Flanders 337 

Belle Fond ante 868 

Belle Gabriel 417 

Belle de Jersey 346 

Belle Julie 360 

Belle de Noel 359 

Belle de Thouars 359 

Belle Lucrative 325 

Belle Verge 893 

Bellissime d'Ete 421 

Bellisshue Jargonelle .... 421 

Bellissime Supreme 421 

Belmont 417 

Benoits 360 

Benoist Nouveau 867 



ESTDEX OF FKUITS. 



515 



Bergaloo . 

Bergamot d'Angleterre 

Bergamot d'Alencon 

Bergainot Boussiare 

Bergamot de Bagi 

Bergamot Crasanne . 

Bergamot d'Ete 

Bergamot d'Hiver 

Bergamot cV Holland 

Bergamot de Paques 

Bergamot Parthetiay 

Bergainot Banter . 

Bergamot Suisse 

Bergamot Sylvange . 

Bergamot de Touloii^se — synonym 

Bergamotte 

Bergamotte Buifo 

Bergamotte Cadette 

Bergamotte Crapaud 

Bergam,otte d''Esperin . 

Bergamotte de Fougere . 

Bergamotte Gaudry 

Bergamotte de Ilamhourg 

Bergamotte lleimhurg . 

Bergam,otte Leseble 

Bergamotte de Millepieds 

Bergamotte de la Pentecote 

Bergamotte SieuUe . 

Bergen Pear . 

Beri Vaet . 

Beurre 

Beurre Adam 

Bemre Ananas . 

Beurre d^ Albert 

Beurre d'Alencon 

Beurre Aurore . 

Beurre d'Amanlis 

Beurre d^Amalis 

Beurre d'Ambleuse . 

Beurre d'Ambois 

Beurre d'Angleterre 

Beurre d''Anjou 

Beurre d'' Aremherg 

Beurre d'Aremberg . 

Beurre Audusson 

Beurre d'Argenson . 

Beurre Auguste Benoits 

Beurre Audosfson . 

Beurre Auguste Benoit 

Beurre d'Austrasie . 

Beurre Bachelier . 

Beurre Berckm,an8 

Beurre Beauchamps . 

Beurre Beaulieu , 

Beurre de Beaumont 

Beurre Blanc 

Beurre Blano de Jersey 

Beurre Bennest 

Beurre de BoUwiller 

Beurre de Brignais . 

Beurre, or Bonne Louise d 

Beurre Benoits 

Beurre Benoist 

Beurre Bosg 

Beurre Boucquia 

Beurre Bretonneau . 

Beurre Brettonneau 

Beurre Broivyi 

Beurre Bronsee 

Beurre Bym,ont 

Beurr-e Cadet 

Beurre Caloma . 



'Araudore 



PAGE 

, 336 

422 
41T 
41S 
417 
, 420 
. 422 
41T 
417 
417 
, 417 
417 
424 
425 
417 
403 
366 
366 
866 
366 
417 
366 

syo 

36S 
36S 
868 
331 
378 
368 
861 
860 
418 
390 
363 
417 
369 
862 
862 
360 
860 
417 
380 
826 
339 
407 
403 
364 
366 
360 
392 
363 
365 
366 
860 
861 
886 
367 
362 
418 
376 
315 
364 
360 
829 
419 
363 
363 
360 
418 
363 
860 
869 



PAGE 

Beurre Capiaumont . . . . . 869 

Beurre Chaptal 871 

Beurre de Chameau 879 

Beurre Oharron 860 

Beurre Clairgeau 866 

Beurre Colt 332 

Beurre Colinar 418 

Beurre Colmar d'Automne . . . 413 

Beurre Colmar Gris dit Precel . . 403 

Beurre Cornice de Toulon . . . 364 

Beurre Crapaud 360 

Beurre Curte 373 

Beurre Curtet 376 

Beurre Delphos 865 

Beurre Diet 827 

Beurre Doree 860 

Beurre Duhaurne 862 

Beurre Duhaum,e 365 

Beurre Dwoal 418 

Beurre Easter ...... 831 

Beurre d'Elberg 362 

Beurre Epine 861 

Beurre Esperiyi 866 

Beurre de Flanders 361 

Beurre Defais 878 

Beurre Fortunee 421 

Beurre Fougiere 861 

Beurre Gens 862 

Beurre Gifford 325 

Beurre Giffard 825 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver 864 

Beurre Gris 860 

Beurre Gris d^Hiver Nouveau . . 364 

Beurre Gris Superieure .... 864 

Beurre Haggenton 396 

Beurre Ilameaher 862 

Beurre d'Hardenpont .... 839 

Beurre Hardy 866 

Beurre d'Hiver 372 

Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles . . . 831 

Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle .... 389 

Beurre Incomparable .... 827 

Beurre Judes 364 

Beurre Kenrick 418 

Beurre de Konig of Downing . . . 364 

Beurre Knox 418 

Beurre de Koninh 864 

Beurre Kennes 865 

Beurre Kossuth 361- 

Beurre de Lucon 364 

Beurre Leon le Olera .... 365 

Beurre Leon le Clero .... 861 

Beurre Ixingelier 882 

Beurre Magnifique 827 

Beurre de Montgeron .... 864 

Beurre de Malines 355 

Beurre de Mesode 384 

Beurre Millet 363 

Beiirre Millet of Angers . . . 362 

Beurre Moire 328 

Beurre Jfoire 828 

Beurre MolleVs Guernsey . . . 861 

Beurre de Montigeron .... 864 

Beurre Nantais 363 

Beurre de Nantes 863 

Beurre Neille 830 

Beurre Noirchain 861 

Beurre Naver 865 

Beurre d'Or 860 

Beurre Oudinot 400 

Beurre des Orphelins .... 326 

Beurre de Paques 831 



516 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



PAGE 

Beurre de la Pentacote .... 331 

Beurre Phillippe del Fosse . . . 364 

Beurre Picquery 352 

Beurre Plat 420 

Beurre Preblo 361 

Beurre Ranee 361 

Beurre de Banz 361 

Beurre de Rhine 349 

Beurre de Bhine 361 

Beurre du Roi 360 

Beurre Biclielieu 365 

Beurre Romain 366 

Beurre Romain, 418 

Beurre Robin 378 

Beurre Rouge 360 

Beurre Roupe 831 

Beurre Royal 327 

Beurre Seutin 418 

Beurre Six 365 

Beurre Sieulle 378 

Beurre Soulange 365 

Beurre Spence 337 

Beurre Spence 365 

Beurre Steilcman 866 

Beurre St. Nicolas 331 

Beurre Suisse 361 

Be/urre Superfine 363 

Bmirre Van Marum .... 363 

Beurre Van Mens 852 

Beurre Vert 360 

Beurre de Weiteren .... 364 

Beurre de Waterloo 379 

Beurre Winter 362 

Bezi Blanc 418 

Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros . . . 331 

Bezi de Chaumontelle .... 372 

Bezl de C'hausserie . . . . - . 381 

Bezi d'Echassey 381 

Bezi d'Esperin 36 

Bezi Ileri 418 

Bezi de Montigny 366 

Bezi de la, Motte . . . . . 367 

Bezi de Naples 367 

Bezi Royal 418 

Bezi Sanspareil 367 

Bezi de Spoelberch 412 

Bezy d''E&peren 367 

Bezy Gamier 367 

Bezy Quessoy d''Ete 367 

Bishop''s Thumb 418 

Black Pear of Worcester . . . .333 

Black Worcester 833 

Bleelcer''s Meadoto 368 

Bloodgood 333 

Bon Chretien d'Espagne .... 418 

Bon Chretien Turc 418 

Bon Chretien d'Ete 424 

Bon Chretien Flemish .... 418 

Bon Chretien Fondante .... 333 

Bon Chretien Spanish .... 418 

Bon Gustave 369 

Bon d'Ezee 368 

Bonne d-^Fzee 36S 

Bonne des Ilaies 368 

Bonne Charlotte 369 

Bonne de Malinea 355 

Bonne Rouge 884 

Bordenave 343 

Bosc Sire S37 

Bosc's Flasohenbirne .... 829 

Bosch 387 

Bosche Nouvelle , . . . . 837 



PAGE 

Boston . . , 404 

Boston Epargne 889 

Boiicquia 419 

Boutelle 363 

Bouvier Bourgermestre .... 369 

Braddiclv's Field Marshal .... 39S 

Brande^s St. Germ^aiiv .... 369 

Brandywine 328 

Bretagne Cour 346 

Brielmont 369 

Bringewood 869 

Broca's Bergamot 384 

B.''oome Park 419 

Brougham . . . . . . 419 

Brown St. Germain 348 

Buffum 833 

Bujaleuf 425 

Burgermeister 418 

Burgomaster 418 

Burlingame 419 

Burlinghame 419 

Burnett 419 

Butter Pear 886, 391 

Bymont 363 

Cahot 419 

Cadillac 419 

Caen du France 369 

Caillot Rosat 424 

Caillot Rosat d'Ete . . . . .424 

Calabasse Bosc 829, 845 

Calebasse 419 

Calebasse Del'cinge 419 

Calebasse Double Extra .... 419 

Calebasse d'Fte 370 

Calebasse Grosse 419 

Calebasse d' Holland .... 419 

Calhoun 369 

Cambridge Sugar Pear .... 3S9 

Camerling 371 

Camerlyn 370 

Canandaigua 370 

Canning 3iJl 

Capiawmont 869 

Capsheaf 370 

Captif de St. Helena 379 

Capucin 419 

Cassante de Mars 870 

Catherine 370 

Catherine Gardette 370 

Catillae 419 

CatinJca 370 

Celestin 413 

Cellite 403 

Chambers' Large 346 

Chambrette 425 

Chancellor 371 

Chapin 378 

Chax>man 419 

Chapman's 4U3 

Chaptal 371 

Charlotte de Brewer .... 372 

Charles of Austria 419 

Charles d'Autriche 419 

Charles Van J/oogten .... 371 

Charles Van Mons 871 

Chaumontel 872 

Chauuiontel d'Ete 421 

Cliaumontel ties gros .... 831 

Chelmsford 420 

Choice d'un Amateur .... 371 

Christmas S71 

Church . . ..... 872 



INDEX OF FEriTS. 



517 



Citron 

Citron of Bohemia 

Citron des Ciirmes 

Cliira 

Claire 

Clinton 

Clion . 

Cluster Pear 

Coffin's Virgalieu 

Collins 

Goltnar 

Cohnar d'Alost 

Colmar d'Aremberi 

Colmar des Champs 

Colmar Charnay 

Colmar Dore 

Colmar Ejnne . 

Colmar Gris 

Colmar Hardenpoint 

Colmar d'Hiver . 

Colmar Jaminette 

Colmar de Meesier 

Colmar Neill . 

Colmar Preule . 

Colmar de Sille . 

Colmar Souveraine 

Colmar Van Mons 

Colniac Bosc 

Columbia 

Columbian Virgalieu . 

Columbian Virgalouse 

Coinmodore 

Comprette 

Compte, de Flandre 

Compte de Lamy 

Compte de Michaux 

Comte Lelieur . 

Comtesse d'Alost 

Comtesse de Lunay 

Comtesse de Frenol 

Comatock . 

Comstock Wilding 

Conseilleur Ranwez . 

Conseilleur Ramuez 

Conseiller de la Cour 

Cooke 

Copea 

Cornells 

Coter , 

Countess of Lunay 

Crasanne . 

Craxcford . 

Cresane 

Croft Castle 

Cross . 

Cumberland . 

CusJdng . 

Cuvelier . 

Cyprus Pear 

Dallas 

D'Abondance 

D'Ambre 

Dana^s No. 16 . 

Dana's No. 19 . 

Dana's Seedling No. 

D' Amour . 

D'Aremberg Parfait 

D'Auch 

D'Austiasie 

Dean's 

Deacon Dillen . 

Dearborn . 



PAGE 

. 3T2 

. 419 
. 843 
. 419 
. 419 
. 419 
. 854 
. 387 
. 420 
. 372 
. 420 
. 372 
. 420 
. 326 
. 417 
403, 420 
. 372 
. 403 
. 403 
339, 403 
. 392 
. 420 
. 373 
. 403 
. 403 
. 403 
852, 403 
. 330 
. 873 
. 373 
. 873 
. 420 
. 420 
. 374 
. 873 
. 423 
. 873 
872, 879 
. 374 
. 3S2 
. 420 
. 420 
. 874 
. 374 
. 400 
. 372 
. 420 
. 375 
. 875 
. 874 
. 420 
. 420 
. 420 
. 420 
. 375 
. 420 
. 875 
. 420 
. 421 
. 875 
. 405 
. 423 
. 875 
. 875 
. 897 
. 420 
. 326 
. 420 
. 392 
. 336 
. 377 
. 420 



Deai'born's Seedling 

De Bavay .... 

De deimfoix Lane . 

De Keingheim . 

Delavouit de Clement 

Delice d'Hardinpont of Angeri 

Delices d'Ardenpont . 

Delices de Charles 

Delices Charles Van 3Ibns 

Delices d'Jlardenponi . 

Delices d^Hardenpont dm 

Belgium 
Delies d'Alost . 
Delices d'Alost . 
Delices de Mons 
De LoweOfin 
De Maune . 
De Melon . 
De Mott ... 
De Sorlus . 
De Vallee . 
De Vigne Pelone 
Deschamps 
Despoelberg 
Desiree Van Mons 
Des Nones . 
Des NoiMies 
Des Trois Tours 
Desiree Cornells 
Deux Soeurs 
Diamant 
Dickerm^an 
Diel .... 
Diel's Butterbirne 
Dikeman . 



Dillen 

Diller ■ 

Dillon 

Dingier 

Dix . 

Docteur Trousseau 

Docteur Bov/cier 

Docteur Capron 

Docteur Letiern 

Done's 

Dorathy Royal . 

Dorr . 

Double Phillipe . 

Doii) . 

Dowlin 

Downham Seedling 

Downton . 

Doyenne . 

Doyenne D'Affay 

Doyenne d'Alencon 

Doyenne d'Automne 

Doyenne Blanc . 

Doyenne Boxissouck 

Doyenne Boussouck Nouv 

Doyenne du Cornice 

Doyenne du Comice of An 

Doyenne Dillen 

Doyenne Doioning 

Doyenne d'Ete . 

Doyenne de Fais 

Doyenne Galleux 

Doyenne Gaubalt 

Doyenne Gray 

Doyenne Gris 

Doyenne Gris d'lIiver-Nowoeau 

Doyenne d'Hiver 

Doyenne d'Hiver D'Alencon 



elle 



Nord ( 



PAGE 

. 336 
. 876 

, 420 
, 425 
824 
334 
884 
876 
370 
334 



885 
331 
835 



518 



INDEX OF FEtriTS. 











PAGE 




PAGE 


Doyenne de Juliet 384 


Eigue . . . 


. 382 


Doyenne Musque 




, 


866 


Figue de Naples 


. 382 


Doyenne Marbre 






335 


Eigue of Naples 


. 382 


Doyenne WEiver 








420 


Figue Vert .... 


. 382 


Doyenne du Printemps 








331 


Fig Pear of Naples 


. 882 


Doyenne Robin 








378 


Fig d' Alencon . 


. 382 


Doyenne Rose . 








379 


Fine Gold of Summer 


. 421 


Doyenne Rouge 








835 


Fingals .... 


. . 422 


Doyenne Koux . 








335 


Fin Or d'Ete ... 


. 421 


Doyenne Santellete . 








378 


Fin Or d'Hiver . 


. 421 


Doyenne Meulle 








378 


Flemish Beauty 


. 387 


Doyenne White 








886 


Fleur de Guines 


. 350 


Due d'Aremberg 








826 


Fleur de Neige 


. 884 


Due de Bordeaux 








360 


Florimont Parent . 


. 384 


Due de Brabant 








879 


Fondante .... 


. 410 


Due d'Orleans . 








400 


Fondante d'Automne 


. 325 


Duchess D'Alost 








379 


Fondante Agreeable 


. 883 


Duchess of Berri 








379 


F^ondante du Bois 


. 830, 337 


Duchess de Berri 








846 


Fondante du Cornice 


. 379 


Duchess de Berry d'Ete of 


Biv 


3rt 




834 


Fondante des Charneause. 


. 379 


Duehesse (V Angouleme 








879 


Fondante de Malines 


. 383 


Duchess de Berri d^Ute 








379 


Fondante de Malines (Esperin) 


. 383 


Duchess de Mars . 








879 


Fondante de Mons . 


. 41)3 


Duehesse d'Alost 








372 


Fondante Musquee . 


. 424 


Duehesse of Orleans . 








331 


Fondante de Noel 


. 859 


Duo d'Orleans . 








379 


Fondante de Panisee . 


. 403 


Dumas 








860 


Fondante Pariselle du Cornice 


Horticule . 876 


Dumortier 








421 


Fondante Serunier de Midlot 


. 383 


Dundas 








8S0 


Fondante des Pres . 


. 383 


Dunmore . 








380 


Fondante Van Mons 


. 383 


DuPatre . 








331 


Forelle .... 


. 383 


Dupuy Charles 








881 


Forellen-birne . 


. 883 


Duquesne d''Ete 








421 


Forme de Delices . 


. 421 


Dusnas 








410 


Forme de Marie Louise . 


. 398 


Du Tonneau 








846 


Fortunee .... 


. 421 


Early Bergamot ', 








421 


Foster's St. Michael 


. 421 


Early Beurre 








41T 


Franc Real 


. 421 


Early Butter ofCin. 








881 


Franc Real d'Ete 


. 410 


Early Catherine 








421 


Franc Real d'Hiver 


. 421 


Early Denzelona . 








421 


Frankford 


. 384 


Early Queen 








423 


Franklin .... 


. 3S4 


Early Roussellet 








421 


Franklin .... 


. 393 


Early St. Germain 








371 


Frederic de Wertemburg . 


. 383 


Early Sugar 








3S1 


Frederic of Werte^nburg 


. 383 


Echasserie . 








381 


Erederika Bremer . 


. 384 


Echassery . 








881 


French Jargonelle . 


. 421 


Edicard's Elizabeth 








381 


Fulton .... 


. 838 


Edward's Henrietta . 








890 


Gambler .... 


. 4(13 


Eliza d'Heyst . 








359 


GanseVs Bergamot . 


. 384 


Elizabeth Van Mons . 








342 


GanseVs Late Bergamot . 


. 385 


Elizabeth Mannings 








342 


GanseVs Seckel 


. 385 


EUanrioch . 








422 


Garde d'Ecosse . 


. 422 


Emerald . 








421 


Gendeslieini 


. 421 


Emile d'Beyst , 








8S2 


General Lamoriciere 


. . 895 


Emile Bivort . 








3S2 


General de Lourmel 


. 385 


En/ante Prodige 








421 


General Taylor 


. 385 


English Autumn Bergamo 








417 


Gerardin .... 


. 3S5 


English Bergamot 








417 


Germain Baker . 


. 846 


English Beurre .' 








417 


Gideon Paridante . 


. 385 


English Red Cheek . 








421 


Gil-o-gil .... 


. 422 


Epargne 








898 


Gile-o-gile .... 


. 422 


Epine Dumas 








360 


Glory of Combrone . 


. 385 


Epine d'Ete 








424 


Gloxit Morceau 


. 339 


Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose 








424 


Gloux Morceaux 


. 839 


Epine Rose 








424 


Golden Beurre . 


. 860 


Episcopal . 








421 


Golden Beurre of Bilboa 


. 338 


Etourneau . 








355 


Gore's Heathcot 


. 389 


Eyewood . 








882 


Goulu Morceau . 


. 339 


Excellentissima . 








379 


Gracieuse .... 


. 41T 


Famenga . 








421 


Graslin .... 


. 886 


Foaster 








368 


Grand Monarque 


. 419 


Ferdinand de Meester 








424 


Grand Soleil . 


. SS6 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



519 



PAGE 

Graves 404 

Q-ray Beiirro 360 

Gray Butter Peor . . , 835 

Gi'ay Deans . . ... 835 

Gray Doyenne ...... 335 

Great Citron of Bohc/ia . . . 419 

Green Catherine .... 421 

Green Chisel 422 

Green Mountain Boy .... 386 

Green Pear of Yair . . . 422 

Green Sugar 422 

Green Sylvange 42o 

Green Yair . . ... 422 

Green's Germantown .... 371 

Gri-ie Bonne 422 

Groom's Princess Royal . . . 386 

Groom's Princess Royal .... 406 

Groote Mogul 419 

Grosse Calebasse of LanpUer . . . 363 

Grosse Cuisse Madame .... 393 

Grosse Dorothee 327 

Grosse Miirie 3S6 

Gros Micet. d'Ete 410 

Gros Romain 41S 

Gros Rousselet 424 

Gros liousselet (PAout .... 386 

Guernsey 351 

Gurle's Beurre 884 

Hacon's Incomparable .... 386 

Haddington 387 

Uagerman 386 

Hampden's Bergamot .... 422 

Hampton 386 

Hampton 887 

Hampton Virgalieu .... 3SS 

Hamus 3SS 

Hanners 8SS 

Hanover 3S8 

Hardenpont d'Hiver .... 839 

Hardenpont du Printempa . . . 861 

Harvest 424 

Harvest Pear 881 

Harrison's Fall 422 

Hivrard 389 

Hawe's Winter 389 

Hazel 422 

Beatkcot 3S9 

Hebron 404 

Heidelberg 363 

Henkel 890 

Henrietta 390 

Henri Quatre 890 

Henri Bivort 390 

Henry thi Fourth 890 

Hericart 890 

Herioart de Thury 890 

Hessel 422 

Holland Bergamot 417 

Honey 891 

Hooper's Bilboa 338 

Hosen Sclienck 891 

Hovey 391 

Howell 840 

Huguenot 422 

Hull 891 

Huntington 891 

Imperatrice de France .... 337 

Incomparable 420 

Inconnue Van Mons .... 891 

Iron Pear 383 

Isambert 360 

Isambert le Bon ..... 860 



PAGE 

Island 392 

Ives' Bergamot 384 

Ives' Bergamot 392 

Ives' Pear 892 

Ives' Seedling 892 

Ives' Virgalieu 892 

Jackman's Melting ..... 394 

Jackson 392 

Jackson Seedling 892 

Jaquin 890 

Jagdbirne 881 

Jalousie 422 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee . . 840 

Jaminette 392 

Jargonelle 898 

Jargonelle (of the English) . . . 393 

Jean de Wiite 898 

Jergil's 410 

Jersey Gratioli 393 

Jilogil 422 

Joannette 381 

John ........ 423 

Johonnot 893 

Jones 393 

Josephine 392 

Josephine de Malines .... 393 

Julienne 393 

Jules Bivort 398 

July Pear 424 

Kattern 421 

King Edward's 894 

Kingsessing 394 

Kirtland 341 

Kirtland's Beurre 341 

Kirtland's Seedling 841 

Knevett's New Swan's Egg . . . 423 

Knight's Monarch 894 

Knight's Seedling 394 

Knight's R.I. Seedling . . . .894 

Konge 425 

La Bonne Malinoise 855 

La Fortunee de Paris .... 421 

La Fortunee de Parmentier . . . 421 

Laherard 395 

La Juive 395 

Lamoriciere 395 

Large Rousselet 424 

Large Seckel 868 

Las Ganas 395 

Late Catherine 424 

Laure de Glymes 395 

Lawrence 340 

Le Cure 354 

Leech's Kingsessing 894 

Lee's Seedling 395 

Leon le Clero 422 

Leon le Clerc de Laval .... 422 

Leopold! 895 

Lenawee 895 

Lent St. Germain 346 

Lewis 342 

Liberate 895 

Lieutenant Poitevin .... 396 

Limon 396 

Linden d'Automne 339 

Little Muscat 422 

Little Musk 422 

Little Swan's Egg 423 

Locke 396 

Locke's New Beurre 896 

Lodge 343 

Longue de Monkowty .... S64 



520 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 







PAGE 


LoDgue de Nakourto 


864 


Long Green of Coxe 


341 


Lord Cheeney's 


41T 


L'Orpbilines 


826 


louia Dupont 


896 


Louise Bosc 


866 


Lomse Bonne 


422 


Louise Bonne d'Avranches 


845 


Louise Bonne de Boulogne 


418 


Louise Bonne de Jersey . 


845 


Louise Bonne Real .... 


42!i 


Louise of Orleans .... 


852 


Louise de Prusse .... 


851 


Lyctvrgii,s 


896 


Madeleine ... . . 


843 


Madam Duear .... 


89T 


Madam Eliza 


396 


Madam Millet 


363 


Madotte 


428 


Magdalen 


343 


Maloonaitre d''LIaspin, . . . . 


39 < 


Malcomaitre 


39 < 


Marcellis 


422 


March Bergamotte .... 


89« 


Marechal de la Cour 


400 


Blaria .... . . 


898 


Marianne Nouvelle .... 


829 


Marianne de 2slancy . . . 


89T 


Marie Chretienne .... 


398 


Marie Parent . ... 


39T 


Marie Lonise 


39S 


Marie Louise Nova .... 


8<8 


Marie Louise Nova 


428 


Marie Louise the Second . . . . 


873 


Martha Ann 


89T 


Martin Seo 


39S 


Marotte Sucre Jaune 


403 


Maridis 


422 


Mather . , ... 


398 


Maynard 


398 


Mc Laughlin ... 


89r 


Medaille 


400 


Melon de Kops 


82 < 


Merriwether 


411 


Mei'riam, . 


898 


Messire Jean 


423 


Messire Jean Blanc .... 


423 


Messire Jean Doree .... 


423 


Messire Jean Gris .... 


428 


Miel de Waterloo .... 


8V9 


Miqnonne d''Hiver .... 


898 


Michauoi 


423 


Milanaise Cuvelier .... 


355 


Miller's Early 


403 


Millotde Nancy . . . .89 


S, 899 


Mitchell's Mussel .... 


899 


Moccas 


899 


Mollett's Guernsey Chauraontelle . 


361 


Mon Dieu 


420 


Monsieur Jean 


423 


Monsieur le Cure .... 


854 


Monsigneur Affre .... 


399 


Monstrous Calabash .... 


419 


Moor-Fowl Egg .... 


. 423 


Mouth Water 


341 


Moyiimensing 




. 399 


Bluoille Bouche 


. 84 


1, 410 


Mr. John . 




423 


Muscat rieure 




. 841 


Muscat Rohert 




. 423 


Muscat Petit 




. 422 


Miii^cad/ine 


. 


. 8y» 



PAGE 

Muskingutn 400 

Musk Kobin 423 

Musk Summer Bon Chretien . . . 424 

Napoleon 400 

Naxmnkeag 423 

Neill 830 

Nellis d'Hiver 355 

Ne Plus Meuris 330 

Ne Llus Meuris 400 

New Autumn 841 

New Pear 844 

New St. Germain 348 

New Swan's Egg 424 

New York lied Cheek .... 347 

New Frederick of Wurtemburg . . 864 

Noel 371 

Nonpareil 400 

Nouvelle 409 

Nouveau Poeteau 344 

No. 8 of Van Mens 896 

No. 1602 of Van Mons . . . .893 
No. 12SS of Van Mons . . . .419 

No. 1482 of Van Mons .... 393 
No. 1599 of Van Mons . . . .418 
No. 1082 of Van Mons . . . .393 

Oakley Park 400 

Oakley Park Bergamot .... 400 

Ognonet 366 

Oliver's Pussei 423 

Omer Pasha 400 

Onondaga 401 

Onondaga Seedhng 401 

Ontario . 402 

Orange Bergamot 402 

Orange d'Hiver 425 

Orange Pear 402 

Orpheline d'Enghein 826 

Orpheline Golinar 402 

Osband's Favorite 402 

Osband's Summer 402 

Osborn 402 

Oswego 402 

Oswego Beurre 402 

Oa 846 

Oudinoi 402 

Owen 423 

Oxford Chaumontel 372 

Paddock 403 

Paddington 417 

Pailleau 423 

Paquency 847 

Parsonage 403 

I'ardus, No. 2 370 

Paradice d'Aviuinne .... 845 

Parkinson's Warden .... 833 

Parmentier 8S0 

Passans dv, Portugal .... 408 

Passe Colmar 403 

Passe Colmar Epiueaux .... 403 

Passe Colmar Gris 403 

Pater Noster 881 

Pater Nosier . . . ... .403 

Paul Thiclen 403 

Payency 847 

Payenchi de Perigord .... 847 

Payenclii 847 

Pendleton 403 

Peach Pear 403 

Pendleton's Early York Pear . . . 403 

Penfield 347 

Pengethley 403 

Pennsylvania , 404 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



521 



PAGE 

Perdrue . . . ... . . 421 

Petit Muscat 422 

Petit Rousselet 424 

Feti-e 404 

Philadelphia Latch .... 404 

Pliillippe lie Paques 331 

PhilUppe Goes 404 

Pickering Pear 346 

Pine Pear 336 

Pinneo 404 

Piper • 346 

Pitt's Marie Louise 423 

PitVs Prolific 423 

Pitt's Surpasse Marie .... 423 

Pius IX. 404 

Piatt's Seedling 404 

Plombgastel 410 

Plougastel 410 

Plumbgartel 410 

Plymoutli 834 

Pocahontas 405 

Poire, d'Aboiidance .... 405 

Poire d'Albert 363 

Poire d'Albert . • . . . .405 

Poire d'Ambois ...... 360 

Poire dAv rile 405 

Poire Ananas 823, 890 

Poire de liavay 376 

Poire de Boulogne 413 

Poire de Cadet 866 

Poire Chenielle 403 

Poire de Chypre 421 

Poire Davy 33T 

Poii-e Glace 425 

Poire llitelle 407 

Poire Guillaume 324 

Poire His 35T 

Poire de Louvain 375 

Poire des Nonnes 376 

Poire Neill 830 

Poire Prince Albert 363 

Poire de Payency 347 

Poire Prevost 405 

Poire de Perigorel 347 

Poire Ramean 405 

Poire a la Heine 423 

Poire des Deux Somrs .... 405 

Poire de Rose 424 

Poire de Tongres 405 

Poire Sans Peau 350 

Poire de Printemps 40'J 

Poire St. Andre 850 

Poire St. Menin 410 

Poire de Tables des Princes . . . 893 

Poire des Princes 421 

Poire Truite 3S3 

Poire a Gobert 422 

Pope's Quaker 423 

Pope's Scarlet Major .... 423 

Pound 346 

Pratt 405 

Precel 403 

Prevost 405 

Present de Malines 403 

Primitive 422 

Princesse Coquuette 423 

Princesse d'Orange 423 

Princesse de Parme 893 

Princess of Orange .... 423 

Prindle 411 

Prince Albert 406 

Princess Boyal 406 



PAGE 

Prince's St. Germain .... 348 

Prince's Green Sugar .... 422 

Prince's Sugar Top 424 

Providence 834 

Pulsiper 406 

Queen Caroline 423 

Queen of the Low Countries . . . 406 

Queen of Pears 423 

Queen's Pear 423 

Qulttellette 423 

lialley 4U6 

Papalje 406 

Rapalje Seedling ..... 406 

Bavenswood 406 

Raymond 424 

Reading 407 

Real Jargonelle 893 

Red Cheeli 421 

Red Cheelied Seckel . . . • ^47 

Red Doyenne 835 

Red Muscadel 421 

Reed's Seedling 402 

Regintin 403 

Regnier 336 

Reigner 336 

Reine Caroline 423 

Reine des Pays Bas 406 

Reine des Poires ..... 423 

Retour de Rome 407 

Richards 407 

Ricliard's Beurre 424 

Ridal 421 

Ridtlle's 407 

Robertson 356 

Robert's Keeping 417 

Roi de Rome 400 

Koi de Wurtemberg ..... 339 

Rondolet ....... 40T 

Ropes 407 

Rosabime 40S 

Ross 40S 

Rose Bergamotte 407 

Rostiezer 346 

Round Top 412 

Rousselet 424 

Rousselet 424 

Roussellet Hatif 421 

Rousselet d'Esperin .... 408 

Bousselet de Meester .... 424 

Bousselet de Rheims .... 424 

Bousselet Vanderwechen . . . 408 

Roussellet d'Uiver 398 

Royale 409 

Royal Tairling 417 

Rushmore Bon Chretien .... 422 

Sabine 392 

Sabine d'Ete 421 

Sagaret ... ... 409 

Salisbury Seedling 408 

Sanspeau 350 

Satin Vest 424 

Schenck's August Watermelon . • 891 

Sohenck's Pear 391 

Seckel 347 

Seckel 347 

Seedling Seckel 841 

Seigneur d'Esperin 325 

Signeur d'Hiver 831 

Selleck 408 

Sciutilet 378 

Serrurier d'Automne .... 383 

Sheppard, 408 



522 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



Sheldon . . 

Short's St. Germain 

Shwileff . 

Shuitleff's Seedling , 

Sickle 

Sieullo 

Signoret . 

Skinless . 

Smilh's Bordenave 

Smith's Haddhigton 

Smith's Moyamensing 

Smokehouse 

Snow Flower 

Snow Pear . 

Soldat Labourer of Some 

Soldat Labourer d''Eti'perin 

Souveraine d'Ete 

Souveraine 

Souveraine de Printeinps 

Spice Butter 

Spice or Musk Pear . 

Spina .... 

St. Andre . 

St. Dufothee 

St. Galen . 

St. IJerblain d''IHver 

St. Germain de Martin 

St. Germain Blanc 

St. Germain d'Ete 

St. Ghislain 

St. Vincent de Paul 

St. Jean 

St. Jean Baptiste 

St. Jean Musquee Gros 

St. John's Pear . 

St. Lambert . . 

St. Marc 

St. Menin . 

St. Mesmin 

St. Michael 

St. Michael d'Hiver . 

St. Michael Archange 

St. Michael Dore 

St. Nicolas 

St. Sampson 

Staunton 

Stephen's Genesee 

Steven''s Oenesee 



Stone . 

Styre .... 

Styrian 

Suoree de Hoyerswerda 

Sugar 

Sugar of Hoyersworda 

Sugar Pear 

Sugar Top 

Sullivan . 

Summer Beauty . 

Summer Belle 

Summer Bergamot 

Summer Bon Chretien 

Summer Calebasse 

Summer Doyenne 

Summer Franc Real 

Summer Good Christian 

Summer Jlose . 

Su7nm,er St. Germain 

Summer Thorn 

Summer Virgalien 

Supreme 

Supr6m,6 de Quimper 



8;34, 40: 



PAGE 

S4T 
424 
408 
408 
84T 
3T8 
409 
350 
343 
3S7 
899 
391 
384 
336 
326 
349 
3T9 
403 
409 
868 
424 
418 
350 
4li9 
409 
410 
424 
422 
424 
4u9 
410 
381 
410 
423 
381 
393 
352 
411) 
410 
836 
835, 364 
410 
385 
331 
393 
3S4 
351 
851 
410 
420 
410 
424 
424 
422 
424 
881 
424 
424 
421 
425 
422 
424 
3TU 
834 
410 
424 
4-'4 
424 
424 
404 
421 
411 



Surpasse Virgalieu 

Surpasse Vigilouse 

S'uzeite de Bevay 

Suzette de Bevay Esi^erin 

Swan's Egg 

Swan's Orange . 

Sweet Summer . 

Swiss Bergamot 

Sycle . 

Sylvange . 

Tarquin 

Taylor Pear . 

Tea . 

Terling 

Theodore Van Mons. 

Thompson's 

Thorny Rose 

Thorp) 

Tliuerlinch 

Tilton . 

ToUen's Seedling 

Triomph de Nord 

Triomph de llasselt 

Triomph de Jodoigne 

Trompe Valet 

Trout Pear . 

Trouve de Montigny 

Tyler . 

Tyson 

Union . 

Upper Crust . 

Urbanistfi . 

Uvedale's St. Germain 

Uvedale's Warden 

Uwchlan . 

Vallee Franche 

Vanasse 

Van Asshe . 

VanAssche 

Van Assene 

Van Buren 

Van Mons Zeon le Clera 

Van Mons, No. 154 

Van Mons, No. 1,218 

Vermilion d'Ete 

Verte Longui 

Verte Longui de la Mayenne 

Vezouziere . 

Vicar of Wakefield 

Vicar of Winkfield 

Vicompie de Spoelbercli 

Vicompte de Spoelberg 

Virgalieu . 

Virgaloo 

Virgouleuse 

Walker 

Warwick Bergamot 

Washington 

AVatertown 

Wayne 

Wendell . 

Westcott . 

Wharton's Early 

AVheeler's New St. Michael 

White Autumn Beurrt 

AVhite Beuvre 

White Dean 

Whitfield . 

Window 

Wilbur . 

Wilhelmine 

Wilkinson . 



INDEX OF FKUIT8. 



523 



PAGE 

WilUrmoz 415 

Williain (Edward's) ... . 425 

William's .824 

William's Bon Chretien . . . .824 

WiUiain's Early 415 

Williamson 415 

William the Fourth 315 

Wilmington 416 

Windsor 425 

Winship 416 

Winship's Seedling . . . ... 416 

Winter Bell 346 

Winter Bergamot 417 

Winter Beurre 872 

Winter Cross 8T5 

Winter Isfelis 355 

Winter Orange 425 

Winter Seckel -. . . " . . . 416 

Wooclstook 416 

Wredow 415 

Wursur 425 

AVurzur d'Automne 425 

Yat 425 

Yellow Butter 336 

York Bergamot 417 

Yutte 425 

Zepherine Gregoire .... 416 

Zepherine Louis Gregoire . . . 416 

Zoar Beauty 356 

Zoar Flat 425 

Zoar Seeding 356 

PLUMS. 

Abricotee 453 

Abricotee de Tours 453 

Abricotee Sageret 439 

Admiral 453 

Agen Datte 449 

Albany Beauty 439 

Amber Primordian 446 

American Wheat 453 

American Yellow Gage .... 437 

Angelina Burdete 439 

Apricot 453 

Apricot Plum of Tours . . . .453 

Apple Plum, 439 

Askew's Golden Egg .... 452 

Askew's Purple Egg 450 

Auiuinn Compote 489 

Autumn Gage 433 

Azure Hative 453 

Battle Monument 453 

Beach Plum 453 

Beekman's Scarlet 436 

Belgian Purple 489 

Belle de Septembre .... 440 

Bingham 440 

Black Damask 437 

Black Morocco 437 

Black Perdrigon 453 

BleeJcer's Gage 433 

Bleeker's Soariet 436 

Blue Gage 453 

Blue Holland 454 

Blue Iinperatrice 434 

Blue Perdrigon 453 

Blue Plum 440 

Bolmai- 'iSS 

Bolmar's Washington .... 438 

Bradford Guge 435 

Br&voorV 8 Purple 453 



PAGE 

Brevoort's Purple Bolmar . . . 453 

Brevoort's Purple Washington . . 453 

Bradshaw 434 

Brioetta 440 

Brignole 456 

Brignole Violette 453 

Brugnon's Gage 435 

Bruyn Gage 435 

BueVs Favorite 440 

Burgundy Prune 440 

Bury Seedling 484 

Eurrette's 440 

Byfield 453 

Catalonian 446 

Caladonian 454, 455 

Ghapin's Early 440 

Chapman's Prince of Wales . . . 449 

Gherry 440 

Gheston 453 

Cheston Matchless 453 

Cloth of gold d'Esperin . . . .442 

Coe's Fine Late Red 450 

Coe's Late Red 460 

Goe's Golden Drop 434 

Coe's Imperial ...... 484 

Columbia 441 

Columbian Gage 441 

Col- Young's Seedling .... 452 

Common Damson ..... 453 

Common Quetsche 443 

Cooper's 441 

Cooper's Large American . . . 441 

Cooper's Large Red 441 

Cooper's Red 441 

Copper 453 

Corse's Admiral 453 

Corse's Field Marshal .... 454 

Corse's Nota Bene 447 

CrofVs Early 453 

Cruger's 441 

Grtiger's Scarlet 441 

Cruger's Scarlet Gage .... 441 

Cruger's Seedling 441 

D'Agea 449 

D'Amerique Rouge 440 

D'Avoine 446 

Damask 443 

Damas d'ltalie 445 

Damas Violet 455 

Dame Ambert 452 

Dame Ambert Blanche .... 452 

Dame Ambert Jaune .... 452 

Damson 453 

Dana^s Yellow Gage .... 441 

DeDelice 441 

DeMontfort 441 

Denniston's Albany Beauty . . . 489 

Denniston Bed 441 

Denniston's Superb .... 434 

Denyer's Victoria 452 

Der Virginia 440 

Diamond 454 

Diapiee Rouge 4.50 

Dictator 447 

Dictator 454 

Die Violette Koning Claudie . . . 487 

Domine Dull 442 

Downing's Early 442 

Downion Iinperatrice .... 442 

Drap d'Or 4.34 

Drap d' Or d'Esperin .... 442 

Duane's Purple 434 



524 



INDEX OF FETJITS. 



3?AGB 

Duane's Purple French .... 434 

Dunmore, 442 

Dutch Quefzen 442 

Dutch Prune 442 

Early Black Morocco .... 437 

Early CroisH 442 

Early Damask 437 

Early Damson 453 

Early Forcing 455 

Early Morocco 487 

Early Orleans 435 

Early Pur-ple 442 

Early Hoy al of Niketa .... 442 

Early Scarlet 440 

Early Yelloxo Prune .... 442 

Egg Plum 452 

Hlfrey 443 

Elfrey's Prune 443 

Emerald Drop 443 

English Wheat 443 

English Pond's Seedling .... 434 

Fair's Golden Drop 434 

Fellenlierg 435 

Field, Marshal 454 

Florence 450 

Flushing Gage 435 

Fotheringhuni 454 

Franklin 438 

French Copper ...... 453 

Frost Gage 443 

Fulton 443 

Galbraith 443 

General Hand 443 

German Gage 433 

German Prune 442 

German Prune 443 

Ghiston's Early 454 

Gifford''s Lafayette 454 

Golden Cherry 440 

Golden Gage 434 

Goliath 454 

Gonne's Green Gage 455 

Green Gage 435 

Gundaker Plum 443 

Gundaker Prune 444 

Guthrie's Late Green .... 444 

Guthrie's Topaz 444 

Guthrie'' s Tay Bank .... 444 

Guthrie's Apricot 454 

Guthrie's Apricot Plum .... 454 

Grimwood's Early Orleans . . . 435 

Groundacre 444 

Grosse Luisante 452 

GroEse Heine 435 

Grosse Heine Claude .... 485 

Grove House Purple 454 

Gwalsh 454 

Hampton Court 435 

Harvest Gage 437 

Ifai'twiss Yellow Prune .... 444 

Henry Clay 444 

Highlander 444 

Holland 454 

Holland Prune 454 

Horse Plum, 454 

Hoxoard''s Favorite 444 

HoweVs Early 444 

Howel's Lai'ge 455 

How's Amber 445 

Hudson Gage 445 

Huling''s Super!) 445 

lukworth Imperatrioe .... 445 



Ida Green Gage . 

Imperatrice 

Imperatrice Blanche 

Imperatrice Violette 

Imperial Diadem 

Im.perial Gage 

Imperial de JNlilaa 

Imperial of Milan 

Imperial Oitoinan 

Imperial Rouge . 

Irving's Bolmar . 

Isabella 

Isleworth Green Gage 

Italian Damask . 

Italian Damask 

Italian Prune 

Ives' Seedling . 

Ivcs^ Washington 

Jaune de Catalogue 

Juune native . 

Jefferson 

Jenkinson Imperial 

Judson 

King of Plums . 

Kirke^s 

Knight's Large Green Drying 

Knight's No. C . 

Lady Plum 

La Delicieuse 

La Royale . 

Langdon''s Seedling 

Large Early Damson . 

Large Green Drying 

Large Black Imperial 

Large Long Blue 

Late Bohner 

Late Yellow Damson 

Latvrence's FavoHie 

Lawrence's Gage 

Leipzio 

I^eiviston Egg . 

Little Blue Gage 

Little Queen Claude 

Loml)ard . 

Long Scarlet 

LucomVs Nonesuch 

Madison . 

Maitre Claude . 

Mamelonne 

Mamelonne Segerat 

Manning's Long Blue 

Manning's Long Blue Prune 

Manniiig''s Prune 

Martin''s Seedling 

Matchless . 

McLaughlin 

Mediterranean 

Meigs 

Mimm's 

Mirable 

Mirabelle Double 

Wirabelle Tardive 

Mirabelle Grosse 

Mirabelle Jaune 

Jlirabelle Petite 

Mirabelle D'October 

Miriam 

Miser Plum 

Montgomery 

Monsieur . 

Monsieur Hatif 

Monsieur Ordinaire 



INDEX OF FKUITS. 



52J 



PAGE 

Monsieur Tardif 456 

Montgomery Prune 4-36 

Monroe 447 

Monroe Egg 447 

Moroooo 437 

Ifidberry . 447 

Muscle 455 

Myrobolan 440 

Nectarine 455 

New G-reen G-age 435 

New G-olden Drop 4.34 

New Early Orleans 435 

New Orleans 435 

New "Washington 483 

New York Purple 453 

Nota Bene 447 

October Green Gage .... 447 

Old Orleans 44S 

Orange 447 

Orange Gage 447 

Orleans 443 

Parker's Mammoth 438 

Parsonage 448 

Peach Plum 443 

Penobscot 448 

Peoly^s Early Blue 455 

Perdrigron Blanc 456 

Perdrigon Rouge 455 

Perdrigon Violet 453 

Peter's Yellow Gage .... 448 

Petite Reine Claude 455 

Picket's July 446 

Pidgeon's Ileart 455 

Plum de rinde 448 

I'lura of Louvain 449 

Pond's Purple 448 

Pond's Seedling 448 

Preoooe de Bergthold .... 448 

Prince of Wales . . . . • 449 

Prince Enjlfihert 449 

Prince's Yelloto Gage .... 437 

Prince's Orange Gage .... 455 

Prince's Imperial Gage .... 435 

Prince's Orange Egg .... 449 

Prune d'Agen 449 

Prune d'Allemagen 443 

Prune of Agen 449 

Prune d'Altesse 456 

Prune de Brignole 449 

Prune d'Ast - . 449 

Prune de Burgoyne . . . . . 440 

Prune Peohe 448 

Prune de St. Barnabe .... 446 

Prune de St. Jean 4,55 

Prune de Louvain 449 

Prune Suisse 435, 456 

Prunier de St. Martin .... 450 

Prunus Cerasifera 440 

Prunus Myrobolana 440 

Purple Egg 450 

Purple Favorite 437 

Purple Gage 437 

Purple Damson 453 

Purple Magnum Bonum .... 450 

Quac'cenboss 449 

Queen Mother 455 

Queen Victoria 452 

Quetsche 443 

Quetsche Grosse 443 

Reagle's Ancient City .... 449 

Reagle's Gage 449 

Beagle's Union Purple .... 449 



PAGB 

Red Apricot 453 

Red Damask 443 

Bed Diaper 450 

Bed Egg 450 

Bed Gage 483 

Red Imperial 450 

Bed Imperial 455 

Red Magnum Bonum .... 450 

Bed Perdrigon 455 

Red Queen Mother ..... 455 

Bed Saint Martin 450 

Reina Nova 450 

Reine Claude 435 

Reine Claude Diaphane . . . 450 

Reine Claude de Bavay .... 433 

Reine Claude Blanche .... 455 

Reine Claude Rouge of September . 450 

Reine Claude d'Octobre .... 44T 

Beine Claude d' October . . . 450 

Beine Claude Tardive .... 447 

Reine Claude Violet 437 

Bhincbeek Yellow Gage .... 455 

Renssalaer Gage 4.35 

Biver's Favorite 451 

River's Early, No. 1 451 

River's Early, No. 2 451 

Robe de Sergrut 449 

Roche Corbon 450 

Biver's Prolific 451 

Roe's Autumn Gage 433 

Reizenstein's Yellow Pruiie . . . 450 

Royale 451 

Boyale de Tours 451 

Royale Tours ...... 451 

Royal native 451 

Saint Catherine 451 

Saint Cloud 454 

Saint Martin 450 

Saint Martin Rouge 450 

Saint Martin's 438 

Saint Martin's Quetsche .... 438 

Scarlet Gage 446 

Schenectady 451 

Schenectady Catherine .... 451 

Schuyler's Gage 435 

Schuyler's Gage 451 

Sea 443 

Semiana of Boston .... 455 

Shailer's White Damson .... 452 

Sharp's Emp>6ror 452 

Sheen 454 

Siamese 455 

Simiana 456 

Small Green Gage 455 

Smith's Orleans 433 

Stabeler's Seedling 456 

Steer's Emperor 454 

St. John's 455 

St. Maurin 449 

Suisse 456 

Superior G-reen Gage .... 435 

Sweet Damson 454 

Sweet Prune 443 

Swiss Plum ....... 456 

ThoTnas 452 

Trouvee de Vouclae .... 452 

True German Prune 443 

Turkish Quetsche 443 

Veritable Imperatrioe .... 434 

Violet Diaper 453 

Violet Perdrigon 453 

Violet Queen Claude .... 487 



526 



INDEX OF FRUITS. 



PAGE 

Violette 434 

Virgin ....... 456 

Virginale 456 

Virginian Cherry 440 

Waterloo 484, 435 

Wax Plum 452 

Washington 438 

Wentwortli 452 

White Damascene 452 

White Apricot 456 

White, Damson 452 

White Egg 452 

White Empress 456 

White Gage .... 455, 435, 43T 

White Holland 452 

White Imperatrice . . . .456 

White Imperial 452 

White Magnum Bonum . . . . 452 

White Mogul 452 

White Perdrigon 456 

White Primordian 446 

"'White Prune Damson .... 452 

Wilde-'s 456 

Wilkinson 452 

Wilmot's Early Orleans . . . .435 

Wilmot's Green Gage .... 435 

Wilmot's Late Green Gage . . . 435 

Wilmot's Late Orleans .... 454 

Woolston's Black Oage .... 452 

Yellow Apricot 453 

Yelloio Egg 452 

Yellow Magnum Bonum .... 452 

Yellow Perdrigon 434 

Yellow Gage 455 

QUINCES. 

Angers 460 

Apple Quince 460 

Apple-Shaped Quince . . . .460 

Cydonia Lusitanica .... 461 

Cydonia v. Malformia . . . .460 

Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform . . . 462 

New Upright 460 

Oblong Quince 462 

Orange Quince 460 

Paris de Fontenay 460 

Pear-Shaped Quince 462 

Pear Quince 462 

Portugal Quince 461 

Pyriform Quince 462 

Rea's Seedling 402 

YanSlyke ™2 

RASPBERRIES. 

Allen 46T 

American Black 46o 

American Bed 465 

American White 470 

Antwerp 466 

Barnet 4T0 

Belle de Fontenay 465 

Black Raspberry 405 

Brentford Cane 470 

Burley 470 

Catawissa 4"'' 

Colonel Wilder 466 

Common Black Cup 465 

Common lied 465 

Cope 466 

Cornwall's Prolific 470 



PAGE 

Cornwall's Red 470 

Cornwall's Seedling 470 

Cox's Honey 470 

Cretan Red 470 

Cushing 466 

Double Bearing 47o 

Double Bearing Yellow .... 469 

Emily 467 

English Red Cane 467 

English Red, of some .... 465 

False Red Antwerp 467 

Fastolf 467 

Framboisier a Gros Fruit .... 470 

Franconia 467 

French 468 

Fulton 468 

General Patterson 468 

Rowland's Red Antwerp .... 470 

Knevett's Antwerp " 470 

KnevelVs Giant 468 

Large Fruited Monthly .... 468 

Large Red 470 

Late Cane 470 

Lord Exmouth's 470 

Magnum Bonum 468 

Monthly . 468 

Merveille de Quartre Saisons . . 468 

Jlrs. Wilder 469 

New Red Antwerp 466 

Northumberland Fillbasket . . . 469 

Nottingham Scarlet .... 470 

Ohio Raspberry 469 

Ohio Eoer-bearing 469 

Old Red Antwerp 470 

Orange 469 

Perpetual Bearing 470 

Red Antxcerp 470 

Red Double Bearing 470 

River's Large Fruited Monthly . . 463 

Siberian 470 

Thimble Berry 465 

Thunderer 469 

True Red Antwerp 466 

Vice President French .... 463 

Victoria 470 

Walker 469 

White Antwerp 469 

White Thimbleberry 470 

WilmoVs Early Red . . . .470 

Woodward's Red Globe .... 470 

Woodward 469 

Yellow Antwerp 469 

STRAWBERRIES. 

Aberdeen Bee-Hive 488 

Admiral Dundas 482 

Ajax 482 

Alice Maude 482 

American Scarlet 479 

Atkinson's Scarlet 489 

Austrian Scarlet 484 

Bain's Extra Early . . . .488 

Bath Scarlet ...... 490 

BicionPine 482 

Bishop's New 482 

Bishop's Orange 482 

Black Imperial 482 

Black Prince 482 

Bostock 488 

Boston Pine 478 

Brewer's Emperor 482 



nSTDEX OF FKUITS. 



527 



PAGE 

Brighton Pine 482 

Brilliant 482 

British Queen 4S3 

BuisVs Prize 488 

Barr^s Neio Pine 478 

Burr's Old Seedling 4S3 

Burros Seedling 483 

Burr's Rival Hudson 487 

Burr's Stamenate Seedling . . . 483 

Caleb Copt 483 

Caperon Royal 481 

Gaptain Cook 483 

Charlotte 483 

Cl'velancl .483 

Climax ....... 483 

Climax Scarlet 483 

Col'^s Late Scarlet 488 

CoWs Prolific 488 

Conical Hautbois 481 

Columbus 489 

Oornuaopia 483 

Cob's Seedling 489 

Crescent Seedling 483 

Crimson Co?ie 483 

Crimson Pine 489 

Cushing 484 

Beptford Pine 489 

Double Bearing 481 

Bownton . , 489 

Buchesse de Trevisse .... 484 

Bube of Kent 484 

Duke o'f Kent's Scarlet . . . .484 

Buncan''s Seedling 484 

Bundee 484 

Dutch Berry 483 

Early Prolific Scarlet . . . .484 

Early's Virginia 4S0 

Eherleine''a Seedling .... 489 

Elton 4S9 

Elton Pine 489 

English Red Wood 486 

Fillbasket 484 

Genesee 478 

Germantown 484 

Giant Alpine 489 

Globe Hautbois 4S9 

Goliath 489 

Green Alpine 484 

Green Pine 434 

Green Strawberry 484 

Green AVood 4S4 

Greenwell's New Giant .... 490 

Greenwell's French 490 

Grove End Scarlet 489 

Hooker 4TS 

Hooper's Seedling 485 

Hovey's Seedling 478 

Hovey's Seedling 485 

Hudson 479 

Hudson's Bay ...... 479 

Hmtbois Seedling 484 

Huntsman's 489 

Iowa, Male 485 

Jenny Lind 485 

Jenny's Seedling 479 

Keen's Seedling 485 

Keeni''s Seedling 489 

Knight's Seedling 489 

Lafayette (of some) 481 

La Grange 481 

La Liegoise 489 

Large Early Scarlet . . . . 480 



Late Prolific 
Late Scarlet 
Liszie Randolph 
LongwortKs Prolific 
Magnifique 
Marshall's Seedling . 
McAvoy's Extra Red 
MoAvoy's Superior 
McAvoy's No. 1 
McAvoy's No. 12 — Synonym 
Melon .... 
Methven Castle . 
Methven Scarlet 
\ Methven — Synonym . 
Monroe Scarlet 
Montevideo Pine 
Mottier*s Seedling . 
Moyainensing . 
Musk Hautbois . 
Myatt's British Queen 
Myatt's Deptford Pine 
Myatt's Eleanor 
Myatt's Eltza . 
Myatt's Globe . 
Myatt's Mam7noth . 
Jlyait's Pine . 
Myatt's Prince Albert . 
Myatt's Prolific 
Necked Pine . 
Newland's Mammoth 
Ohio Mammoth 
Old Hudson 
Old Pine, or Caroline 
Old Scarlet Pine 
Omar Pacha . 
Orange Hudson's Bay 
Orange Prolific 
Patagonia .... 
Peabody Seedling 
Pennsylvania . 
Pine Apple 

Primate .... 
Priinordian 
Prince of Orleam . 
Prince of Wales 
Princess' Alice Maud 
Profuse Scarlet 
Profusion .... 
Prolific Hautbois . 
Prolific Hudson, 
Prolific Swainstone 
Bed Alpine 
Red Wood 

Refulgent .... 
Richardson's Early 
Richardson's Late . 
Rival Hudson . 
Roseberry .... 
Ross Phoeniv . 
Rostock .... 

Ruby 

Salter's Versaillaise 
Scarlet Melting 
Scarlet Nonparil 
Schneike's Seedling . 
Scioto .... 
Scotch Pine Apple 
Scott's Seedling 
Sir C. Napier . 
Sir Harry 
Southborough . 
Southborough Seedling . 



486, 



PAGE 

. 489 
. 479 
. 4S9 
. 479 
485 
487 
, 485 
480 
485 
480 
489 
485 
485 
485 
480 
485 
489 
485 
481 
483 
489 
490 
489 
490 
490 
490 
490 
490 
486 
486 
490 
479 
490 
490 
486 
482 
486 
490 
484 
480 
490 
486 
486 
490 
486 
482 
490 
490 
481 
486 
4S6 
486 
4S6 
487 
490 
487 

4sr 

490 

4sr 

4S8 
487 
487 
490 
487 
479 
490 
483 
48T 
487 
4Sr 
4S7 
43» 



528 



INDEX OF FEUITS. 



Southampton Scarlet 
Stafford's Washington Alp 
Stoddard's Seedling . 
Srcainsione Seedling 
Tiiylor''s Seedling 
TroUope's Victoria 
True Chili 
Unique Prah-ie . 
U7iiqu6 Scarlet 
Victoria . 
Walker's Seedling 
Washington 



PAGE 

485 
486 
485 
4S8 
490 
488 
490 
486 
488 
488 
480 
485 



PAGB 

Western Queen ...... 481 

White Alpine 488 

White Bush Alpine . . . .488 

Wiley . .481 

Willey 431 

William Henry Harrison . . . 490 
Wilmofs New Scarlet .... 490 

Wilmofs Superb 490 

V/iUon's Albany 481 

Yellow Chili 490 

Young's Seedling 484 



All the Books on this Catalogue sent by Mail, to any part of the Union, 
free of postage, upon receipt of F nee. 

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS 

ON 

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, 

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AMEEICAN FAKMER'S ENCYCLOPEBIA, - - - - - - $4 00 

As A Book of Reference for the Farmer or Gardener, this 

Work is superior to any othier. It contains Reliable Information for the Cultivation of 
every variety of Field and Garden Crops, the use of all kinds of Manures^ descriptions 
and figures of American insects ;■ and is, indeed, an Agricultural Library in itself, con- 
taining twelve hundred page^, octavo, and is illustrated by numerous engravings of 
Grasses, Grains, Animals, Implements, Insects, &b., &c. By Gouverneur Emekson of 
Pennsylvania. 

AMERICAN WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS, - - - « - 1 50 

An Illustrated Edition op Agricultural Botany ; An Enu- 
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York College of Pharmacy. Illustrated with nearly 300 Figures, drawn expressly for 
this work. 

ALLEN'S (R. L.) AMERICAN FARM BOOK, - - - - - 1 00 

Or a Cojipend of American Agriculture ; being a Practical 

Treatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain, Roots, Fruits, Cotton, 
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best methods of Planting, Cultivating aud Preparation for Market. Illustrated with more 
than 100 engravings. 

ALLEN'S (R. L.) DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, - - 75 

Being a History and Description of the Horse, Mule, Cattle, 

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ALLEN'S (L. F.) RURAL ARCHITECTURE, ..... l 25 

Being a Complete Description of Farm Houses, Cottages and 

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with Lawns, Pleasure Grounds and Parks ; the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Garden ; 
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ALLEN (J. FISK) ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE, - - I 00 

A -Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the 

Grape Vine, embracing its History, with Directions for its Treatment in the United 
States of America, in the Open Air and under Glass Structures, with and without 
Artificial Heat. 



Books published hy A. O. MooRi; & Cc?, 

AMERtCAlf ASCHrTECT, .----..... 6 00 

COxMPRisiN.G Original Designs of Cheap Countrt and Village 

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of each Design. By John AV. RiTcn, Architect. First a,nd Second Series, 4to, bound in 
1vol. 

AMERICAIf FLORIKT'S GITIDE, - - ^ - * - - - rs 

Comprising the American Kose CulturIst, and Every Lad'Y 

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SAERY'S FKTJIT GAEDEW, --..--..- i 25 
A Treatise, Intended to Explain and Illustrate The Physi-- 

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Insects, Description and Uses of Implements, &c. Illustrated with upwards of 150 
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SEMENT'S (C. N.) EABBIT FAlTCIEE, - - 50 

A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding and General- 

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added Full Directions for the Construction of Hutches, Rabbitrics, &c., together with 
Recipes for CooKing and Dressing for the Table. Beautifully illustrated. 

BLAKE'S (REV. JOHN L.) FARMER AT HOME, - - - - 1 2S 
A Family Text Book for the Country ; being a Cyclopedia 

of Agricultural Implements and Productions, and of the more important topics in 
Domestic Economy, Science and Literature, adapted to Rural Life. By Rev. John L. 
Sl.\.kb, D. D. 

BOTJSSINGAULT'S (J. B.) RURAL ECONOMY, ----- 1 25 

Or, Chemistry Applied to Agriculture ; presenting Distinctly 

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Manures, the Nutrition and Food of Animals, and the General Economy of Agriculture. 
The work is the fruit of a long life of study and e.^periment, and its perusal will aid tlte 
farmer greatly in obtaining a practical and sciontiBc knowledge of his- profession. 

BROWNE'S AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER, ------ 2& 

The Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Management and Pkculi* 

arities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with engravings, 
BROWNE'S AMERICAN POULTRY YARD, - - - - » - 1 Off 
Comprising the Origin, History and Description of the 

Different Breeds of Domestic Poultry, with Complete Directions for their Breeding, 
Crossing, Rearing, Fattening and Preparation for Market ; including specific directions 
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subject, drawn from authentic sources and personal observation. Illustrated witb 
numerous engravings. 

BROWNE'S (D. JAY) FIELD BOOK OF MANURES, - - - - 1 2^ 
Or, American Muck Book ; Treating of the Nature, Properties, 

Sources, History and Operations of at! the Principal Fertilizers and Manures in Commott 
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Crops; drawn from authentic sources, actual experience and personal observation, as 
combined with the Leading Principles of Practical and Scientific Agriculture, 

SRIDGEMAN'S (THOS.) YOUNG GARDENER'S ASSISTANT, - - 1 60 

In Three Parts ; Containing Catalogues of Garden and Flower 
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of the ye;\!r. One volume octavo. 

BRIDGEMAN'S KITCHEN GARDENER'S INSTRUCTOR, J^ Cloth, 50 

»» " *' " Cloth, 60 



Books published by A, O. Mooee So Co. 

BEIDGEMAN'S FLORIST'S GUIDE, ...... }i Qoth, 60 

" •' '*..-... Cloth, 60 

BEIDSEMAIf'S FSTJIT CULTIYATOE'S MAHTJAL, - - K Cloth, 50 

" " ** " . - Cloth, 60 

BEECK'S BOOK OF FLOWERS, 1 00 

In which are Described all the Various Hardy Herbaceous 

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Cultivation. 

BTIIST'S (ROBERT) AMERICAN FLOWER GARDEN DIRECTORT, 1 25 

Containing Practical Directions for the Culture of Plants, 

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a Flower Garden ; the whole adapted to either Largo or Small Gardens, with Instruc- 
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Grape Vine. 

BUIST'S (ROBERT) FAMILY KITCHEN GARDENER, ... 75 

Containing Plain and Accurate Descriptions of all the 

Different Speeies and Varieties of Culinary Vegetables, with their Botanical, English, 
French and German names, alphabetically arranged, with the Best Mode of Cultivat- 
ing them in the Garden or under Glass ; also Descriptions and Character of the most 
Select Fruits, their Management, Propagation, &c. By Kobebt Buest, author of the 
"American Flower Garden Directory," &c. 

CHINESE SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR-MAKING, .... 25 

Its History, Culture and Adaptation to the Soil, Climate, 

and Economy of the United States, with an Account of Various Processes of Manu- 
facturing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources, by Chj\eles F. Sta^'Sbuey, A. M., late 
Commissioner at the Exhibition of all Nations at Loudon. 

CHORLTON'S GRAPE-GROWER'S GUIDE, -...-» 60 

Intended Especially for the American Climate. Being a 

Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in each department of Plot- 
house, Cold Grapery, Retarding House and Out-door Culture. With Plans for the con- 
struction of the Requisite Buildings, and giving the best methods for Heating the same. 
Every department being fully illustrated. By William Choelton. 

COBBETrS AMERICAN GARDENER, - 50 

A Treatise on the Situation, Soil and Laying-out of Gardens, 

;ind the Making and Managing of Hotbeds and Greenhouses, and on the Propagation 
und Cultivation of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits and Flowers. 

COTTAGE AND FARM BEE-KEEPER, --...-. 50 

A Practical AVork, by a Country Curate. 

COLE'S AMERICAN FRUIT BOOK, 50 

Containing Directions for Raising, Propagating and Manag- 

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including New and X''aluable Kinds. 

COLE'S AMERICAN" YETERINARIAN, 50 

Containing Diseases of Domestic Animals, their Causes, Symf- 

toms and Remedies ; with Rules for Restoring and Preserving Health by good manage- 
ment ; also for Training and Breeding. 

SADD'S AMERICAN CATTLE DOCTOR, --...-. 1 00 

Containing the Necessary Information for Preserving the 

Health and Curing the Dis:'asos of Oxen, Cows, Sheep and Swine, with a Great Variety 
of Original Recipes and Valuable Information in reference to Farm and Dairy Manago- 
iiiont, whereby every Man can bo his ov/n Cattle Doctor. The principles taught in this 
work are, that all Medication shall bo subservicnf to Nature — that all Medicines must be 
sanative in their operation, and administered with a view of aiding tho vital powers, 
instead of depressing, as heretofore, with .the lancet or by poison. By G, IL Dadd, M. D., 
Veterinary practitioner. 



Boohs 2wUish€il by A. O. Moore & Co. 

BADD'S MOBEEU HOESE DOCTOR, 1 00 

An Ameeican Book for American Farmers ; Containing Practi- 
cal Observations on tlio Causes, Nature and Treatment of Disease and Lameness of 
Horses, embracing the Most Recent and Approved Methods, according to an enlightened 
system ofVeterinary Practice, for the Preservation and Eestoration of Health. With 
illustrations. 

DADD'S ANATOMY AKD PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HOESE, Plain, - 2 00 

'< " '< " "ColoredPlat.es, 4 00 

With Anatomical and Questional Illustrations ; Containing, 

also, a Series of Examinations on liquiue Anatomy and Philosophy, with Instructions in 
reference to Dissection and the mode of mailing Anatomical Preparations ; to which, is 
added a Glossary of Veterinary Technicalities, Toxicological Chart, and Dictionary of 
Veterinary Science. 

DANA'S MirOK MANUAL, FOR THE USE OF FARMERS, - - 1 00 

A Treatise on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils 

and Chemistry of Manures ; including, also, the subject of Composts, Artificial Manures 
and Irrigation. A new edition, with a Chapter on Bones and Superphosphates. 

DANA'S PRIZE ESSAY ON MANURES, 26 

Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for 

Promoting Agriculture, for their Pi-emium. By SAjmEi, H. Dana. 
DOMESTIC AND ORNAMENTAL POULTRY, Plain Plates, . . . l 00 
" " " Colored Plates, . . 2 00 

A Treatise on the History and Management of Ornamental 

and Domestic Poultry. By Rev. Edmund Saul Dixon, A. M. , with large additions by 
J. J. Kerr, M. D. Illustrated with sixty-Qvo Original Portraits, engraved expressly for 
this work. Fourth edition, revised. 

DOWNING'S (A. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 3 50 

Revised, Enlarged and Newly Illustrated, by Henry Win- 

throp Sargent. This Great Work, which has accomplished so much in elevating the 
American Taste for Rural Improvements, is now rendered doubly interesting and 
valuable by the experience of all the Prominent Cultivators of Ornamental Trees in the 
United States, and by the descriptions of American Places, Private Residences, Central 
Park, New York, Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, and a full account of the Newer Decidu- 
ous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. The illustrations of this edition consist of seuei) 
superb steel plate engravings, hy SJin-UE, Hinshelwood, Duthtb and others ; besides (m« 
hundred en/jraviru/s on iixiod and stone, of the best American Residences and Parks, with 
Portraits of many New or Remarkable Trees and Shrubs. 

DOWNING'S (A. J.) RURAL ESSAYS, . 3 00 

On Horticulture, Landscape Gardening, Eural Architecture, 

Trees, Agriculture, Fruit, with lij.^ Letters from England. Edited, with a Memoir of the 
Author, by Gbirce Wm. Cckhs. and a Letter to his Friends, by Fredehika Brbiter, and 
an elegant Steel J'ortrait of the Author. 

EASTWOOD (B.) ON TIIE CULTIVATION OF THE CKANBEREY, 50 

With a Description of the Best Varieties. By B. Eastwood, 

" Septimus," of the Now York Tribune. lUuslrat.id. 
ELLIOTT'S WESTERN FRUIT BOOK, 1 35 

A New Edition of this Work, Thoroughly Revised. Em- 
bracing all the New and Valuable Fruits, with the Latest Improvements in their Cultiva- 
tion, up to ,Taniiiiry,lS5'i. especially adapt^i] to the wants of Western Fruit Growers ; 
full of excellent illustrations. Py F. R. F.i.i.iott, Pomologist, late of Cleveland, Ohio, now 
of St. Louis. 

EVERY LADY HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, - - - - 50 

Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only : containing 

simple and practical Directions for Cultivating Plants and Flowers : also. Hints for tho 
Management of Flowers in Rooms, with brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and 
Flowers. The whole in plain and simple language. By Louisa Jounsox. 



Hooks puhlislied hy A. O. Mooke & Co. 5 

FASM DRAINAGE, 1 00 

The Principles, Processes and Effects of Draining Land, 

with Stones, \Yooil, Drain-plows, Open Bitches, and especially with Tiles ; including 
Tables of K;iiufall, Evaporation, Filtration, Excavation, capacity of Pipes, cost and num- 
her to the acre. With more than 100 illustrations. By the Hon. Hemry F. Fre^'Ch, of 
New Hampshire. 

FESSENDEN'S (T. G.) AMESICAN EITCIIEN GARDENES, - - 50 
Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and 

Garden Fruits. Cloth. 
FSSSEKDEN'S COMPLETE FARMER AND AMERICAN GARDENER, 1 25 

EuRAL Economist and New American Gardener ; Containing 

a Compendious Epitome of the most Important Branches of Agriculture and Rural 
Economy ; with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables, includ- 
ing Landscape and Oj'namental Gardening. By TiioiiiS G. Fessexdex. 2 vols, in 1. 

FIELD'S PEAR CULTURE, 1 00 

The Pear Garden ; or, a Treatise on the Propagation and 

Cultivation of the Pear Tree, with Instructions for its Management from the Seedhng to 
the Bearing Tree. By Thom.is W. Field. 

FISH CULTURE, 1 00 

A Treatise on th^^ Aetificial Propagation of Fish, and the 

Construction of Ponds, with the Description and Habits of such kinds of Fish as are most 
suitable for Pisciculture. By Theodatus Gaeuck, M. D. , Vice-President of the Cleveland 
Academy of Nat. Science. 

FLINT ON GRASSES - - - - 1 25 

A Practical Treatise on Grasses and Forage Plants ; Com- 
prising their Natural History, Comparative Nutritive Value, Methods of Cultivation, Cut- 
ting, Curing and the Management of Grass Lands. By Charles L; Fu-vr, A. M., Secre- 
tary of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture. 

GUENON ON MILCH COWS, - - - - 60 

A Treatise on Milch Cows, whereby the Quality and Quantity of 

Milk which any Cow will give may be accurately determined by observing Natural 
Marks or External Indications alone ; the length of time she will continue to give Milk, 
&c., &c. By M. Francis Guenon, of Libourne, France. Translated by Nicholas P. 
Trist, Esq. ; with Introduction, Remarks and Observations on the Cow and the Dairy, 
by JoHX S. SiaN>n3R. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Neatly done up in paper 
covers, 37 cts. 

HERBERT'S HINTS TO HORSE-KEEPERS, 1 25 

Complete Manual for Horsemen ; Embracing : 

How TO Breed a Horse. How to Physic a Horse. 

How TO Buy a Horse. (Allopathy and Homceopatht. 

How TO Break a Horse. How to Groom a Horse. 

How to Use a Horse. How to Drrt; a Horse. 

How to Feed a Horse. How to Ride a Horse. 

And Chapters on JIules and Ponies. By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank 
Forre-Ster) ; with additions, including Rarey's Method of Horse Tajdng, and Baucter's 
Syspem of Horsemanship ; also, giving directions for the Selection and Care of Carriages 
and Harness of every description, from the City " Turn Out" to the Farmer's " Gear," 
and a BiO;,'raphy of the eccentric Auth(jr. Jllmtrated throughout. 

HOOPER'S DOG AND GUN, 50 

A Few Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be 

found somo Anecdotes and Incidents ; also Instructions for Dog Breaking, and interest- 
ing letters from Sportsmen. By A Bad Shot. 

HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE, 25 

Containing its History, Mode of Culture, Manufacture of 

the Sugar, &c. ; with Reports of it? success in different parts of the United States. 



6 Books published by A. O. Moore & Co. 

JOHNSTON'S (JAMES F, W.) AGRICULTTJRAI, CHEMISTRY, - 1 25 

Lectures on the Application of Chemistry and Geology to 

Agriculture. Now Editiou, with an Appendix, contaiuiug the Author's Experiments in 
Practical Agriculture. 

JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- 
ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, - - - 1 00 

With a Complete Analytical and Alphabetical Index, and an 

American Preface. By Hon. Simon Brown, Editor of the " New England Farmer." 

JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) CATECHISM OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- 
ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, - - - 25 

By James F. W. Johnston, Honorary Member of the Eoyal 

' Agricultural Society of England, and author of "Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry 
and Geology." With an Introduction by John Pitkin Norton, M. A., late Professor of 
Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. With Notes and Additions by the Author, pre- 
pared expressly for this edition, and an Appendix compiled by the Superintendent of 
Education in Nova Scotia. Adapted to the use of Schools. 

LANGSTROTH (REV. L. L.) ON THE HIVE AND HONEY BEE, - 1 25 

A Practical Treatise on the Hive and Honey Bee, Third 

edition, enlarged and illiislraled vnth numerous engravings. This Work is, without a 
doubt, the best work on the Bee published in any language, whether we consider its 
scientific accuracy, the practical instructions it contains, or the beauty and completeness 
of its illustrations. 

LEUCHARS' HOW TO BUILD AND VENTILATE HOTHOUSES, - 1 25 

A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating and 

Ventilation of Hothouses, including Conservatories, Greenhouses, Graperies and other 
kinds of Horticultural Structures ; with Practical Directions for their Management, in 
regard to Light, Heat and Air. Illustrated with numerous engravings. By P. B. 
Leuchars, Garden Architect. 
LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY, - 50 
And its relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture. 
Edited by John Gardener, M. D., 

LINSLEY'S MORGAN HORSES, - - - - .... 1 00 

A Premium Essay on the Origin, History, and Characteristics 

of this i-emarkable American Breed of Horses ; tracing the Pedigree from the original 
.lustin Morgan, through the most noted of his progeny, down to the present time. 
With numerous portraits. To which are added Hints for Breeding, Breaking and Gene- 
ral Use and Management of Horses, with practical Directions for Training them for 
Exhibition at Agricultural Fairs. By D. C. Ijnslev, Editor of the American Stock 
Journal. 

MOORE'S RURAL HAND BOOKS, 1 26 

First Series, containing Treatises on — 

The Horse, The Pects of the Farm, 

The Hog, Dohiestic Fowis, and 

The Honey Bee, The Cow. 

Second Series, containing — .... 1 25 

EVIKY lu^DY HER OWN FLOATER GARDE-NUR, ESSAY ON MANURES, 

el.fments of agriculture, jimertcan kltchen gardener, 

Bird Fancier, American Kose Culturist. 

Third Series, containing — 1 25 

Miles on the Horse's Foot, Vine-Dresser's IUnual, 

TiiB Rabbit Fanqer, Bee-Keeper's Chart, 

Weeks on Bees, Chemistry IIade Easy. 

Fourth Series, containing — - ... 1 25 

Piaisoz ON thk Vine, Hooper's Dog and Gun, 

LtEBiG's Famiuar Letteks, Siollful Housewife, 

Browne's MsMorRS of Tndun Corx. * 



Books irdhUsJied by A. O. Moore & Co, 



MINER'S BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL, o . = . - - 1 00 

Being a Practical Treatise on_ the History and Domestic 

Economy of the Honuy Bee, embraciug a Full Illustration of the whole subject, with 
the Host Approved Methods of Managing this Insect, through every branch of its 
Culture ; the result of many years' experience. Illustrated with many engravings 
By T. B. iliNEE. 

MILES ON THE HORSE'S FOOT AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, 56 

"With Cuts, Illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and contain- 
ing valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, in Health and in Disease. By 
Wii. Miles. 

MILBUEN ON THE COW AND DAISY HUSBANDRY, - - - 25 

By M. M. Milburn, and revised by H. D. Richardson and Ambrose 

STE^^s^•^. With illustrations. 
MUNN'S (B.) PRACTICAL LAND DRAINER, .... - 60 

Being a Treatise on Draining Land, in which the Most Ap- 
proved Systems of Drainage are Explained, and their Differences and Comparative 
Merits Di.soiissed ; with full Directions for the Cutting and Making of Drains, with 
Remarks Uiiuu the various materials of which they may bo constructed. With many 
illustrations. By B. Munn', Landscape Gardener. 

3fASH'S (J. A.) PROGRESSIVE FARMER, ...... 60 

A SciENTiFiCs; Treatise on Agricultural Chemistry, the Ge- 

olog}" of Agriculture, on Plants and Animals, Manures and Soils, applied to Practical 
Agriculture - with a Catechism of Scientific and Practical Agriculture. By J. A. Njsh. 

HEILL'S PRACTICAL FRUIT, FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN- 
ER'S COMPANION, 1 00 

With a Calendar. By Patrick Neill, Secretary of the Royal 

Caledonian Horticultural Society. Adapted to the United States from the fourth 
edition, revised and improved by the Author. Edited by G. Emerson, M. D., Editor of 
" The American Farmer's Encyclopedia." With Notes and Additions by R. G. Pakdeb, 
author of " Manual of the Strawberry Culture." With illustrations. 

NORTON'S (JOHN P.) ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, 60 

Or, the Connection between Science and the Art of Practical 

Farming. Prize Essay of the New York State Agricultural Society. By John P. NoE- 
TON, M. A., Professor of Scientilic Agriculture in Yale College. Adapted to the use of 
Schools. 

OLCOTT'S SORGHO AND IMPHEE, THE CHINESE AND AFRICAN 

SUGAR CANES, 1 00 

A Complete Treatise upon their Origin and Varieties, Culture 

and Uses, their value as a Forage Crop, and Directions for making Sugar, Molasses, 
Alcohol, Sparkling and Still Wines, Beer, Cider, Vinegar, Paper, Starch and Dye Stuffs. 
Fully illustrated with Drawings of Approved Machinery ; with an Appendix by Leonard 
Wray, of Caffraria, and a Description of his Patented Process of Crystallizing the Juice 
of the Imphee ; with the I^atost American Experiments. By Henry S. Olcoit. 

PARDEE (R. G.) ON STRAWBERRY CULTURE, .-:... 60 
A Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Strawberry ; 

with a Description of the Best Varieties. 

Also notices of the Raspberry, Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape ; with 
Directions for their Cultivation, and the Selection of the Best Varieties. " Every process 
here recommended has been proved, the plans of others tried, and the result is here 
given." With a Valuable Appendix, containing the observations and experience of some 
of the most successful cultivators of these fruits in our country. 

PEDDERS' (JAMES) FARMERS' LAND MEASURER, ... - 60 

Or Pocket Companion ; Showing at one view the Contents of 

any Piece of Land, from Dimensions taken in Yards. With a Set of Useful Agricultural 
Tables. 



8 Books pxiblished by A. O. Moore & Co. 

PERSOZ' CULTTJEE 0? THE VINE, 25 

A New Process for the Culture of the Yine, by Persoz, Pro- 
fessor of the Faculty of Soioaoes of ritrnsbourg ; Directing Professor of the School of Phar- 
macy of the same city. Translated hy J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon U. S. N. 

PHELPS' BEE KEEPER'S CHAET, -..-.--. 25 

Being a Brief Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and 

Management of the Honey Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years' 
practical experience, whereby tlio author has been enabled to divest the subject of 
much that has been considered mysterious and difBoult to overcome, and render it 
more sure, profltable and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E. 
W. Pttct.ps. 

QiriNBY'S MYSTEEIES OF BEE-KEEPING EXPLAINED, - - 1 00 

Being a Complete Analysis of the Whole Subject, Consisting 

of the Natural History of Bees ; Directions for obtaining the Greatest Amount of Pure 
Surplus Honey with the least possible expense ; Remedies for Losses Given, and the 
Science of Lucii fully illustrated ; the result of more than twenty years' experience in 
extensive Apiaries. BvM.Quinby. 

RANDALL'S (H. S.) SHEEP HITSBANDRY, 1 25 

With an Account of the Different Breeds, and general direc- 
tions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, Breeding and the Treatment of 
Diseases, with Portraits and other engravings. By Hexry S. Raxdall. 

REEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSER'S MANUAL, - - - 60 

An Illustrated Treatise on Vineyards and Wine-Making, 

containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil, Preparation of Ground, Selection and 
Propagation of Vines, the Treatment of Young Vineyards, Trimming and Training the 
Vines, Manures and the Making of Wine. 

RICHARDSON ON HOGS, - - . 25 

Their Origin, Varieties and Management, witli a View to Profit 

and Treatment under Disease ; also, plain Directions relative to the Most Approved 
Modes of Preserving their Flesh. By H. D. Richaedson, author of " The Hive and the 
Honey Bee," &c., &o. AVilh illustrations. 

RICHARDSON ON THE HIVE AND THE HONEY BEE, - - - 25 

With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual 

Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees 
and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting 
the Hives from then- attacks. By H. D. Richardson. V\'ith illustrations. 

RICHARDSON ON DOMESTIC FOWLS, '- 25 

Their Natur.u. History, Breeding, Rearing, and General 

JIanagement. By H. D. Richardson. With illustrations. 
RICHARDSON ON THE HORSE, -....--- 25 

Their Origin and Varieties ; with Plain Directions as to the 

Breeding, Roaring and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of 
Disease. Haudsomoly illustratoil. By II. U. EicnARDSO.v. 

RICHARDSON ON THE PESTS OF THE FARM, ... - 25 

With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of 

Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With 
numerous illustrations on Wood. 

RICHARDSON ON DOGS ; THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES, - 50 

Directions as to their General Management. With numerous 

Original Auccdotos. Also, Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H. 
D. Richardson. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings. 
This is not only a cheap, but one of the best works ever published on the Dog. 

SCHENCK'S GARDENER'S TEXT BOOK, 50 

Containing Directions for the Formation and Management 

of th« Kitchen Garden, the Culture and Use of Vogotal)les, Fruits and Medicinal ne.'h:^. 



Boohs piMished hy A. O. Mooee & Co. 9 

SHEPHEED'S OWN BOOK, 2 00 

With an Account of the Different Breeds, Diseases and Man- 

agement ofSheep, and General Directions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, 
Breeding and the Treatment of Diseases ; with illustrative engravings hy Youatt & 
RAieDAix ; embracing Skinner's Notes. on the Breed and Management of Sheep in the 
United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool. 

STEWAST'S STABLE BOOK, 1 00 

A Treatise on the Management of Horses, in Eelation to 

stabling. Grooming, Feeding, AVatering and Working, Construction of Stables, Ventila- 
tion, Appendages of Stables, Management of the Feet, and of Diseased and Defective 
Horses. By Johx Stewart, Veterinary Surgeon. With Notes and Additions, adapting 
it to American Food and Climate. By A. B. Allen', Editor of the American Agriculturist. 

STRAY LEAVES FSOM THE BOOK OF NATURE, .... 1 00 

By M. Schele De Yere, of the University op Virginia. 

CONTE.VTS : I. O-YLY A PeBBLE. 

n. Nature lv Motion. 

III. The OoEA>f and rrs Lifb, 

IV. A Chat about Plants. 

V. YouNGEK Years of a Plant. 
VI. Later Years of a Plant. 
Vn. Pi...iNT Mummies. 
Vin. Unknown Tongues. 
IX. A Trip to the Moon. 

STEPHENS' (HENRY) BOOK OF THE FARM, 4 00 

A Complete Guide to the Farmer, Steward, Plowman, Cattle- 

man, Shepherd, Field Worker and Dairy Maid. By Henry Stephens. With Four Hun- 
dred and Fifty illustrations ; to which are added Explanatory Notes, Remarks, &c., by 
J. S. Shnner. Really one of the best books a farmer can possess. 

SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE, 50 

Or Complete Guide to Domestic CookerYj Taste, Comport, and 

Economy, embracing 059 Recipes pertaining to Household Duties, the Caro of Health, 
Gardening, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c. By JLrs. L. G. Aeell. 

SKINNER'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, 25 

Adapted to the Use of American Farmers. Br F. G. Skinner> 

SMITH'S (C. H. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING, PARKS AND 

PLEASURE GROUNDS, 1 25 

With Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public 

Parks and Gardens. By Cuarijjs H. J. S.mith, landscape Gardener and Garden Arclii 
tect. With Notes and Additions by Lewis F. Allen, author of'' Rural Aixhitecture." 

THAER'S (ALBERT D.) AGRICULTURE, 2 00 

The Principles of Agriculture, by Albert D. Thaer ; Trans- 
lated by William Shaw and Cuthbert W. Joh.vson, liiq. , F. R. S. AVith a Memoir of 
the Author. 1 vol. 8vo. 

This work is regarded, by those who arc competent to judge, as ono'cf the most 
valuable works ihat has ever appeared on the subjuet of Agriculture. At the same time 
that it is eminently practical, it is philosophical, and, even to the general reader, ro- 
marlcably entertaining. 

THOMAS' (J. J.) FARM IMPLEMENTS, 1 00 

And the Principles of their Construction and Use ; an Ele 

montary and familiar Treatise on iMech:iuics ami Natural i'hilosojihy, as ajiplied to tlio 
ordinary p;-acti;'( s of Agriculliire. With 200 illr.stratioiis. 

THOMPSON (R. D.) ON THE FOOD OF ANIMALS, - - . 75 

Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals and the 

Fattening of Cattle ; with Remarks on the Food of Man. Based upon Experiments under- 
taken by order of tlie British Government, by Robert Dundas 'IIiompson, M. D., 
Lecturer on Practical Chemistry, University of Clasgnw. 



10 Books 2JiMished by A. O. Moore & Co. 

THE EOSE CULTURIST, 60 

Being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation, 

and Mauagemeut of the Rose in all seasons ; with a List of Choice and Approved Varie- 
ties, adapted to the Climate of the United States ; to which is added full directions for 
the Treatment of the Dahlia. Illustrated by engravings. 

TOPHAM'S CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, 25 

For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topiiam. 

TURNER'S COTTON PLANTER'S MANUAL, --..-. 1 00 

Being a Compilation of Facts from the Best Authorities on 

the Culture of Cotton, its Natural History, Chemical Analysis, Trade and Consumption, 
and embracing a History of Cotton and the Cotton Gin. By J. A. Turner. 

WARDER'S (J. A.) HEDGES AND EVERGREENS, .... 1 00 

A Complete Manual for the Cultivation, Pruning and Man- 

agement of all Plants suitable for American Hedging, especially the Madura or Osage 
Orange, luilly illustrated with engravings of plants, implements and processes. To 
which is added a Treatise on Eoergreens, their different Varieties, their propagation, 
transplanting and Culture in the United States. 

WARING'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, 75 

A Book for Toung Farmers, with Questions for the use of 

Schools. 

WEEKS (JOHN M.) ON BEES-A MANUAL, 50 

Or, an Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profit- 

able manner to their Owner ; with Infallible Rules to Prevent their Destruction by the 
Moth. With an Appendix, by Wooster A. Flandki«. 

WHITE'S (W. N.) GARDENING FOR THE SOUTH, - - - - 1 25 

Or, the Kitchen and Fruit Garden, with the Best Methods 

for their Cultivation ; together with Hints upon Landscape and Flower Gardening ; con- 
taining Modes of Culture and Descriptions of the Species and Varieties of the CuUnary 
Vegetables, Fruit Trees and Fruits, and a Select List of Ornamental Trees and Plants, 
Adapted to the States of the Union South of Pennsylvania, with Gardening Calendars for 
the same. By Wm. N. WmTE, of Athens, Georgia. 

YOUATT AND MARTIN ON CATTLE, ----- . - 1 25 

Being a Treatise on their Breeds, Management, and Diseases, 

comprising a Full History of the Various Races ; their Origin, Breeding and Merits ; 
their capacity for Beef and Milk. By W. Yoitatt and W. C. Ij. Martin. The whole form- 
ing a Complete Guide for the Farmer, the Amateur and the Voterinarj' Surgeon, with 100 
illustrations. Edited by Amurose Stevens. 

YOUATT ON THE HORSE, 1 25 

YoUATT ON THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE HoRSE, witll 

their Remedies ; also, Practical Rules for Buyers, Breeders, Smiths, &c. Edited by W. 
C. Spooner, M.K.C.V.S. With an Account of the ^Breeds in the United States, by Henry 
S. Randall. 

YOUATT ON SHEEP, 75 

TiiEiR Breed, Management and Diseases, with Illustrative En- 
gravings ; to which are added Remarks on the Breeds and Management of Sheep in the 
United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool in Silesia. By Wii. Youatt. 

YOUATT AND MARTIN ON THE HOG, 75 

A Treatise on the Breeds, Management, and Medical Treat- 

meut of Swine, with Directions for Salting Pork and Curing Bacon and Hams. By Wm. 
Yocatt, V. S.,and W. C. L. Mabtin. Edited by Ambrose Ste\'ens. Illustrated witli 
engravings drawn from life. 



Books published by A. O. Mooee & Co. 11 

Moore's Hand Books of Eural and Domestic Economy. 

ALL AERANGED AND ADAPTED TO THE USE OF AMERICAN FARMERS^ 

Pice 2i3 CcBits Each. 

BOGS, 

Their Origin, Varieties and Management, with a Tiew to Pro- 
fit and Treatment under Disease ; also, Plain Directions relative to the Most Approved 
Modes of Preserving their Flesh. By H. D. Richardson, With illustrations 

i:he hive and the honey bee, 

With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual 

Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees 
and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting 
the Hives from their attacks. By H. D, Richaedson. With illustrations. 

DOMESTIC FOWLS, 

Their Natural History, Breeding, Hearing and General 

Management. By H. D. Richaedso.v. With illustrations. 

THE HORSE, 

Their Origin and Yarieties ; with Plain Directions as to thr 

Breedmg, Rearing and General Management ; with instructions as to the Treatment of 
Disease Handsomely illustrated, By H. D. Richardson. 

THE ROSE, 

The American Rose CulturIst ; being a Practical Treatise on the 

Propagation, Cultivation and Management in all Seasons, &c. ; with full directions for 
the treatment of the Dahlia. 

THE PESTS OF THE FARM, 

With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of 

Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With 
numerous illustrations on wood. 

AST ESSAY OU MANURES, 

Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society foe 

Promoting Agriculture, for their Premium. By Samuel H. Dana. 
THE AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER, 

Considered with Reference to the Breeding, Rearing, Feed- 

ing, Management and Peculiarities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with Engrav- 
ings. By D. .Jay Browne. 

CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, 

For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topham. 
ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, 

Translated prom the French, and Adapted to the use of American 

Farmers. By F. G. Skinner. 
THE HORSE'S FOOT, AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, 

With Cuts, illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and containing 

valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, both in Health and Disease. By Wm. 
Miles. 

THE SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE, 

Or, Complete Guide to Domestic Cookery, Taste, Comfort and 

Economy, embracing 659 Recipes pertaining to Household Duties, the Care of Health, 
Gardenmg, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c. By Mrs. L. G. Abell. 

THE AMERICAN KITCHEN GARDENER, 

Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and 

Garden Fruits. By T. G. Fbssenden, 



12 Boohs publi'jlied by A. 0. Moore & Co. 

CHUTESE SUGAS CAKE AND SUGAE-MAKIUG, 

Its History, Culture and Adaptation to the Soil, Climate 

and Economy of the United States, with an Account of Various Processes of Manufactur- 
ing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources by Charles F. Stansbury, A. M. , late Com- 
missiouur at the Exhibition of all Nations at London. 

PERSOZ' GTJLTUKE OF THE VnTE, 

A New Process for the Culture op the Vine, by Persoz, Pro- 
fessor of the Faculty of Sciences of Strasbourg ; Directing Professor of the School of 
Pharmacy of the same citj'. Translated by J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon, li. S. N. 

THE BEE-IffiSPEE'S CHAET, 

Being a Brief, Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and 

Management of the Hone}' Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years' 
practical experience, whereby the author has been enabled to divest the subject of 
much that has been considered mysterious and difficult to overcome, and render it 
more sure, profitable and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E. 
W. Pbelps. 

iLVEEY LADY HER OWE" GARDENER, 

Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only ; containing 

Simple and Practical Directions for Cultivating I'lants and Flowers ; also, Hints for the 
JIanagement of Flowers in Rooms, with Brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and 
Flowers. The whole in Plain and simple language. By Louisa Johxson. 

THE COW ; DAIRY HUSBANDRY AND CATTLE BREEDING, 

By M. M. Milburn, and Revised by H. D. Richardson and 

AMBROt^E Stevexs. With illustrations. 
WILSON ON THE CULTURE OE FLAX, 

Its Treatment, Agricultural and Technical ; delivered before 

the New Yorlv State Agricultural Society, at the Annual Fair at S;iratoga, in September 
last, by Joii.v Wilson, late President of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester 
England. 

WEEKS ON BEES ; A MANUAL, 

Or, an Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profitable 

manner to their owner, with Infallible Rules to Prevent their Destruction by the Moth ; 
with an Appendix by Woostek A. Fw.nders. 

EEEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSERS' MANUAL, 

Containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil ; Prepara- 
tion of Ground ; Selection and Propagation of Vines ; The Treatment of a Young Vine- 
yard ; Trimming and Training the Vines ; Manures and the Making of Wine. Every 
department illustrated. 

HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE, 

Containing its History, Mode op Culture, Manufacture of the 

Sugar, &c. ; with I\,cports of its success in different parts of the United States. 
BEMENT'S (C. M.) RABBIT FANCIER, 

A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General 

Management of Rabbits, with Remarks upon their Diseases and Remedies ; to which 
are added Full Directions for the Construction of Hutches, Rabbitrics, &c. , together with 
Recipes for cooking and dressing I'or the table. 

RICHARDSON ON DOGS; THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES, 

Directions as to their General Management. With numerous 

Original Anecdotes ; also, Comiilcte Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H. 
D. Ricii.vRTWON'. Illustrated witli numerous wood engravings. 

Thi.s is not only a clu'aii, but oni' of thi; best works ever published on the Dog. 

LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY, 

And its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture. 

Edited by .John (iAJtuEXKH, M. P. 

THE DOG AND GUN, 

A Few Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be found 

some Anecdotes and Incidents ; also, Instructions for Dog- Breaking, and intereeling let- 
ters from Sportsmen. I?y A Bad Shot, 



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